Voice Range Research Articles

LINGUO-PROSODIC MEANS OF POLITENESS/ IMPOLITENESS REALIZATION IN ENGLISH INFORMAL CONFLICT DIALOGICAL DISCOURSE

The immediate aim of the article is to define linguo-prosodic means of politeness/impoliteness realization in English informal conflict dialogiсal discourse. The article examines the functioning of prosody as a means of implementing politeness/ impoliteness in conflict discourse depending on the degree of its formality, which highlights the general relevance of the topic. The analysed informal conflict dialogical units were subdivided into polite and impolite. Thus, in this work we investigate 2 types of informal conflict dialogical units: polite informal and impolite informal. The basic type of informal conflict situations, touching collucutors’ personal life, their family relations, is a family conflict, developing in three major directions: parents — children; husband — wife; brother/sister — brother/sister. Conflicts between family members can take different scenarios depending on inner family relations of conflicting sides. Most frequently conflicts occur between children and parents and between married couples. The main purpose of parents is to make their children change direction of their actions according to their (parents’) ideas and interests. Parents do their best to save asymmetrical correlation of their role and their children’s role within a family, as such placing of roles gives them advantage in realization of their aims. Parents make ample use of orders, prohibitions, threats, reproaches, etc. Children’s communicative strategy in such conflict situations is conditioned by a strong desire to make their family role as important as their parents’ one. The most frequent conflict reasons within a family is violation of both family and social obligations by one or both partners. The most frequent reason of conflict in siblings’ relations is their struggle for personal interests or space; envy; one of the conflict-creating factors is their desire to prove their social importance to each other. On the whole, in impolite informal conflict intercourse the conduct of spouses depends a great deal on their social status and education. Low social status married couples in most cases do not control their emotions, do not think about the conflict consequences, do not try to keep a wife (husband) away from undesirable stresses. In some occasions high social status married couples were characteristic of arrogance, snobbery, scorn, that resulted in aggressive verbal conduct during a conflict. Impolite informal conflict cooperation between brothers and sisters is also characteristic of high emotionality degree. Collocutors do not hide their negative feelings and emotions, are not afraid to talk unpleasant, rough and abusive things. At prosodic level it is expressed by high volume and quick speech tempo, as communication participants speak very quickly; although their speech slows down on semantically and emphatically important areas of the dialogue, i. e. semantically and emphatically important remarks are foregrounded via their prolonging. The conducted research enabled the followings conclusions: English informal conflict dialogiсal discourse is characteristic of using verbal aggression techniques; foul, sometimes even taboo, language; simple syntactic constructions; ellipsis; direct imperative constructions. At prosodic level distinctive features of informal conflict dialogues can be named rapid tempo (often with a tendency to normal), high volume, wide voice range, use of the broken descending scale and the high-falling nuclear tone. The collocutor’s conduct in conflict communication depends a great deal on their social status, education and politeness.

A Trip Through Tomorrowland: The World Expo as Futures Lab

To shape just and equitable futures in which we all flourish, we need visions crafted by a broader range of voices that acknowledge everyone’s stake and account for the creativity, ingenuity, and place-based knowledge of everyday life around the planet. In addition, experiential and inclusive environments for imagining futures on a large scale are needed. We propose a concept of Futures Labs as plural, interactive, relational, cross-temporal, and immersive spaces for crafting, experiencing, and deliberating the futures we need. We analyze World Expos as one potential site in which to implement this concept based on our own experiences at the Expo2020 in Dubai. We discuss how aspects of Expos already meet the criteria of a Futures Lab and make proposals for ways to iterate this “lab” and enhance the role of World Expos in shaping global futures ahead of the upcoming 2025 Expo in Osaka, Japan.

