Range Of Glucose Concentrations Research Articles

Polymer-based cascaded waveguide Bragg grating for blood glucose sensing.

Waveguide Bragg grating (WBG) blood glucose sensing, as a biological sensing technology with broad application prospects, plays an important role in the fields of health management and medical treatment. In this work, a polymer-based cascaded WBG is applied to glucose detection. We investigated photonic devices with two different grating structures cascaded-a crossed grating and a bilateral grating-and analyzed the effects of the crossed grating period, bilateral grating period, and number of grating periods on the sensing performance of the glucose sensor. Finally, the spectral reflectance characteristics, response time, and sensing specificity of the cascaded WBG were evaluated. The experimental results showed that the glucose sensor has a sensitivity of 175 nm/RIU in a glucose concentration range of 0-2 mg/ml and has the advantages of high integration, a narrow bandwidth, and low cost.

A self-powered and supercapacitive microneedle continuous glucose monitoring system with a wide range of glucose detection capabilities

Continuous detection of sudden changes in blood glucose is essential for individuals with diabetes who have difficulty in maintaining optimal control of their blood glucose levels. Hypoglycemic shock or a hyperglycemic crisis are likely to occurs in patients with diabetes and poses a significant threat to their lives. Currently, commercial continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has limits in the glucose concentration detection range, which is 40–500 mg/dL, making it difficult to prevent the risk of hyperglycemic shock. In addition, current CGMs are invasive, cause pain and irritation during usage, and expensive. In this research, we overcome these limitations by introducing a novel mechanism to detect glucose concentration using supercapacitors. The developed CGM, which is self-powered and minimally invasive due to the use of microneedles, can detect a wider range of glucose concentrations than commercial sensors. In addition, efficacy and stability were proven through in vitro and in vivo experiments. Thus, this self-powered, microneedle and supercapacitive-type CGM can potentially prevent both hypoglycemic and complications of hyperglycemia without pain and with less power consumption than current commercial sensors.

Achieving Biomedically Desirable Nitric Oxide Release from Glucose Monitor Surfaces Via a Cu-Based Catalyst Coating.

We report the design of a blood-contacting glucose monitor with a nitric oxide (NO)-releasing metal-organic framework (MOF) embedded within the outer polymer layer of a glucose sensor to promote the release of NO from endogenous NO donors. The sensors were tested by using amperometry across a range of glucose concentrations to assess whether the presence of either the MOF or NO decreased the performance of the glucose monitor. Even though signal response was diminished, the sensors maintained a good regression fit (R2 = 0.9944) and a similar dynamic range and reproducibility in the presence of S-nitrosoglutathione.

MSM Fiber Optic Surface Plasmon Resonance Glucose Sensor Based on SnO2 Nanofibers/Au Structure

Glucose is an indispensable nutrient for metabolism in living organisms and is widely used in food, industry, and medical fields. Glucose is often added as a sweetener in food and often used in industry as a reducing agent for various products. In medical treatment, glucose is added to many drugs as a nutritional additive, and it is also an indicator that diabetics need to pay attention to at all time. Therefore, the market has a great demand for low-cost, high-sensitivity, fast, and convenient glucose sensors, and the industry has always attached great importance to the work of creating new glucose sensor devices. Therefore, we proposed a SnO2 nanofibers/Au structure multimode-single-mode-multimode (MSM) fiber surface plasmon resonance (SPR) glucose sensor. SnO2 nanofibers were fixed to a single-mode fiber core that had been plated with the Au film by electrospinning. When the glucose concentration increased at 5 vol% intervals, the corresponding resonance wavelengths had different degrees of redshifts. Comparing the two structures, as the glucose concentration range increased from 0 vol% to 60 vol%, the sensitivity increased from 228.7 nm/vol% in the Au structure to 337.3 nm/vol% in the SnO2 nanofiber/Au structure. At the same time, the linear correlation between the resonant wavelength and the refractive index of the two structures was greater than 0.98. Moreover, the SnO2 nanofibers/Au structure significantly improved the practical application performance of SPR sensors.

Comparability Evaluation of Three Benchtop Glucose Analyzers With the Recently Withdrawn YSI 2300 Stat Plus.

