Rank Of Order Research Articles

Phylogenetic Relationships of Parasitic Psocodea and Taxonomic Position of the Anoplura1

The phylogenetic relationships of five taxa of the Psocodea (Psocoptera, Amblycera, Ischnocera, Rhynchophthirina, and Anoplura) are analyzed cladistically. Fourteen character complexes including taxonomic characters used by previous workers were evaluated, and 21 characters were used for cladistic analysis. Theoretical aspects of phylogenetic inferences on the origin of higher taxa, monophyly and parallelism, and character polarity and weighting are discussed, and character selection and cladistic analysis are made on the basis of these theoretical premises. Extant higher taxa of the Psocodea are derived from a common ancestral stock. Similarities between Anoplura and other parasitic psocodean taxa are primarily the result of parallel evolution due to similar habitats and adaptive roles. Primitive psocodean ancestors invaded new habitats (skin surface and dermal derivatives of birds and mammals) and niches, perhaps during the late Triassic and Jurassic Periods. The Anoplura must have been separated from the main psocodean line quite early in evolutionary time. It is quite probable that the Protanoplura made two major evolutionary shifts: (1) the invasion of a new habitat, perhaps between the Jurassic and Cretaceous Periods; and (2) the development of a new food source (the blood) after the Cretaceous period. Once established on the mammalian hosts, the Protanoplura evolved rapidly and acquired key characters. We conclude that the sucking lice (Anoplura) are distinct from the chewing lice and should retain the rank of order. Likewise, the order Mallophaga (including three suborders, Amblycera, Ischnocera, and Rhynchophthirina) must be retained. A key to the orders and suborders of the Psocodea is presented.

Validation of Cyanobacteriales Stanier in Gibbons and Murray 1978 as a New Order of the Kingdom Procaryotae Murray 1968, and of the Use of Neuter Plural Endings for Photobacteria and Scotobacteria classes nov. Gibbons and Murray 1978: Request for an Opinion

The blue-green bacteria have been called by the vernacular name cyanobacteria for some time, and an order Cyanobacteriales Stanier in Gibbons and Murray 1978 seems the most appropriate name for them. Validation of this name is requested even though there is no corresponding genus in the order. As the-International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria, 1976 revision, does not specify specific endings for taxa above the rank of order, validation of the neuter plural nouns Photobacteria and Scotobacteria for the new classes proposed by Murray and Gibbons 1978 is requested.

Cyphophthalmi: the case for promotion

The characteristic features of the Opilionid suborder Cyphophthalmi are considered, and the evidence in favour of their promotion to the rank of a separate order is discussed.

Matching: Board size and executive span

Since the Pennsylvania-Central Railroad downfall in 1969, and the minority and societal pressures of the 1970’s, boards of directors and corporate level management have come under critical examination by social science investigators. Central to the study of these comnonents within complex organizations is the notion that viable systems seek self-stabilization in correlating the changing demands of the organization’s task environment with the internal processes of the technological core. In this sense, the organization’s board of directors, as well as higher level management, provides the boundary spanning function of monitoring and negotiating the external en& ronment, e.g., accepting representatives of outside financial institutions on the corporate board of directors increases the probabihty of access to financial resources for the duration of the interface between the organization and that particular sector of the environment. Frequently, individuals are replaced in top management ranks in order to bring in new administrative resources and ideas to deal with contingencies arising out of the changing task environment. Certainly Thompson [22] is correct in arguing that the organization behaves like an open system at the institutional level of management in contraist to the more structured (closed system) of the internal productive functions of the manufacturing enterprise. Coordination of these changes in both the board of directors and in the executive span of leadership is generally referred to as the “administrative process” [ 221. Certainly a rare opportunity for examining the administrative process occurs when new leadership is introduced into the organiztition. Although treated “tangentially” in Thompson’s [22:79] description of complex organizations in action, the succession of the chiefexecutive provides the primer for further modification in the administrative structure of the organization. In this sense the new leader may be considered the agent or catalyst for organizational change. As Grusky observes, “Bureaucracies, with-

Increased birth weight in leukemia.

Extract: This paper reports the study of birth order and birth weight ranks of 72 children suffering from acute lymphocytic leukemia. Children who developed lymphocytic leukemia had greater birth weights than expected in all comparisons (P < 0.5–0.005). Speculation: Genetic, immunologic, and nutritional factors reflect upon birth weight as well as carcinogenesis. The elucidation of immune, nutritional, or genetic bases for the increased birth weight in leukemia would contribute to the understanding of risk factors for this disorder. Children who develop leukemia at an early age are more likely to reveal the association of leukemia to increased birth weight.

