Rank Of Imposition Research Articles

Politeness Strategies Used by Teenage Characters in Stranger Things Movie Series: A Pragmatics Study

This study aims to identify any kinds of politeness strategies used by teenagers in Stranger Things movie and also to describe the factors influencing the teenage characters’ choice of politeness strategies in Stranger Things movie. The writer uses a descriptive qualitative method to explain the data and follows the theory of Brown and Levinson (1987) to answer the statement of the problem. This study found 38 data in total consisting of 6 bald on record, 25 positive politeness, 4 negative politeness, and 3 off-record. Other than that, there are also 22 data that are influenced by social distance, 4 data that are influenced by relative power, and 12 data that are influenced by rank of imposition. The result of this study shows that teenage characters tend to use positive politeness strategies when they communicate with other people. Moreover, social distance is the most the factor that influences teenage characters to use politeness strategies. It can be concluded that the typical teenagers in Stranger Things movie are easy to get along with because they try to make themselves close with the interlocutor when they have a conversation, and they know how to socialize well by understanding and appreciating people’s opinions.

Request strategies

Abstract This research investigates request strategies in the Javanese community and the influence of the ± Power (±P), ± social Distance (±D), and ± Rank of imposition (±R) on the use of request strategies. The data were collected through Discourse Completion Tasks (DCTs) and analyzed according to Blum-Kulka et al. (1989). The results show that in the (+P+D+R) context, requests tend to be expressed indirectly. This is influenced by the (+) which is attached to all the variables. In the (−P−D−R) context, requests tend to be expressed directly. This is influenced by the (−) which is attached to all the variables. In the contexts of (+P+D−R), (+P−D+R), (−P−D+R), and (−P+D+R), there is a tug-of-war between the (+) and (−). However, the influence of the (+) appears to be stronger than the (−). Therefore, in these contexts requests are more likely to be expressed indirectly rather than directly.

THE POLITENESS STRATEGIES USED BY STUDENT OF ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM IN UNIVERSITAS ISLAM LAMONGAN

This study aims to analyze the politeness strategies used by English Study Program student. The student is first semester in study process. In completing this research, the researcher used a qualitative descriptive method and the theory of Brown and Levinson. From this study, the researcher found four kinds of politeness strategies used by the English Study Program student, those are bald on record, positive politeness, negative politeness and Off-record. The factors influence the politeness strategy used by the main ss are the payoffs and social variables. Furthermore, sociological variables also affect the use of politeness strategies used by students, which are social distance, relative power and rank of imposition.

Banjarese College Students’ Positive Politeness toward Their Lecturers Through Online Chats

The research aimed to describe the positive politeness strategy which was applied by undergraduate students toward their lecturers in online conversations. It was also to find the form of violations of politeness that occurred in the conversation and to describe factors that influenced the violation. Data were gathered from online conversations between students and lecturers through chat applications such as WhatsApp and Line on lecturers' and students’ devices. Then the data were grouped and analyzed according to Brown and Levinson's (1987) positive politeness strategy along with their theory on Distance, Power, and Ranking of Imposition. The results show that positive politeness strategies appear in eleven utterances out of forty-three utterances. The violation of politeness is shown in five utterances, all of which threaten the negative face of the addressee. In addition, five factors influence the violation: distance, context, desire to over-praise the addressee, deliberately asking for reasons, and rejection. Overall, social factors still influence the way students communicate online with their lecturers. To some extent, students apply positive politeness strategies toward their lecturers even though the interaction happens through online chat applications.

THE SPEECH ACTS OF REFUSING FOOD ON TELEVISION SERIES “TETANGGA MASA GITU?”