We compared the performance of three currently available laboratory benchtop glucose analyzers with the outgoing YSI 2300 Stat Plus. Plasma samples (100), across a wide glucose concentration range were analysed on the YSI 2500, Randox daytona+ (glucose oxidase) and EKF Biosen in a single laboratory and compared to the YSI 2300 Stat Plus. All three analyzers showed good agreement with the YSI 2300 Stat Plus, and only a small bias (≤1% YSI 2500 and Randox daytona+, 4.6% EKF Biosen) was observed for each analyzer. None of the three comparator analyzers were affected by either proportional or constant bias, thus no significant differences between the YSI 2300 Stat Plus and the comparator methods were identified. The results from this study suggest all could be considered as suitable reference laboratory glucose analyzers and replacements for the recently withdrawn YSI 2300 Stat Plus.

High concordance of blood glucose measurement in cats between a beta prototype glucometer device and a reference laboratory standard in a clinical setting.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of a beta prototype version of a new portable blood glucose meter in feline patients. 60 client-owned cats. In this prospective study, 3-mL blood samples were collected from each cat and analyzed in triplicate using a beta prototype device (AlphaTRAK 3 [AT3]) and by a reference lab standard immediately after collection. Accuracy of the AT3 device was determined in accordance with the International Organization of Standardization (ISO) 15197:2013 criteria, including Bland-Altman plotting and consensus error grid analysis. A Passing-Bablok regression analysis was also performed. 96% of feline measurements fell within the ISO accuracy threshold, and 100% of measurements fell within zones A and B of the consensus error grid, meeting the ISO accuracy requirements. There was no significant bias in the data according to the Bland-Altman analysis. Within the full range of glucose concentrations (20 to 750 mg/dL) the correlation coefficient between the AT3 and the reference lab standard was 0.99. There was no significant constant or proportional bias present in the data. The AT3 device met the ISO requirements and is accurate for measurement of blood glucose concentrations in cats.

Microenvironment-optimized GelMA microneedles for interstitial fluid extraction and real-time glucose detection

Microneedle (MN) patches have shown great potential for interstitial fluid (ISF) sampling and subsequent analytes detection, providing an alternative pathway for clinical diagnosis based on blood tests. However, MNs based detection is generally based on separate downstream assays, which cannot provide the detection in real-time. Specifically in the context of glucose monitoring, it is desirable to know the glucose level rapidly so as to guide the subsequent treatment in patients. Here, we designed a double layer MNs patch with the crosslinked gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) tips loaded with glucose oxidase (GOx), whereas the substrate loaded with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). The MNs tips allow for the ISF sampling and detect the glucose in situ via an enzymatic cascade reaction. We used 3D printing technology for MNs molding, which facilitate the customizable MNs design and optimization. Furthermore, we improved the detection sensitivity and accuracy by optimizing the microenvironment of the GelMA and the concentration of each enzymes. The performance of this MNs patch is validated in extracting and detecting glucose using an agarose gel based skin model. The results showed that within the glucose concentration range of 1.7–21 mmol/L, the MNs patch could accurately measure the unknown glucose concentration through the color values of red, green, and blue (RGB) obtained from scanned images. The all-in-one MNs patch with colorimetric functionality is easy to use and does not require specialized personnel or large-scale equipment support, making it highly promising for clinical translation and providing real -time blood glucose monitoring for patients.

Engineering of graphene-based composites with hexagonal boron nitride and PEDOT:PSS for sensing applications.

A unique nanomaterial has been developed for sweat analysis, including glucose level monitoring. Simple resusable low-cost sensors from composite materials based on graphene, hexagonal boron nitride, and conductive PEDOT:PSS (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)polystyrene sulfonate) polymer have been developed and fabricated via 2D printing on flexible substrates. The sensors were tested as biosensors using different water-based solutions. A strong increase in the current response (several orders of magnitude) was observed for aqua vapors or glucose solution vapors. This property is associated with the sorption capacity of graphene synthesized in a volume of plasma jets and thus having many active centers on the surface. The structure and properties of graphene synthesized in a plasma are different from those of graphene created by other methods. As a result, the current response for a wearable sensor is 3-5 orders of magnitude higher for the reference blood glucose concentration range of 4-14 mM. It has been found that the most promising sensor with the highest response was fabricated based on the graphene:PEDOT:PSS composite. The graphene:h-BN:PEDOT:PSS (h-BN is hexagonal boron nitride) sensors demonstrated a longer response and the highest response after the functionalization of the sensors with a glucose oxidase enzyme. The reusable wearable graphene:PEDOT:PSS glucose sensors on a paper substrate demonstrated a current response of 10-10 to 10-5 A for an operating voltage of 0.5 V and glucose range of 4-10 mM.

