Ranking Of European Countries Research Articles

The Economics of Technology Transfer in The Environmental Safety of Enterprises for the Energy Transition

Introduction. European countries are at different stages of transition to a new energy system due to different levels of energy dependence, geographical conditions, and priorities of national administration. The use of information technology and innovative developments in the energy field allows for reducing energy production costs, improving resource use efficiency, reducing environmental impact, and ensuring energy security. Modern energy is reaching a new qualitative level due to technology transfer and government policy. Such an energy transition in the industry requires time, unfolding globalization processes, implementing sustainable development strategy and solving greening problems. 
 Aim and tasks. The aim of the study is to assess the level of the economic base of technology transfer in the creation and functioning of a new energy system based on the principles of environmental safety of modern enterprises in EU countries.
 Results. The theoretical model is considered, which explains the essence and factors in the implementation of the new energy system of production enterprises in the cross-section of the EU countries. The ranking of European countries is given based on the calculation of the use of final electricity consumption per dollar per capita and one percent of renewable energy consumption minus the tax burden. Thus, some countries already have significant indicators that indicate the effectiveness of the transition to a new energy structure of their national enterprises. And such results do not directly depend on the share of the use of renewable energy sources and the reduction of the use of coal. But the share of more than 60% of the use of renewable energy and the significant tax burden placed on the final household consumers of electricity are general signs of the implementation of such a transition. Enterprises use such a transition mechanism more effectively in EU countries, where more than 60%. In economic terms, such transitions of enterprises are carried out at the expense of the lion's share of the tax burden on electricity use by end consumers – households.
 Conclusions. The study of the economic basis of technology transfer in the creation and functioning of a new energy system based on the principles of environmental safety of modern enterprises in EU countries is of great importance for improving energy efficiency and achieving environmental safety in the region as a whole. The research will be useful for government bodies that are engaged in shaping energy policy, regulating the energy sector, and ensuring environmental safety.

В УКРАЇНІ ВИДАНО ПЕРШИЙ НАВЧАЛЬНИЙ ПОСІБНИК З ГІДРОГРАФІЇ ТА ВОДНИХ РЕСУРСІВ ЄВРОПИ (2023 Р.)

The article presents and analyzes the training manual “Hydrography and Water Resources of Europe”, published by the professor Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv V.K. Khilchevskyi in 2023. The first training manual k published in Ukraine on this topic briefly outlines the basics of EU water policy, characterizes rivers, lakes and reservoirs on a regional basis (UN geoscheme – Northern, Western, Southern and Eastern Europe), as well as seas washing the shores of Europe. The problems of global water resources are considered, the ranking of European countries in terms of renewable water resources and the index of water resource exploitation is given. In the context of all directions, questions on Ukraine were considered. In Europe, hydrographic surveys are of great importance for water management. In particular, according to the European Union Water Framework Directive (WFD) adopted in 2000, the hydrographic zoning of countries’ territories is an important step for creating river basin management plans in the implementation of water policy. This approach is used by both EU member states and other European countries that have taken the provisions of the EU WFD as the basis for their activities. Water resources in a broad sense are all the waters of the hydrosphere, including the waters of the oceans and seas, rivers and lakes, groundwater, and glaciers. In practice, both in Europe and in many countries of the world, the concept of “water resources” is interpreted in a narrower sense – these are fresh surface and groundwater that are in water bodies and are used or can be used by humans. Water resources are managed according to the basin principle, but water resources are taken into account within individual countries. For. structuring the presentation of the material in this tutorial, the division of Europe into subregions according to the UN geoscheme was chosen, according to which 4 subregions are distinguished: Northern Europe; Western Europe; Southern Europe; Eastern Europe – a total of 44 countries whose capitals are located in this part of the world. But geopolitically, Europe includes 50 sovereign states. Their territory is within the framework of the general definition of Europe, they have membership in international European organizations. The content of the manual is structured into four parts: I – Physical-geographical and economic-geographical characteristics of Europe; II – EU Environmental and Water Policy; ІІІ – Hydrography; IV – Water resources. The training manual is intended for students enrolled in the educational program “Management and Ecology of Water Resources”, specialty 103 “Earth Sciences”. It can also be useful for students of other educational programs of specialties 103 “Earth Sciences” and 106 “Geography”, which study water resources.

DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCTION POTENTIAL OF TOURISM BUSINESS IN EU COUNTRIES

Tourism entrepreneurship in a modern post-industrial society is an important component of the economy of Ukraine, as it allows the development of adjacent areas of production, contributes to regional development through the creation of additional jobs, employment of the population, and tax revenues. With Ukraine obtaining the status of a candidate for membership in the European Union, there is a need to analyze the evolution of tourism entrepreneurship in European countries, predict the scale of development of its production potential in the coming years. At the same time, first of all, it is advisable to clarify the understanding of the production potential of entrepreneurship essence from the point of view of theory. The purpose of the article is to clarify the essence, identify the main trends and calculate the forecast indicators of the tourism entrepreneurship production potential development in the EU countries, taking into account which will contribute to the accelerated integration of Ukraine into the international market of tourist services. The article discusses modern approaches to the interpretation of the “production potential” concept. The expediency of using the resource approach to the assessment of the production potential development of tourism entrepreneurship is substantiated. The structure of the production potential of tourism entrepreneurship of the EU was analyzed. The trends of changes in the structure of the tourism entrepreneurship production potential in the EU during 2011–2020 have been determined. The ranking of European countries by the growth rate of the total number of beds in tourist accommodations in 2011–2020 was carried out. With the help of VAR modeling, a forecast of the production potential development of the EU tourism business until 2030 was made.

Do gene-environment interactions play a role in COVID-19 distribution? The case of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin, air pollution and COVID-19.

BackgroundGene-environment interactions are relevant for several respiratory diseases. This communication raises the hypothesis that the severity of COVID-19, a complex disease where the individual response to the infection may play a significant role, could partly result from a gene-environment interaction between air-pollution and Alpha-1 Antitrypsin (AAT) genes.MethodsTo evaluate the impact of the AAT and air pollution interaction on COVID-19, we introduced an AAT*air pollution global risk score summing together, in each country, an air pollution score (ozone, nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter) and an AAT score (which sums the ranked frequency of MZ, SZ, MS). We compared this global score with the ranking of European countries in terms of death number per million persons.ResultsThe ranking of the AAT*air pollution global risk score matched the ranking of the countries in terms of the observed COVID-19 deaths per 1M inhabitants, namely in the case of the first European countries: Belgium, UK, Spain, Italy, Sweden, France. We observed parallelism between the number of COVID deaths and the AAT*air pollution global risk in Europe. AAT anti-protease, immune-modulating and coagulation-modulating activities may explain this finding, although very speculatively.ConclusionsEven if further studies taking into account genetic background, population density, temporal dynamics of individual epidemics, access to healthcare, social disparities and immunological response to SARS-CoV2 are needed, our preliminary observation urges to open a discussion on gene-environment interactions in COVID-19.

СТАТИСТИЧНИЙ ТА ЕКОНОМЕТРИЧНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ЕКОЛОГІЧНОГО СТАНУ РЕГІОНІВ УКРАЇНИ

Today, there is an acute problem of negative natural phenomena such as climate change, pole displacement, pollution of the oceans, and the greenhouse effect. The work is devoted to the analysis of the problems of the ecological situation in Ukraine, as a component of the functioning of the country's economy and its monitoring. The aim of the study is to determine the relationship between the development of the Ukrainian economy and the deterioration of the environmental situation. The article explains why emissions of pollutants worsen the state of natural capital, the quality of which affects the functioning of industrial production, agriculture and other economically important industries. A map of the state of air pollution in the world in 2020 was built. The place of Ukraine in the ranking of European countries in terms of the average indicator of air pollution in 2020 is indicated. The main ways and causes of pollution of the World Ocean waters are described. A map of plastic pollution of the World Ocean has been built. A cluster analysis of the regions of Ukraine was carried out according to 10 indicators of 2019, reflecting the ecological state of the regions and regional policy in relation to the preservation of natural resources, public health, reducing the danger from total environmental pollution. To determine the influence of the ecological state in the country on the development of the economy, a correlation-regression analysis of the relationship between these factors and the GDP of Ukraine, as one of the most important macroeconomic indicators, was carried out. The analysis showed a high correlation of GDP with such indicators as emissions of pollutants into the air from stationary sources of pollution, capital investments in environmental protection, current costs for measures to protect the environment, discharge of polluted wastewater into surface water bodies. It was determined that the unoccupied territory of the Donetsk region has the worst indicators of the ecological state. Indeed, in the unoccupied territory of Donetsk region there are 4 thermal power plants, the main types of industry in the region are coal mining, coke-chemical, chemical production and metallurgy, which are environmentally hazardous.