Signs of a New Era: the "Female" Vocal Cycle during the Renewal of Russian Music of the 1960s and 1970s

The subject of the study is the "female" chamber vocal cycle in Russian music of the 1960s and 1970s, which, according to the author, became a special sign of the time of changes and renewal that came to the musical culture of the Soviet Union together with the Khrushchev "thaw". The article is devoted to the typology of the "female" vocal cycle, the appearance of a large number of works based on poems by A. Akhmatova and M. Tsvetaeva, music for children and youth, numerous vocal compositions in the spirit of the "new folklore wave", works dedicated to outstanding interpreters of vocal music by modern Soviet composers - Z. Dolukhanova, L. Davydova, G. Vishnevskaya, E. Obraztsova, E. Gorokhovskaya, N. Yureneva and others. The main conclusion of the study is the idea that there are several stable types of "female" chamber vocal cycles associated primarily with the modern poetic tradition, folk music, with the concert performance practice established in the country, with various vocal capabilities of singers, the width of their vocal range, flexibility, timbre characteristics etc. Russian chamber and vocal music is being studied for the first time in such a perspective and this direction must be recognized as fruitful. It is quite obvious that it was the "female" vocal cycle that became the most important sign of the time of the radical renewal of the national musical art in the 1960s and 1970s.

A Whirlwind Passed Through Our Country: Lakota Voices of the Ghost Dance by Rani-Henrik Andersson (review)

Reviewed by: A Whirlwind Passed Through Our Country: Lakota Voices of the Ghost Dance by Rani-Henrik Andersson Elena Tajima Creef A Whirlwind Passed Through Our Country: Lakota Voices of the Ghost Dance. By Rani-Henrik Andersson. Foreword by Raymond J. DeMaille. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2018. viii + 401 pp. Illustrations, bibliography, index. $39.95 cloth. Rani-Henrik Andersson's impeccably researched book makes a substantial contribution to the literature on the Ghost Dance that swept across Lakota country in 1890 during one of the darkest periods of tribal history marked by extreme famine, governmental and Christian assimilationist policies, persecution, and forced relocation into the new reservation system. White settler and government fears of the Ghost Dance set into motion the tragic events that would ultimately culminate in the 7th Cavalry's massacre of some 350 Lakota men, women, and children at Wounded Knee on the Pine Ridge reservation on December 29, 1890. Building from his previous work, The Lakota Ghost Dance of 1890 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2008), Andersson breaks new ground by privileging a wide range of Lakota voices as the exclusive subject of this study of the Ghost Dance. His research is rich in primary materials that he carefully curates while pointing out how certain Ghost Dance accounts have become standardized over others, and how some Lakota language sources have been riddled with errors and mistranslations. Andersson revisits over 100 firsthand Lakota accounts pulled from across an impressive collection of archives and organizes these "voices" into four distinct categories that make clear there never was a single Lakota perspective on this historic ceremony inspired by the Paiute prophet Wovoka. Andersson also notes there have been very few recorded accounts by Lakota women on the Ghost Dance. To his credit, he brings women into the conversation by including several of their voices in this study—most notably Alice Ghost Horse and Josephine Waggoner. The handful of other women are cited as "anonymous woman" or "anonymous Lakota girls"—stark reminders that their voices and identities have long been half-hidden in the shadow of the archives. Andersson wistfully acknowledges in the final pages of A Whirlwind Passed Through Our Country that there is a fifth category of Lakota voices that remains beyond his reach as a non-native scholar. Lakota stories of the Ghost Dance and its aftermath have been carefully passed down through an oral tradition across eight generations of descendants. It will be up to a new generation of rising Native scholars and historians alone to decide what from this private collection of firsthand accounts can be respectfully shared with those who wish to learn more about the Ghost Dance beyond the limits of the archive and the written page. [End Page 113] Elena Tajima Creef Women's and Gender Studies Wellesley College Copyright © 2023 Center for Great Plains Studies, University of Nebraska–Lincoln

Analyzing Dominance: Revealing the Interplay of Power and Knowledge in the Field of Social Psychology Beyond Traditional Narratives