A new rectangular dielectric resonator sensor for glucose measurement: Design, modeling, and experimental validation

SummaryThis study introduces a novel sensor for glucose measurement based on a rectangular dielectric resonator (RDR) excited by a rectangular slot fed by a 50‐Ω microstrip line. The RDR operates at 6 GHz and incorporates a cubic portion section for accommodating a finger or container containing the test sample. By utilizing the distinctive resonant frequencies associated with varying dielectric permittivity of different glucose concentrations, the proposed RDR functions as a reliable sensor. The sensor's performance is evaluated through a 3D electromagnetic model of the human thumb and the application of the Cole‐Cole method for modeling the blood layer. Experimental validation is conducted using three alternatives (water, glucose, and alcohol) and a range of glucose concentrations (70 to 2000 mg/dL) in simulation. During experimental verification, an invasive glucometer is employed as a reference for blood sugar levels. Results demonstrate that the proposed RDR sensor exhibits higher sensitivity (36.86 MHz/(mg/dL)) than other sensor counterparts. The experimental outcomes confirm the resonance frequency alignment between the manufactured sensor and the simulated projections. Considering its economic viability and applicability, this sensor represents a promising alternative biosensor for monitoring blood glucose levels.

Structure-Function Studies of Glucose Oxidase in the Presence of Carbon Nanotubes and Bio-Graphene for the Development of Electrochemical Glucose Biosensors.

In this work, we investigated the effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and bio-graphene (bG) on the structure and activity of glucose oxidase (GOx), as well as on the performance of the respective electrochemical glucose biosensors. Various spectroscopic techniques were applied to evaluate conformational changes in GOx molecules induced by the presence of MWCNTs and bG. The results showed that MWCNTs induced changes in the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) prosthetic group of GOx, and the tryptophan residues were exposed to a more hydrophobic environment. Moreover, MWCNTs caused protein unfolding and conversion of α-helix to β-sheet structure, whereas bG did not affect the secondary and tertiary structure of GOx. The effect of the structural changes was mirrored by a decrease in the activity of GOx (7%) in the presence of MWCNTs, whereas the enzyme preserved its activity in the presence of bG. The beneficial properties of bG over MWCNTs on GOx activity were further supported by electrochemical data at two glucose biosensors based on GOx entrapped in chitosan gel in the presence of bG or MWCNTs. bG-based biosensors exhibited a 1.33-fold increased sensitivity and improved reproducibility for determining glucose over the sweat-relevant concentration range of glucose.

Highly sensitive and stable glucose sensing using N-type conducting polymer based organic electrochemical transistor

Glucose sensors have emerged as indispensable tools in monitoring glucose concentrations, enabling individuals to take proactive measures in managing their health effectively. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have emerged as promising platforms for glucose sensing, offering inherent advantages, such as stability in aqueous environments, low operating voltage requirements, and remarkable sensitivity. In this study, we present the development of an OECT-based glucose sensor using a N-type conducting polymer poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL) as the active layer. BBL exhibited high performance and stability in an aqueous electrolyte, making it an ideal candidate for glucose sensing applications. By incorporating ferrocene (FC) as an electron mediator and immobilizing glucose oxidase (GOx) on the gate electrode, we achieved remarkable sensitivity and linearity within the glucose concentration range relevant to typical blood sugar levels. Stability tests revealed consistent performance over multiple cycles and continuous stressing, indicating the sensor's long-term stability and reliability. Additionally, we investigated the role of FC through electrochemical absorption and Raman shift spectra, providing insights into the glucose sensing mechanism. Moreover, the glucose sensor demonstrated promising performance on a flexible PET substrate, highlighting its versatility for practical applications in glucose sensing and beyond.