In having an interpersonal communication, the speaker might use numerous types of speech acts to convey his/her intended meaning due to a particular reason. Under the domain of pragmatics, the researcher was attracted to explore the use of speech acts for refusing food. Hence, this study aims to investigate the types of speech acts of refusing food performed by the characters on the TV series entitled “Tetangga Masa Gitu?” and uncover the aspects underlying the use of speech acts. In terms of approach, this inquiry applied a descriptive qualitative method. In undergoing the analysis, the researcher employed Austin’s (1962), Searle’s (1976), Wijana’s (1996) and Parker’s Riley’s (2014) notions on the speech acts types. To find out the aspects underlying the speech acts usage, the researcher implemented speech situation aspects and politeness maxims as proposed by Leech (1983) as well as Brown’s and Levinson’s politeness parameters (1987). The data were the utterances indicating the use of speech act to refuse food and the underlying aspects. The data were obtained through TV series “Tetangga Masa Gitu?”. The results exhibit that the characters used direct non-literal and indirect non-literal speech act to refuse food. Meanwhile, the aspects propelling the use of speech acts are politeness, distance, ranking of imposition (Brown Levinson, 1987) and culture (Leech, 1983).

POLITENESS STRATEGIES OF THE KARONESE FAMILIES IN DELI TUA

This research dealt with politeness strategies of the Karonese Families in Deli Tua. The objective of this
 study was to describe types of politeness strategies of the Karonese Families. This research applied
 qualitative research design. The subjects were three of Karonese families who lived in Deli Tua. The
 subjects were divided into two groups; three subjects from parents and three subjects from children group.
 The instruments used to gain the data were observation and interview. There were two ways relationships
 that were observed; first, interaction parent to parent, second, interaction parent to child. The data were
 analyzed by using data reduction, data display and conclusion drawing/verification. The findings showed
 that the Karonese families used two types of politeness strategies which were (1) bald on record strategy
 and (2) positive politeness strategy, both interactions; parent to parent and parent to child. They expressed
 their politeness strategies by using kinship forms and pronoun. There were three reasons why they used
 bald on record strategy as the dominant type; first, Social Distance (D) of the speaker and hearer, second,
 Power (P) between them, and third, the Rank of Imposition (R)

Negative Politeness Strategies in What Would You Do? TV Show

Being polite is significant to maintain good communications as well as social relationship and therefore various strategies are applied to show language politeness. This sociopragmatic study deals with negative politeness found in What Would You Do? TV show to describe the types of negative politeness strategies and investigate the reasons of choosing those strategies. This research applied a descriptive qualitative approach supported by statistics. The data were in the form of utterances containing negative politeness strategies, sourced in the conversations and the scripts between the participants and the actors. There were 106 data collected by note-taking technique from the show’s YouTube channel. The trustworthiness was attained through analyst triangulation. The findings show that seven negative politeness strategies are used by the participants in their responses to the actors: Being Indirect (12), Questions, Hedges (40), Minimizing the Imposition (12), Apologizing (25), Giving Difference (9), Being Pessimistic (6), and State the FTA as General Rule (2). The dominance of Questions, Hedges relates to the options provided to the addressee to accept or refuse the speaker’s request and to make utterances sound more polite. Related to reasons, the payoffs factor was dominant (with 84 occurrences) because it is the basic factor the participants might think about what they will get by applying a certain strategy. The circumstances factor has 22 occurrences, consisting of social distance (14), social power (5), and rank of imposition (3).

Disagreeing in Tunisian Arabic: a Politeness and Pragmatic Study

This research is a pragmatic and politeness study that deals with the speech act of disagreement in Tunisian Arabic, a variety of Arabic spoken in Tunisia. It accounts for disagreement in relation to the contextual factors of Social Distance, Social Power, and Rank of Imposition. Discourse Completion Test (DCT) is used to study the production of disagreement. Data was collected from a group of native speakers of Tunisian Arabic at “Institut Supérieur des Langues de Tunis, Tunisia”. Native speakers of TA used a variety of strategies, which were identified in other languages (e.g., Direct Refusal, Suggestion, Giving Account, and Request…) along with new strategies (e.g., Teasing, Unsympathetic advice, Challenge, and Criticism).The identification and quantification of the strategies of disagreement also helped develop insights into the Tunisian culture.