This study provides an examination of the dynamic relationship between power and knowledge within the realm of social psychology, surpassing conventional narratives. The field of social psychology has historically been shaped by prevailing narratives that serve to uphold and perpetuate established power dynamics. This study adopts a critical standpoint, interrogating the mechanisms through which power influences the generation of knowledge as well as the formulation of theories. This study aims to enhance this study’s comprehension of power and knowledge in the field of social psychology by engaging in the deconstruction of conventional narratives. This study employs a multidimensional approach to examine the diverse manifestations of power within the field, encompassing societal power structures, organisational dynamics, and personal viewpoints. Through the process of interrogating prevailing discourses and exploring alternative perspectives, this research uncovers latent power dynamics that influence the formulation of research inquiries, the selection of methodologies, and the interpretation of findings. Through the incorporation of a wide range of voices and perspectives, it becomes possible to cultivate a more comprehensive comprehension of power dynamics and generate knowledge that is equitable and fair in its social implications. This study enhances the author’s understanding of the dynamic relationship between power and knowledge within the field of social psychology, thereby enabling a transformative perspective on the examination of human behaviour and society

Passaggio on chorists' voice range profile: preliminary study of frequency and intensity.

To analyze the passaggio in the voice range profile of choristers, by identifying the fundamental frequencies and intensities, both in the change to the high and low registers, comparing them, by voice types. 67 choristers participated, mean age of 27.79 (± 7.50) years old, of the following voice types: soprano (n = 20), alto (n = 17), tenor (n = 15) and bass (n = 15). For data collection and analysis, the Vocalgram software (CTS Informática) was used, which recorded the emission of the vowel / Ɛ / in ascending and descending glissando, up to the lowest and highest note in the weakest and strongest intensities possible. The values of frequencies and respective intensities of the passaggio were identified in ascending and descending, strong and weak emissions in all voice types. There was a higher occurrence of voice break in the high voices, compared to the low ones. The average values ​​of the frequencies found corresponded to different tones from those established in the literature for all voice types. The passaggio identified in the vocal range profile of choristers, based on their frequencies and intensities were more frequent in soprano na tenor, compared to alto and bass, in changes to the low and high registers.

Associations of Personality, Physical and Mental Health with Voice Range Profiles

There is evidence in the literature that voice characteristics are linked to mental and physical health. The aim of this explorative study was to determine associations between voice parameters measured by a voice range profile (VRP) and personality, mental and physical health. Cross-sectional population-based study. As part of the LIFE-Adult-Study, 2639 individuals aged 18-80 years, randomly sampled from the general population, completed both speaking and singing voice tasks and answered questionnaires on depression, anxiety, life satisfaction, personality and quality of life. The voice parameters used were fundamental frequency, sound pressure level, their ranges and maximum phonation time. The associations were examined with the help of correlation and regression analyses. Wider ranges between the lowest and highest frequency, between the lowest and highest sound pressure level and longer maximum phonation time were significantly correlated with extraversion and quality of life in both sexes, as well as openness and agreeableness in women. Smaller ranges and shorter maximum phonation time were significantly correlated with depression. Neuroticism in men was inversely correlated with the maximum phonation time. In the speaking VRP, the associations for sound pressure level were more pronounced than for the fundamental frequency. The same was true in reverse for the singing VRP. Few associations were found for anxiety, life satisfaction and conscientiousness. Weak associations between voice parameters derived from the VRP and mental and physical health, as well as personality were seen in this exploratory study. The results indicate that the VRP measurements in a clinical context are not significantly affected by these parameters and thus are a robust measurement method for voice parameters.