Self-assembly method of glucose oxidase in a fully packaged microfluidic glucose biosensor

In this work, a self-assembly approach is proposed to bio-functionalize the fully packaged microfluidic biosensors for catalyzing glucose based on the designed and fabricated microfluidic chip with suspending structure by micro-electro-mechanical system technology. Glucose oxidase is successfully immobilized on the surface of microelectrodes to build composite layers by the proposed self-assembly approach, with cysteamine applied as a functional linker. The biological activity and stability of glucose oxidase is optimized by the electrodeposition of chitosan membrane. Experiments results suggest that the fully packaged microfluidic biosensor integrated with self-assembled glucose oxidase can effectively detect the existence of glucose in sample solution. The detection range of glucose concentration is 0–10 mM. With SNR of 3, the detection limit is 51.2 µM and sensitivity is 23.47 ± 1.36 µA cm−2 mM−1 within low concentration range of 0–0.1 mM, while the detection limit is 497 µM and the sensitivity is 10.63 ± 1.28 µA cm−2 mM−1 among high concentration range of 0.1–10 mM. The proposed study provides a straightforward method to construct a microfluidic biosensor, which is promising in miniaturized clinical medical device.

NEDD4L Promotes IκBα Ubiquitination and Degradation in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy

Purpose The dysregulation of NF-κB signaling activity plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). This study explored the association between NEDD4L and IκBα in DR. Methods The rat model of diabetes was established and altered retinal vascular permeability in these rats was examined through an Evans blue dye assay. A range of glucose concentrations were used to treat retinal vascular endothelial cells (RVECs). The cells viability and apoptosis were assessed through MTT and flow cytometry, while shifts in cell permeability were examined by transendothelial resistance (TEER) and FITC dextran assay. The interaction of NEDD4L and IκBα was tested by Co-IP, while mRNA and protein levels were assessed via qPCR and Western blotting, respectively. Results High glucose suppressed proliferative activity of RVECs, and promoted apoptosis and the protein level of NEDD4L and NF-κB p65, but decreased IκBα. NEDD4L knockdown reversed the changes in inflammation, oxidative stress, and permeability in RVECs exposed to high glucose. Similarly, NEDD4L silencing reverted observed TEER decreases, increased monolayer permeability to FITC dextran, and ZO-1 and Claudin-5 downregulation in response to high glucose. Conversely, the impact of NEDD4L overexpression was reversed by the NF-κB inhibitor PDTC treatment. NEDD4L induced the ubiquitination of IκBα in an IKK-2-dependent manner. Moreover, siNEDD4L treatment alleviated the symptoms of DR through the inactivation of NF-κB signaling in vivo. Conclusions NEDD4L could enhance inflammation, oxidative stress, and permeability in the retinal vascular endothelium by facilitating the ubiquitination of IκBα in an IKK-2-dependent manner. Our results support a role for NEDD4L in the pathogenesis of DR.

A-386 Performance assessment of Point of care testing for blood glucose: a 5 year review of EQA data

Abstract Introduction WEQAS is the largest External Quality Assessment (EQA) provider for the Point of Care Testing (POCT) market within the UK supplying samples and assessment to over 30 000 sites per month with over 20 Programmes across the entire Health care sector. All the Programmes are accredited to ISO 17043.The aim of the programme is to provide support to POCT co-ordinators, to identify non compliant sites and improve the analytical performance of users. Most of the programmes are designed to allow the full assessment of all the devices within the organisation at either monthly, bimonthly or quarterly intervals. A Co-ordinator in each organisation is given a Group Administrator function for the EQA website and maintains the database for its own organisation. The role of performance surveillance is therefore devolved to each individual Co-ordinator at a local level and monitored nationally by the EQA organiser. The powerful database gives POCT Co-ordinators a wealth of information on method and analyser performance both within their own organisation and between organisations. Organisation performance summary reports, distribution letters, non-compliance reports, poor performance reports and cumulative reports are generated from one system. The POCT Users are also provided with a simple traffic light system with clear action limits. For the POCT glucose programme one sample is distributed each month with samples covering a range of 2 to 28 mmol/l annually. Methods A review of performance was undertaken between January 2018 and January 2023 for the POCT glucose Programmes for a selection of devices. Devices that were no longer available were excluded as were devices with <50 users in the group. This represented data from 10 360 devices per month in 2018 and 12 277 in 2023. Performance was assessed as the coefficient of variation (CV%) for the device group after outlier exclusion and calculated for a wide range of glucose concentrations. Results For devices with CV less than 5% in 2018 there was generally no further improvement in performance, however at a glucose of 2 mmol/L an improvement in performance of 0.5to 3.5% was observed for the other devices. In 2018 CVs ranged from 3.7 to 12% and 3.1 to 8.3%% at 2.5 and 26 mmol/L respectively compared with 4 to 10.3% and 3.3 to 7.2% in 2022. Conclusion Although there were numerous examples where EQA identified poor performance at an individual user level, there was little evidence to suggest that the performance of POCT glucose devices had improved significantly over the last 5 years.