INNOVATION RESULTING FROM RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN The INFORMATION FIELD

Research can mean many things, even after we rule out its use as a label to raise the rank of institutional pecking order or the thinking of beautiful, but unverifiable, thoughts. Here I will regard the research man as a thoughtful artisan. That is, as a craftsman who steps back from his immediate task to look at it in relation to something else, and then turns back to his task to change it or, even better, to make it unnecessary.

THE TAXA OF THE HIGHER PLANTS ABOVE THE RANK OF ORDER

TAXONVolume 13, Issue 5 p. 160-164 Article THE TAXA OF THE HIGHER PLANTS ABOVE THE RANK OF ORDER A. Takhtajan, A. Takhtajan LeningradSearch for more papers by this author A. Takhtajan, A. Takhtajan LeningradSearch for more papers by this author First published: June 1964 https://doi.org/10.2307/1216134Citations: 21AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume13, Issue5June 1964Pages 160-164 RelatedInformation

A LOGICAL APPROACH TO THE CODE

A system of taxonomic categories is clearly set forth in Chapter I, based on the principle that every plant is treated as belonging to a number of taxonomic groups of consecutively subordinate ranks, among which the rank of species is basic. formulation of names is based on two principles: that [scientific] names are Latin or are treated as Latin; and that names of taxa of the rank of genus and above are monomial, names of taxa of the rank of subgenus down to and including species are binomial, and names of taxa of the rank of subspecies and below are trinomial [the second principle is an extension of the concept of binomial nomenclature]. publication of names concerns the methods of dissemination which are accepted as making those names available for use by all botanists. principle of valid [including effective] publication forms the basis of this process. Unlike the preceding two operations, the next two operations are the concern of all botanists rather than just of the originators and publishers of names; they proceed in a vast field to which innumerable authors have contributed over a period of two centuries. application of names formerly was determined by the circumscription method, but the current Code unequivocally requires that names of taxa of the rank of order and below be applied in accordance with the type method. Finally, the selection of correct names is based on three principles: (i) that a taxonomic group with a given circumscription, position, and rank can bear only one correct name; (ii) that the selection of the correct name for a particular taxonomic group is based on priority of publication among names and epithets that are in accordance with the Code; and (iii) that priorability of names of taxa of the rank of order down to and including genus can be set aside by special legislation (conservation). In the Preamble it is stated that The Principles form the basis of the system of botanical nomenclature. A survey of the six principles set forth in the Paris Code reveals, however, that one of them (I) is an unintentional half-truth, one of them (III) is an ambiguous and partial statement of another (IV), while no mention is made of four fundamental concepts stated above which I consider worthy of recognition as principles. Although the Preamble rightly points out that botanical nomenclature deals with a system of taxonomic groups on the one hand and with names for particular groups on the other, the fundamental concept underlying the establishment of the system of categories is stated as a rule (Art. 2) rather than as a principle.

The larval habitats of Aedes polynesiensis marks in Tahiti and methods of control.

The larval habitats of Aedes polynesiensis marks in Tahiti and methods of control.

The Distribution of Harvestmen (Phalangida) in Great Britain and Ireland, with Notes on their Names, Enemies and Food