Nota de passagem no perfil de extensão vocal de coristas: estudo preliminar de frequência e intensidade

ABSTRACT Purpose To analyze the passaggio in the voice range profile of choristers, by identifying the fundamental frequencies and intensities, both in the change to the high and low registers, comparing them, by voice types. Method 67 choristers participated, mean age of 27.79 (± 7.50) years old, of the following voice types: soprano (n = 20), alto (n = 17), tenor (n = 15) and bass (n = 15). For data collection and analysis, the Vocalgram software (CTS Informática) was used, which recorded the emission of the vowel / Ɛ / in ascending and descending glissando, up to the lowest and highest note in the weakest and strongest intensities possible. Results The values of frequencies and respective intensities of the passaggio were identified in ascending and descending, strong and weak emissions in all voice types. There was a higher occurrence of voice break in the high voices, compared to the low ones. The average values of the frequencies found corresponded to different tones from those established in the literature for all voice types. Conclusion The passaggio identified in the vocal range profile of choristers, based on their frequencies and intensities were more frequent in soprano na tenor, compared to alto and bass, in changes to the low and high registers.

Promene nivoa polnih hormona sa starenjem i njihov uticaj na glas

The aim of this study is to review modern literature to provide an insight into contemporary research into the etiology, pathophysiology and symptomatology of changes in hormone levels associated with aging and their pattern-consequential relationship with voice quality, with special reference to the analysis of different types of mutations (mutatio precox and mutatio perversa), menstrual and climacteric dysphonia. The criteria for inclusion of works obtained from the search were: works published during the last 15 years, published in English. Compared to the male voice, the female voice does not go through drastic changes during puberty. In males, the increased levels of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone during puberty are responsible for the enlargement of the laryngeal cartilage, which causes the basal tone to decrease by a third of an octave. If the child enters puberty prematurely, this hormone imbalance will lead to the appearance of voice pathology -mutation precox. Mutatio perversa occurs suddenly in females and is characterized by a deep male voice and other signs of virilization. The appearance of submucosal bleeding in the period before menstruation and the increased secretion of estrogen that leads to the appearance of edema will cause premenstrual dysphonia. Voice quality in this period is characterized by vocal fatigue, reduced voice range with loss of high tones, loss of vocal power and hoarseness of voice. Menopausal vocal syndrome is characterized by reduced flexibility and a reduced range of vibrational amplitude. It can be concluded that the vocal cords are a target organ, sensitive to fluctuations in the level of sex hormones due to the physiological aging process and the resulting endocrine disorders during life.

Aesthetic principles of interpretation of early arias in the vocalist’s concert repertoire: air de cour

Aesthetic principles of interpretation of early arias in the vocalist’s concert repertoire: air de cour

Features of Singing in Chinese Pop and Traditional Music: the Influence of the Music Genre on Vocal Music

Musical compositions require genre-specific sophisticated performance techniques. This paper focuses primarily on the features of Chinese pop and traditional music, based on the music genre’s influence on the vocal music. To achieve this goal, the analysis methods and the Shapiro-Wilk test were used. The study involved 218 music major students from the Beijing International Art School, Shanghai Normal University, and Guangzhou College of Music. The audience and respondents gave less preference to pop music (47% and 39%) compared to the traditional music (53% and 61%). The Shapiro-Wilk test revealed that, when it comes to pop music, the strongest preference was attributed to music geographical spread (0.867), and in the case of traditional music the strongest preference was for higher education (0.927). The paper established the specific features of different genres of music. The most common elements pertaining to pop music include: the option to apply a variety of music elements and singing techniques; rhythm stability; a simple form of vocal performance; extreme sound techniques; preserving the emotionality of the singing; a combination of Western and Chinese elements. Traditional music is characterized by a harmony of music elements and voice timbres, maintenance of the high-pitched voice, natural sound, throat singing, performance quality, preservation of Chinese traditional music elements. Traditional music instruction was the best thing for improving intonation (0.815), maintenance of sound quality (0.806), and development of vocal range (0.718). Pop music is known for a combination of various music elements (0.901), conveyance of the performance style (0.312). The paper’s practical implications boil down to determining the characteristic features of pop and traditional music, as well as elements describing vocal music. Further studies might involve a comparative analysis between Chinese pop music, traditional music, and Western pop and traditional music.