A sensitive non-enzymatic dual-conductive biosensor for continuous glucose monitoring

BackgroundDiabetes and diabetic wound management have always been urgent issues for global healthcare. In the demand for blood glucose monitoring and wound management, phenylboronic acid (PBA)-based glucose biosensors are effective assistance due to their excellent glucose specificity, high sensitivity, and response stability. Nevertheless, PBA-based glucose biosensors still have challenges in terms of wide linearity and large deformation requirements. Therefore, it is necessary to develop PBA-based glucose biosensors with satisfactory mechanical properties, high response sensitivity, excellent stability, and wide linearity. ResultsIn this work, a glucose-responsive PBA-based biosensor was successfully synthesized for the first time. The sensor materials exhibited excellent mechanical properties with an elongation at break reached up to 1000%, and the healing efficiency was over 90% within 30 min at 45 °C. Furthermore, the biosensor exhibited exceptional electromechanical responsiveness, stability, high sensitivity, and wide linearity due to the specificity of phenylboronic acid to glucose and the construction of a special HCNT/PEDOT:PSS dual conductive structure. In addition, the assembled biosensor displayed remarkable glucose, pH and temperature responses, exhibiting a linear response to glucose concentration range from 0.20 mM to 2.0 mM, with a sensitivity coefficient of 47.11 mA mM−1 and regression coefficient of 0.942. Moreover, the sensor materials showed satisfactory cytocompatibility, hemocompatibility, and antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. SignificanceFor the first time, a dual conductive structural glucose biosensor based on PBA-based copolymer was synthesized. In addition to excellent glucose sensitivity and response stability, the biosensor has a wide linearity range, excellent self-healing property, and satisfactory mechanical performance. As a promising substitute for non-enzymatic glucose biosensors, this new material with special structure and characteristics would also be beneficial to wound management in diabetic patients.

Fabrication and integration of a low-cost 3D printing-based glucose biosensor for bioprinted liver-on-a-chip.

In the last two decades, significant progress has been made in the development of more physiologically relevant organ-on-a-chip (OOC) systems that can mimic tissue microenvironments. Despite the advantages of these microphysiological systems, such as portability, ability to mimic physiological flow conditions, and reduction of the number of reagents required for preparation and detection, they lack real-time analyte detection with high accuracy. To address this limitation, biosensor technologies have been integrated with OOC systems to facilitate simultaneous analysis of different analytes with a single device. However, the integration of biosensors with OOC systems is challenging because of the competing demands of low-cost, simple fabrication processes and speed. In this study, we fabricate a glucose-sensing device and integrate it with a liver-on-a-chip (LOC) platform. A carbon black-polylactic acid-based three-electrode system was printed using fused deposit molding 3D printing technology to simplify the fabrication process. The sensitivity of the fabricated glucose biosensing device was enhanced by coating the electrodes with multi-walled carbon nanotubes. A biosensing integration study performed using a perfusion-based LOC demonstrated the stability, biocompatibility, and sensitivity of the proposed glucose sensing device. Furthermore, drug-toxicity studies conducted using the LOC platform demonstrated the ability of the device to detect a broad range of glucose concentrations and its enhanced sensitivity.

Bat-derived cells use glucose as a cryoprotectant

Evolution of heterothermy in environments with variable temperatures has allowed bats to survive food scarcity during seasonal climatic extremes by using torpor as a hibernation strategy. The controlled reduction of body temperature and metabolism through complex behavioural and physiological adaptations at organismal, organ, cellular and molecular levels includes the ability of tissues and cells to adapt to temperature alterations. Based on the prediction that cells of different tissues cultured in vitro would differ in their ability to withstand freezing and thawing of the medium, we determined the survival rate of bat-derived cells following exposure to −20 °C for 24 h in media with no cryoprotective agents or medium supplemented by glucose in concentration range 0–3333 mM. Cell survival rates were determined in relation to availability of glucose in the medium, organ origin, cell concentration and bat species. In general, increased glucose helped cells survive at sub-zero temperatures, though concentrations up to 80-fold higher than those found in chiropterans were needed. However, cells in glucose-free phosphate buffered saline also survived, suggesting that other mechanisms may be contributing to cell survival at low temperatures. Highest in vitro viability was observed in nervus olfactorius-derived cell cultures, with high survival rates and rapid re-growth under optimal conditions after exposure to −20 °C. Kidney cells from different bat species showed comparable overall survival rate patterns, though smaller chiropteran species appeared to utilise lower glucose levels as a cryoprotectant than larger species. Our in vitro data provide evidence that cells of heterothermic bats can survive sub-zero temperatures and that higher glucose levels in important tissues significantly improve hibernation survival at extremely low temperatures.