Harvestmen were known as 'shepherd spiders' four centuries ago and Dr T. Muffett (who completed the manuscript of his book in I589) explained this by saying 'the English call it Shepherd either because it is pleased with the Company of Sheep or because Shepherds think those fields that are full of them to be good wholsome Sheep-pasture....' Their association with agriculture is emphasized further both by Dr R. Hooke's use of the alternative names 'shepherd or carter spider' in i658 in his Micrographia and by an old Essex superstition that it was unlucky for a reaper to kill one on purpose. This superstition arose from some belief that a harvestman helped farmerswith a scythe, rake and sickle which it was supposed to possess. In France they are known as faucheurs (reapers) because, according to Littre's Dictionary, they give the appearance of reaping as they walk. Only two species are at all conspicuous in our fields (Phalangium opilio and Leiobunum rotundum) and they are most noticeable in the harvest season when they reach maturity, so these two, and particularly the Phalangium, have been responsible for the name harvestman by which all species in the Order are now known. I can find no use of the name harvestmen before the early part of the nineteenth century. In view of a rhyme I shall be quoting later, I ought to mention that they have sometimes been called 'daddy-long-legs' and 'Harry-long-legs'. In I746 B. Martin called them 'Carter or Father Long Legs'. The name Phalangium is of eighteenth-century origin and the only explanation for this name that I can suggest is a remarkable one. In books up to the eighteenth century the name Phalangium had referred to poisonous spiders in southern Europe, such as Latrodectus which occasionally bit reapers in the fields. The 'Phalangium or phalanx spider' was so-called through likening it to a formidable soldier in a phalanx. These poisonous spiders did not extend into northern Europe, and the books, none of which described their appearance at all clearly, always emphasized their association with fields and harvests. Their absence in Sweden and their association with fields must, I think, have led to a confusion with harvestmen to which Linnaeus attached the genetic name Phalangium in I 75 8. Thus by I 75 8 the poisonous spiders had lost and the harvestmen had gained the name Phalangium. In i 802 P. A. Latreille gave them the family name Phalangita which was altered to Phalangides by W. E. Leach in i8I5 in order to conform with the termination of his other family names. Herbst had placed some species in a genus Opilio (shepherds) in I798 and J. C. Sundevall introduced the family name Opiliones in I833. E. Simon (I879), and many recent authors, followed Sundevall's name (elevated to the rank of Order) because of the confusion to which I have referred. Since this confusion occurred before the time of Linnaeus (I758), it ought to have no influence on post-Linnaean names and I recognize the earlier name, spelt in whatever may be the most suitable and correct manner-probably Phalangidain preference to Opiliones. This, of course, is now an Order although it is not the kind of order which can be enforced!

The Good Nurse

I HOPE you will live all your life. This is the thought, writes W. R. Bowie, in the preface On Being Alive 1 which runs through this book as its central thread. . Might not we say as nurses, Let us hope that we in all our nursing. In its purest form nursing is an art. But to nurse so as practice this art, the hands cannot be divided from the mind and the heart. Technically, nursing is the performing of procedure: the intelligent working together of the hands and the mind in the giving of a bath, the rubbing of a back, the application of a bandage. Humanely and in order rank as an art, it must be permeated with consideration and courtesy. There is the whose technic is faultless in her administration of a treatment, who is exact in her report of the effect of that treatment, and who can be depended upon carry out ward routines and carry them out well. She is the good technician. There is the who matches this good technician in intelligence and perfection of performance but who adds these abilities the sweetness of a gracious courtesy either by word or deed. She is the good nurse. Consider the human relations of the from the day she enters the hospital. First the patient. The first possession lost by the patient is that of personal independence. He is now dependent upon some other individual provide for his needs. His physical needs may be the least of his require-

British Centurions

It is very remarkable, though quite intelligible that, while the province of Britain belonged for centuries to the Roman empire, its inhabitants took practically no share in the administration of the empire. No evidence suggests that a native of one of the municipalities, whether colonia or municipium, of Britain ever made his way into the Roman senate or the higher ranks of the equestrian order, and yet, if that had happened, inscriptions would exist among the monuments of Britain recording such honours won by Britons. The literary life of the empire was equally strange to the Britons; as Mr. J. R. Green says, “none of the poets or rhetoricians of the time is of British origin.” So too the lower military commands are never held by Britons. No cohort or ala is known to have been commanded by a man born in the island. Even the lower officers, the centurions, were rarely taken from the province, either for the legions quartered in the island or for those in other parts of the empire. Baehr and I had actually denied the existence of any legionary centurion of British origin, but Mr. Haverfield has pointed out to me a centurion of the XXIIth Legion stationed at Mainz, who appears to have been born in Lincoln (Lindum); and my attention has now been called to a legionary centurion whose British origin is not, indeed, absolutely certain, but who belongs in one way or another to Britain, and deserves to be introduced to the Britons of to-day.

The Anatomy of Ceratopteris thalictroides, (L.)

C CERATOPTERIS past by several other thalictroides names. has The been name known Ceratopteris in the past by several other names. The name Ceratopteris itself, however, has according to Hooker1 priority over the rest, having been given to the plant by Brongniart2 in 1821. Before this date it had been termed Pteris thalictroides by Linnaeus 3, and amongst other names Hooker mentions the following: Teleozoma by Brown in 1823, Pteris cornuta by Beauvois in 1825, and Ellobocarpus oleraceus by Kaulfuss in 1824. The Parkeriaceae are generally regarded as a sub-order of the Polypodiaceae, though some botanists raise them to the rank of a distinct order. The Parkeriaceae contain the single genus Ceratopteris , though at one time a second genus, Parkeria, f was included in it, and in Hooker's4 ' Genera Filicum ' published in 1842, two separate coloured plates are found representing two almost similar Ferns, viz. Ceratopteris thalic -