Roundtable

This roundtable shares the first-hand experiences of five crip, disabled, Mad, and/or neurodivergent doctoral students navigating academia in so-called Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic. While we discuss and theorize our experiences of ableism, structural oppression, and inaccessibility in the academy, we also highlight the world-building experiences of solidarity that have emerged for us in crip community, and in particular among fellow crip graduate students. We consider the ways that crip students open up potential for new ways of learning and being by challenging dominant norms of academic productivity, and we also consider what is lost when these students are pushed out of academic spaces. By engaging in 'collective refusal' of the conditions that harm disabled and otherwise marginalized students, new possibilities emerge for connection, community, and radical change. The virtual conversation transcribed here took place over Discord, email, and Google Docs in autumn of 2021 and early winter 2022. This piece embraces multi-tonality, that is, a range of different voices and ways of writing, speaking, and communicating. It is a conversational piece that intentionally blends varied approaches to knowledge-sharing: polemic, citationally-grounded, and personal anecdotes drawn from our diverse lived experiences. There are a number of different themes woven throughout the text, including anecdotes and personal history, solidarity, ableism in the academy, pessimism/failure, community/interdependence/intimacy, and utopia/futurity/demands for the future. While not intended to provide policy guidance or step-by-step instructions for changing academic culture, we also begin to sketch out some of our dreams for an alternative future for disabled scholars. We discuss imagined futures and possibilities, and ask, is a truly crip and/or accessible academic institution possible?

Carnival in Africa

Carnival in Africa

The Child Sex Scandal and Modern Irish Literature: Writing the Unspeakable, by Joseph Valente and Margot Gayle Backus

<i>The Child Sex Scandal and Modern Irish Literature: Writing the Unspeakable</i>, by Joseph Valente and Margot Gayle Backus

Friends of Freedom: The Rise of Social Movements in the Age of Atlantic Revolutions by Micah Alpaugh

Alpaugh’s Friends of Freedom provides an integrated narrative of the rise of social movements, political protest, and revolutionary mobilization in the eighteenth century in the United States, Britain, Ireland, France, and Haiti. The author contrasts his own work with that of Palmer, who undertook a similar project more than half a century ago in The Age of the Democratic Revolution.1 Like Alpaugh, Palmer argued that common ideals motivated eighteenth-century revolutionaries on both sides of the Atlantic, but as Alpaugh points out, Palmer’s account portrays the American and French Revolutions as “more simultaneous than interrelated” and has little to say about slavery or Haiti. Alpaugh answers these deficiencies, elucidating interconnections between events in various parts of the Atlantic World and highlighting the importance of abolitionism as a precocious protest movement that developed arguments and tactics that would later be adopted by revolutionaries in every place he examines.Alpaugh has overcome daunting challenges in producing this book. Drawing on material from archives in France, Britain, Ireland, and the United States, and engaging with scholarship in a range of historical fields, he has pulled his material together effectively, telling coherent stories and making his argument clear. The book operates on two scales. On the large scale it is divided into two halves, Part I emphasizing the influence of the American Revolution, and Part II tracing the widespread impact of the French Revolution, with French Revolutionary influences ultimately crossing the Atlantic to become manifested in the formation of U.S. party politics. Within this broad framework, the eight chapters in Part I and the five chapters in Part II tell smaller-scale discrete stories including, for example, the struggles of various Protestant groups in America to secure religious liberty and the campaigns of the United Irishmen in the 1790s. This structure allows Alpaugh to recount local developments clearly while emphasizing their Atlantic contexts.The book had to be divided in this way. The overall story is too rich, detailed, and intricate to be conveyed in a single uninterrupted narrative. But there is a noticeable tension between Alpaugh’s claims about interconnected Atlantic revolutions, giving primacy to the American and French Revolutions, and his smaller-scale efforts to recount local developments accurately in detail. The struggle for Protestant American religious liberty, for example, started long before the American Revolution, as did the transatlantic struggle over slavery. In both instances, while the American and French Revolutions changed the terms of argument in important ways, Alpaugh strains to acknowledge the diverse range of voices engaged in the long-running debates.In discussing abolition, Alpaugh emphasises the role of Quakers and white evangelical Protestants who championed new tactics and lines of argument to recruit allies in America, Britain, and France. Africans and people of African descent enter the analysis only mid-stream. On the twelfth page of his discussion of abolitionism in America, Alpaugh introduces Black abolitionists with a paragraph starting, “African-Americans advanced their own cause” (183). Similarly, in the chapter on abolitionism in Britain, Black abolitionists appear only after eight pages discussing white abolitionist leaders. “Blacks living in England,” he writes, “allied for the cause” (205). Black leaders figure more prominently in Alpaugh’s discussion of the Haitian Revolution, but he is emphatic that they were responding to events in France and French debates, and he criticizes historians who fail to center their analysis on the influence of the French Revolution.While Africans and people of African descent figure in the book’s narrative, many inhabitants of the Atlantic world who contributed to the tumult of the revolutionary era—indigenous Americans, Spanish, Portuguese, Latin Americans—are left out. Alpaugh has demonstrated that Atlantic history is intrinsically liberating, releasing us from the confines of national narratives, but—especially if historians wish to work from archival materials—a fully inclusive, comprehensive history of the Atlantic World will almost always be out of reach.