The Measurement of Industry 4.0 Performance through Industry 4.0 Index: An Empirical Investigation for Turkey and European Countries

The aim of the paper is to measure the relative performance of the countries in transition towards industry 4.0 by using industry level indicators such as big data, CCS and CPS. In the first stage of the analysis, differently from the literature, industry 4.0 performance index for the countries is developed. In the second stage, cluster analysis is applied to determine the different country groupings in transition towards industry 4.0. According to Industry 4.0 index, Denmark has the highest performance among the European countries, Romania has the lowest performance. Turkey also is 31 in the ranking of European countries. Finland, Belgium, Netherlands and Germany have the highest score values. On the other hand, the countries performing below the Union’s average were Greece, Bulgaria and Romania. By using ten indicators and including 33 countries, cluster analysis was also performed. Cluster results have indicated that 33 countries can be divided into five groups.

INNOVATION, A NEW SOLUTION OF RURAL AREAS

Fast changes in agriculture can contribute to the increase of productivity andRomania can go on the same path of innovation and development (in terms of agriculture) with Poland. Therefore, the purpose of research is to provide an overview of Romania’s situation in a ranking of European countries where innovation is best capitalize. The last chapter on the paper includes a comparation between Romania and Lithuania regarding the invovation in the rural areas, based on Eurostat da-ta.The research methodology is based on quantitative research, collecting data from the specific sites and the interpretation of the graphics optained. The result was that the two countries have simi-lar percentages of the indicators measuring innovationand the reason for using empirical methods to produce food and the incapacity to adapt to the marketing demands is represented by the lack of education and information.

Regional analysis of road mortality in Europe

Road accidents are the tenth leading cause of premature death worldwide and, based on current trends, are likely to become the third leading cause of disability-adjusted life years lost by 2020. Road mortality varies in time and space both between countries and also between regions within the same country. Identifying and understanding the background of regional differences may lead to better understanding of the sources of road accidents, and enable the application of more effective road safety policies. A Bayesian ecological regression model based on a unified generalized linear mixed model framework is introduced. Population density and country (affiliation) were used as covariates and were fitted into the model at the four levels of spatial aggregation known as 'nomenclature of statistical territorial units (NUTS) regional classification'. Population density has a significant influence on road mortality. For all countries together, the elasticity estimate is -0.32, meaning that a 10% increase in population density is linked to a 3.2% decrease in road fatalities. A multi-level model defined at the NUTS-3 level, taking into account the NUTS-2 aggregation, enables infraregional variances in road mortality to be taken into account and produces the most reliable estimates of the model parameters. Variation in the Bayes relative risk (the mortality ratio 'standardized' by population density and country effect) is highest at the NUTS-3 level, but is lower at country level and NUTS-2 level, which suggests that other important underlying factors are responsible for the variations in road mortality between regions. Mapping the Bayes relative risk enables the identification of regions that should be targeted by national and regional policies. Last but not least, a new ranking of European countries according to their road mortality risk, adjusted for population density, is presented.

Motherhood and wages

This article examines labour force participation rates and wage rates according to gender and parenthood in a selection of European countries. Since the ranking of European countries according to their labour force participation rates does not coincide with the ranking of countries according to gross and net hourly wages in purchasing power parities according to gender and parenthood, countries with low female participation rates may face selection into employment effects in women's wages. A review of mostly single-country studies on women's wages shows that for the Scandinavian countries it is still unclear whether care-related leave has consequences for human capital accumulation, whether these consequences are overcome later in a career or not, and whether leave affects wages by signalling. The effect of working part-time on women's wages has not been a focus of research in Scandinavian full-time economies but British studies make clear the negative effects of working part-time on British women's wages. No such clear effect is found in the Dutch part-time economy. There is still a child pay gap in the UK. No such effect is found in the Netherlands nor in Scandinavian countries.