An enzyme-free glucose sensing device based on TiO2 nanorod array photoelectric catalysis

A simple one-step hydrothermal method is used to prepare an enzyme-free photoelectric combined glucose sensor based on TiO2NRs/FTO with low cost, sample two-electrode, and excellent detection. Under 380 nm light (0.5 mW cm−2) irradiation and a positive voltage, holes are accumulated on TiO2NRs surface, catalyzing glucose and forming a photocurrent without the need for an enzyme, such as Glucose oxidase (GOx). The designed sensor exhibits high sensitivity (about 0.96 μA mM−1 cm−2, without GOx) and excellent linear relationship in the glucose concentration range of 5–15 mML−1. The prepared glucose sensor performs better with a sensitivity of 1.48 μA mM−1 cm−2 when a certain amount of GOx is mixed in the detected solution. In addition, the sensor has excellent anti-interference resistance to non-reducing chitosan and reducing ascorbic acid with short response time (less than 5 s); thus, it can be used in quick detection with a double electrode system. This sensing device has the advantages of simple fabrication, easy storage, and reusability; therefore, it can be very promising in the portable and rapid monitoring of human blood glucose levels.

Copper decorated polyaniline nanowires: A tow-step electrochemical synthesis and a development of a non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor

In this work, a nanostructured electrode material based on copper metal decorated polyaniline nanowires (PANi NWs@Cu) was directly fabricated on a Pt (Pt/PANi NWs@Cu) microelectrode using a novel and effective two-step electrochemical procedure. Herein, the polyaniline nanowires were firstly electropolymerized on the Pt microelectrode using a cyclic voltammetry method, and the copper metal coated onto the polyaniline nanowires were fabricated via a chronoamperometry deposition to form the PANi NWs@Cu with an average diameter of 85 nm. The electrocatalytic activity showed that the as-synthesized PANi NWs@Cu can directly oxidize glucose in alkaline medium, which suggested that the PANi NWs@Cu can be applied as an artificial enzyme for development of a non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor. Obtained results exhibits that the Pt/PANi NWs@Cu has the ability to directly detect glucose with a rapid response, high selectivity, good repeatability, excellent stability with a wide linear range of glucose concentration from 0.5 mM to 50.0 mM and a low detection limit of 94 μM. The developed Pt/PANi NWs@Cu-based electrochemical sensor also shows the ability to directly detect glucose in a 5% glucose intravenous infusion sample with an error of 1.21% from a labelled value.

Photonic hydrogel for continuous glucose monitoring using smartphone readout

Diabetes has become one of the leading deaths causes worldwide. Developing low-cost, rapid, and reusable sensors can provide a solution for continuous glucose monitoring to reduce the diabetic complications that could be fatal. Here, Phenylboronic acid (PBA)-based hydrogel sensors with embedded photonic nanostructures were developed for rapid and continuous glucose quantification within the physiological range. The photonic nanostructures were imprinted on the PBA-based hydrogel using simple and rapid process. Three different sensors: free-standing (FS), stand-alone (SA), and optical fiber (OF) were fabricated and tested in the glucose concentration range of 0–50 mM. A sensitivity of 6, 3, and 1.2 µW/mM was documented for FS, SA, and OF sensors, respectively. A rapid response time of 20 s and saturation time of 3 min were recorded along with a limit of detection of 1 mM. The sensing capabilities of these sensors were examined in both transmission and reflection configurations. Practicality of the sensors was tested using smartphone readout. The optical power was measured using a smartphone exploiting its photodiode and the power changes were correlated with glucose concentrations. These developed sensors may have applications in remote, continuous, and real-time glucose monitoring systems.