음성장애 성인 여성과 정상음성 성인 여성 간 진성구와 가성구의 음성범위프로파일 비교*

This study compared voice range profiles (VRPs) of modal and falsetto register in 53 dysphonic and 53 non-dysphonic adult women with gliding vowel /a/’. The results shows that maximum fundamental frequency (F0_MAX), maximum intensity (I_MAX), F0 range (F0_RANGE), and intensity range (I_RANGE) are lower in the dysphonic group than in the non-dysphonic group. F0_MAX and F0_RANGE are significantly higher in falsetto register than modal register in both groups. I_MAX and I_RANGE are significantly higher in falsetto register in the non-dysphonic group, but those are not different between two registers in the dysphonic group. There was no statistically significant difference in minimum F0 (F0_MIN) and minimum intensity (I_MIN) between the two groups. Modal-falsetto register transition occurred at 378.86 Hz (F4#) in the dysphonic group and 557.79 Hz (C5#) in the non-dysphonic group, which was significantly lower in the dysphonic group. It can be seen that both modal and falsetto registers in dysphonic adult women are reduced compared to non-dysphoinc adult women, indicating that the vocal folds of dysphonic adult women are not easy to vibrate in high pitches. The results of this study would be the basic data for understanding the acoustic features of voice disorders.

중추 조절의 회복이 뮤지컬 발성에 미치는 영향 연구 - 알렉산더 테크닉을 중심으로 -

The current study aims to examine the effectiveness of central control in the recovery and growth of vocal competencies through efficient vocal training of musical actors. Musica l actors cannot be free from neck strain while they play musical songs that require a wide range of vocal ranges and intense vocals. Based on the theoretical support of the Alexander Technique's primary control that neck-head-body coordination is significant not only for breathing but also for the operation of efficient vocal organs, the dynamic principles were applied to vocalization and the effectiveness was assessed by interviewing 10 university students majoring in musicals and analyzing voiceprint. The results are as follows: Signifi cant changes when the central control was restored were experienced first, as the head came to mind, the pressed larynx, stuffy breathing, and the sense of length, width, and depth of the pressed torso were restored. Second, during voice scale, the movement of the larynx became smooth and expanded, and the vocal range expanded. Third, during Hands-On on the back of the neck, the clearness and resonance of the tone were improved, and the sense of vibrati on was strengthened with a higher effort in the head. In addition, the stability and vibrati on of the body were strengthened, and the stability of pitch and resonance was also experien ced. The results of the study suggest the effectiveness of the Alexander Technique in vocal training as well as proposing basic data for more advanced vocal training programs in the future.

Bats expand their vocal range by recruiting different laryngeal structures for echolocation and social communication.