A STUDY OF POLITENESS STRATEGIES USED BY ERIN GRUWELL IN FREEDOM WRITERS MOVIE

This study aims to identify and describe the four politeness strategies and the factors which are proposed by Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson as seen in an American movie entitled Freedom Writers. It is qualitative research since the focus is on analyzing the utterances of the main character. The data is taken from the movie script. There are two research questions discussed in this study: (1) what are politeness strategies used by Erin Gruwell in the Freedom Writers movie? And (2) what factors influencing the politeness strategies? The findings show that Erin Gruwell applied the four politeness strategies, which are bald-on record, off-record, negative and positive politeness. However, the dominant strategy used by Erin is positive politeness, where Erin wants to get close and satisfy the hearer’s face. Related to the factors influencing the politeness strategies, the finding shows that there are two factors that affect Erin in choosing the politeness strategies: the payoffs and the sociological variables. In addition, sociological variables have three sub things: social distance, relative power, and rank of imposition.

THE USE OF REQUEST STRATEGIES OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING STUDENTS

The aim of this study is to investigate the types of the request strategy used by Industrial Engineering students as EFL learners. Using qualitative data, this study discusses the use of request strategy in case-based teaching of foreign languages. The participants of the study are 37 Industrial engineering students who learnt English in the second semester. The testing instruments used were discourse completion task. For this aim, a discourse completion test was used to generate data related to the request strategies by each group. Selection of request situation in discourse completion test was based on three social factors of relative social distance, power, and rank of imposition. The participants� responses were analyzed according to the classifications of request strategy by Blum-Kulka & Olshtain. The case study findings indicate that 57% of Industrial Engineering students� responses mostly use conventional indirect strategies, 29.2 % responses are direct strategies, and 13 % responses belong to non-conventional indirect strategies. 49.7 % responses belong to query preparatory.� 17.8 %� responses� are identified as explicit performatives, 10.3 %� responses categorized as want statements, 9.2 % responses classified as strong hints, 6.5 % responses grouped as mild hints, 4.9 % responses recognized as suggestive formulas, and 1.6 % responses indicated as mood derivable. The indirectness is greatly influenced by students� cultural background, which belong to high-context culture. People in high context culture refer to the value cultures placing on indirect communication. A message is understood with a great deal of gesture, facial expressions, tone of voice, eye contact, body language, posture, and other ways people can communicate without using language. The findings of this study may set pedagogical implications for teachers, and learners of EFL therefore conducting a further field investigation is recommended to have in depth exploration�� about request strategies made by EFL Learners.

The Relations between Male and Female Participants in Using Assertive Speech Acts for Interactions in The Ellen DeGeneres Show

As an act of communication, people tend to speak with what comes to their minds and beliefs which are called assertive or representative speech acts concerning what the speaker believes to be the case or not. In this regard, this study aimed to explain the realization of assertive speech acts of male and female interactions in The Ellen DeGeneres Show and the relationship between male and female participants in realizing the assertive speech acts in terms of power, social distance, and rank of imposition. To expound this research more detail, a qualitative method was applied through direct observation of the videos and transcripts downloaded. Those data were supported by the theory of Searle and Vanderveken (1985) and Brown and Levinson (1987). From the data collected, there were 22 out of 32 types of assertive speech acts employed by male and female participants. There were no disclaim, notify, retrodict, insist, hypothesize, swear, testify, admit, accuse, and blame in their interactions. Mostly, males used affirm, inform, and state during their shows representing that they acted to exert dominance and achieve obvious outcomes. Whereas, female ones used state, affirm, and followed by inform acts to deliver their thoughts indicating that they used communication as a tool to enhance social connection and create relationships. It is in line that men are goal-oriented, while women are relationship-oriented. Moreover, adult participants had the same level in the matter of power and social distance which affected how they interacted through more multifarious assertive speech acts than the young ones. Besides, there were a few impositions between male and female as the topic given had already talked before, hence the possibility of threatening the speaker’s face is not very highly occurred. Based on this study, hopefully, people will know how to make words fit the world appropriately.