Echolocating bats produce very diverse vocal signals for echolocation and social communication that span an impressive frequency range of 1 to 120 kHz or 7 octaves. This tremendous vocal range is unparalleled in mammalian sound production and thought to be produced by specialized laryngeal vocal membranes on top of vocal folds. However, their function in vocal production remains untested. By filming vocal membranes in excised bat larynges (Myotis daubentonii) in vitro with ultra-high-speed video (up to 250,000 fps) and using deep learning networks to extract their motion, we provide the first direct observations that vocal membranes exhibit flow-induced self-sustained vibrations to produce 10 to 95 kHz echolocation and social communication calls in bats. The vocal membranes achieve the highest fundamental frequencies (fo's) of any mammal, but their vocal range is with 3 to 4 octaves comparable to most mammals. We evaluate the currently outstanding hypotheses for vocal membrane function and propose that most laryngeal adaptations in echolocating bats result from selection for producing high-frequency, rapid echolocation calls to catch fast-moving prey. Furthermore, we show that bats extend their lower vocal range by recruiting their ventricular folds-as in death metal growls-that vibrate at distinctly lower frequencies of 1 to 5 kHz for producing agonistic social calls. The different selection pressures for echolocation and social communication facilitated the evolution of separate laryngeal structures that together vastly expanded the vocal range in bats.

Mapping Phonation Types by Clustering of Multiple Metrics

For voice analysis, much work has been undertaken with a multitude of acoustic and electroglottographic metrics. However, few of these have proven to be robustly correlated with physical and physiological phenomena. In particular, all metrics are affected by the fundamental frequency and sound level, making voice assessment sensitive to the recording protocol. It was investigated whether combinations of metrics, acquired over voice maps rather than with individual sustained vowels, can offer a more functional and comprehensive interpretation. For this descriptive, retrospective study, 13 men, 13 women, and 22 children were instructed to phonate on /a/ over their full voice range. Six acoustic and EGG signal features were obtained for every phonatory cycle. An unsupervised voice classification model created feature clusters, which were then displayed on voice maps. It was found that the feature clusters may be readily interpreted in terms of phonation types. For example, the typical intense voice has a high peak EGG derivative, a relatively high contact quotient, low EGG cycle-rate entropy, and a high cepstral peak prominence in the voice signal, all represented by one cluster centroid that is mapped to a given color. In a transition region between the non-contacting and contacting of the vocal folds, the combination of metrics shows a low contact quotient and relatively high entropy, which can be mapped to a different color. Based on this data set, male phonation types could be clustered into up to six categories and female and child types into four. Combining acoustic and EGG metrics resolved more categories than either kind on their own. The inter- and intra-participant distributional features are discussed.

Climate Refugees: Global, Local and Critical Approaches

Climate Refugees: Global, Local and Critical Approaches, edited by Simon Behrman and Avidan Kent, is a volume in the Earth System Governance series. It follows several publications by the editors on ‘climate refugees’, including an earlier volume (‘Climate Refugees’: Beyond the Legal Impasse? Routledge 2018) with some of the same contributors. Global, Local and Critical Approaches begins with the editors’ ‘Alternative Introduction’, which motivates the volume in three ways. First, the editors emphasize the importance of understanding recent international developments that provide momentum for further action on climate change and human mobility (p 3). Secondly, they aim to include ‘local perspectives’ that ‘connect wider, global developments with movements on the micro level’ (p 2). Thirdly, they call for critical approaches that ‘consider whether we are heading in the right direction, using the most appropriate fora and strategies, or whether the right actors are leading it’ (p 7). Following the introduction, the volume is divided into four parts. The first looks broadly at global governance of climate-related displacement, the second explores the issue through various aspects of international law, the third turns to regional and local perspectives and solutions, and the final part focuses on critical approaches. There are 19 chapters, written by a total of 27 contributors who work in academia, the judiciary, non-governmental or international organizations, or as practising lawyers. This serves the volume well, bringing together a range of voices and perspectives that allows the reader to consider different, sometimes contrasting, approaches.