Pragmatic Errors and Transfer of Foreign Learners of Indonesian: The Case of Refusals

Pragmatic transfer, an emerging part of interlanguage pragmatics (ILP), has been receiving serious attention from applied linguists currently. This study was aimed at investigating pragmatic errors and pragmatic transfer learners made and effect of second language (L2) proficiency to their pragmatic transfer. Eighteen students of Darmasiswa who have been learning Indonesian language and culture form Bali State Polytechnic (PNB) and from Teacher Training Institute of Saraswati Tabanan, Bali, Indonesia were involved as research participants. Discourse completion test (DCT) consisting of nine situations designed with sociocultural aspect of power, distance, and rank of imposition (PDR) was used to elicit data of refusal strategies. The data were analysed to see pragmatic errors, pragmatic transfer, and effect of L2 proficiency on participants’ pragmatic transfer. Result of analysis revealed that learners’ pragmatic competence was still low. They were pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic errors made dealing with Indonesian noun phrase (NP) structure, the use of verb, noun, prepositions which are very different from English patterns. Moreover, pragmatic transfer was frequently made due to learners’ shortage of L2 pragmatic proficiency and learners’ L1 cultural knowledge. In addition, learners’ pragmatic transfer was found to be strongly influenced by learners’ L2 proficiency.

Requests Made by Australian Learners of Chinese as a Foreign Language

This study examines how Australian learners of Chinese make requests as compared to those made by native speakers of Mandarin Chinese. Data were collected through a written production questionnaire comprising six situations. Results showed that learners and native speakers shared a preference for conventional indirectness. However, they favoured different strategy types in the realizations of requests. Moreover, native speakers tended to adjust their selection of request strategies according to social variables such as relative power, social distance, and rank of imposition, whereas learners displayed little sensitivity to social variables in the selection of request strategies. This study also provides some evidence of pragmatic development. Learners’ use of directness decreased but their use of conventional indirectness increased with increased proficiency. Moreover, learners’ acquisition of pragmalinguistic competence seemed to outperform their sociopragmatic competence. This study adds to the small body of research on requests by learners of Chinese as a foreign language. It highlights the importance of the inclusion of pragmatics in foreign language teaching.

日本語におけるスピーチ・レベルの分析―親しい間柄の依頼，勧誘，謝罪の力関係と負担度―

日本語におけるスピーチ・レベルの分析―親しい間柄の依頼，勧誘，謝罪の力関係と負担度―

REQUESTIVE STRATEGIES OF INDONESIAN EFL LEARNERS

This study aims to investigate the realizations of requestive strategies used by Indonesian EFL learners. The respondents are 25 of junior students of the Department of English Education in the University of Kuningan. The data were collected through Discourse Completion Test (DCT) and interview. The collected data were analyzed by using the requestive strategies theory by Blum-Kulka, House, and Kasper (1989). The query preparatory is the most term of requestive strategy type used by Indonesian EFL learners in Department of English Education in some different situations on DCT (64.8%). Second is mild hints with 13.6%, third is mood derivable with 10.4%, forth is obligation statement with 7.5%, fifth is want statement with 2.4%, sixth is suggestory formulae with 1.1%, seventh is hedge performative with 0.3% and the last are performative and strong hints with nothings. The respondents incline used requestive strategies which is avoid conflict or threatening to the hearer. The study reveals that the social variables such as power, social distance and ranking of imposition really affect toward the realization of requestive strategies used by Indonesian EFL learners.Keywords: Requestive strategy, Indonesian EFL learners, Discourse Completion Test.

Implementation of Brown & Levinson’s Sociological Aspects in Verbal Interaction at Hotel Context

This research is an initiating reserach atempting to support the main project of developing pragmatic-based English teaching model at vocational college. Specifically, it is aimed examining whether (or not) sociocultural aspects of power, distance, and rank of imposition (PDR) proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987) is applicable for hotel context. In addition, it was aimed at designing oral role play card used for the main research data collecting. The role play card focuses on speech act (SA) of request and refusal. Twenty hotel staff were involved in doing exemplar generation, and activity undertaken to list situations at hotel dealing with request and refusal, and to inventory two most widely occured situation of each SA to be used as topic of role play card. The card was piloted by involving three students to see whether they were appropriate and obtain input of correction both content and language before being used. It was concluded that PDR is not tottaly suitable sosiological aspect used for criteria in doing verbal interaction at hotel context as power and distace (P D) are not distinctive aspects.

Requestive Speech Acts Realization Patterns: Observation from Persian

Without knowing the speech act functions, it would be difficult to make correct requests in a language. Studies in pragmalinguistics have shown that conventionally direct and indirect requestive patterns are perceived differently in different speech communities. This study investigates the perception of the requestive speech acts by Persian native speakers to determine the socially appropriate requestive patterns in Persian. It also examines whether there is any relationship between the use of the requestive patterns and contextual factors, namely relative power, distance, and rank of imposition. To these ends a total of 24 situations designed in the form of a questionnaire were used for written elicitation. The results show that Persian native speakers consider direct request strategy when accompanied with modifiers as an appropriate norm of making request in situations where interlocutors are socially intimate and where the speaker is more powerful than the hearer. On the basis of the results of the study, examining and investigating the notions of directness and appropriateness should be based on cultural norms and expectations as well as rational linguistic behavior.

English

Successful communication is influenced not only by language accuracy, but also by language appropriateness in various social contexts. Accordingly, second/foreign language (L2) learners’ pragmatic competence as well as how they develop the competence has attracted much attention in the research field of interlanguage pragmatics (ILP). The existing literature on Chinese EFL learners’ pragmatic competence focuses on their awareness of contextually appropriate language and neglects their production of the language. This study investigated Chinese EFL learners’ pragmatic competence in terms of both awareness and production. Three research instruments were employed to collect data: a multiple-choice discourse completion task (MDCT), a written discourse completion task (WDCT), and a retrospective interview. Eight-five English major undergraduates from a university in China participated in the study. The results showed that Chinese EFL learners’ ability to identify and produce contextually appropriate utterances needed to be promoted, and their pragmatic awareness was found to be positively correlated with their production. Compared with the ranking of imposition, Chinese EFL learners were more aware of the interlocutor’s social power and tried to display the power distance in their language. However, they had difficulties in using appropriate strategies and linguistic features to achieve communicative intentions, and a very serious problem that they encountered was the intended meaning and force of different linguistic forms and strategies. The research findings provide evidence that Chinese EFL learners’ pragmatic competence is still much influenced by Chinese language and culture, and some form of pragmatic instruction to raise their awareness or understanding of pragmatic features and force relation is crucial for the learning of L2 pragmatics.

The prosody-pragmatics interface: An acoustic analysis of contrasting Spanish varieties

Investigating correlations between communicative contexts and prosodic elements allows researchers to exploit the (perhaps inherent) connection on the prosody-pragmatics interface. Pitch accent models such as ToBi and RaR are helpful for a descriptive analysis, but categorization of different pitch contours can be subjective and rely on the eye of the investigator. Comparing the prosodic elements that define these models' categorization parameters would provide a better approximation of the intonation patterns across specific languages varieties and pragmatic contexts. This study investigates the prosody-pragmatics interface from an acoustic perspective in an analysis of native speakers of several Spanish varieties. Participants responded to 12 situations in which two pragmatic variables were controlled for (social distance, ranking of imposition). Responses were analyzed with a Praat script to capture pitch range, pitch span and speaking rate. Results do reveal a correlation between dialect and each suprasegmental variables, but an even stronger correlation between speaker and the contextual pragmatic variables was found, irrespective of dialect. These findings provide empirical evidence that prosodic elements of the speech signal are more relevant to the given pragmatic context rather than to speaker dialect traits, suggesting intonation patterns are constructed within a communicative context rather than within the speaker's community.

Polite Requestive Strategies in Emails: An Investigation of Pragmatic Competence of Chinese EFL Learners

This paper is motivated by the premise that little is known about the use of requestive strategies in request emails in Chinese English-as-a-Foreign-Language (EFL) context. Specifically, the paper examines and compares requestive strategies in request emails between two groups of university students, namely English majors (EM) and non-English majors (NEM). It then explores whether the assessments of three situational factors: assessments of social distance, power and rank of imposition, either alone or combined, has a statistically significant effect on the choice of requestive strategies by the two groups. In reference to some existing similar research, the paper argues that both groups under study seemed to exhibit inadequate sociopragmatic competence and pragmalinguistic knowledge. The study thus sheds some light on Interlanguage Pragmatics research on the Chinese EFL context. The paper finally offers some pedagogical implications in foreign language settings.