Range Of Educational Attainment Research Articles

Insecticide exposure and associated acute health effects in farmers in a rice growing district of India

ABSTRACT This study investigated insecticide usage and associated acute health hazards in rice farming in Odisha, India. A retrospective cross-sectional study design was used to collect data from 139 participants, in the post-monsoon period, 2023. The participants were overwhelmingly male, mostly aged 30 and over, with basic literacy and a range of educational attainment, three-quarters ceasing education by 10th grade and a significant number never attending school. Most farmers/farmworkers used low or moderately toxic insecticides in low doses, typically 3 times/year. However, uptake of appropriate PPE was poor when mixing and applying insecticides. Almost two-thirds (63.4%) of participants reported discomfort/illness after insecticide exposure. Over 90% reported up to 3 symptoms, most experiencing skin irritation. The reported health symptoms were significantly higher among those who ate and drank during insecticide application, compared to those who did not. The number of symptoms reported was also significantly higher in participants who had seen or heard of community insecticide poisoning cases in the previous 12 months, compared with those who had not. Further research is needed on barriers to using effective PPE and on information and training on risks and controls of insecticide exposure that are appropriate for rice farmers in Odisha, India.

Mind the gap: Deficits in fundamental disease-specific knowledge in atrial fibrillation

BackgroundPatient success with atrial fibrillation (AF) requires adequate health literacy to understand the disease and rationale for treatment. We hypothesized that individuals receiving treatment for AF would have increased knowledge about AF and that such knowledge would be modified by education and income. MethodsWe enrolled adults with AF receiving anticoagulation at ambulatory clinic sites. Participants responded to survey items encompassing the definitions of AF and stroke, the rationale for anticoagulation, and an estimation of their annual stroke risk. We examined responses in relation to household income and education in multivariable-adjusted models. ResultsWe enrolled 339 individuals (age 72.0 ± 10.1; 43% women) with predominantly lower annual income ($20–49,999, n = 99, 29.2%) and a range of educational attainment (high school or vocational, n = 117, 34.5%). Participants demonstrated moderate AF knowledge (1.7 ± 0.6; range 0–2) but limited knowledge about anticoagulation (1.3 ± 0.7; range 0–3) or stroke (1.5 ± 0.8; range 0–3). Income was not associated with improvement in AF (P = 0.32 for trend), anticoagulation (P = 0.27) or stroke knowledge (P = 0.26). Individuals with bachelor or graduate degree had greater AF (1.8 ± 0.5) and stroke (1.6 ± 0.8) knowledge relative to those with high school or vocational training (1.4 ± 0.7 and 1.2 ± 0.9; P ≪ 0.01, both estimates). Education was not associated with understanding the rationale for anticoagulation. Most participants (230, 68%) estimated their annual stroke risk as ≥15%. ConclusionsWe identified consistent, fundamental gaps in disease-specific knowledge in a cohort of adults receiving treatment for non-valvular AF. Improved patient understanding of this complex and chronic disease may enhance shared decision making, patient engagement, anticoagulation adherence, and clinical outcomes in AF.

Tax factors influencing on tributation formality in restaurants from Santa Anita, Miraflores y San Isidro Districts at Lima - Peru

Establishes tax factors influencing directly on the formality of the service companies of restaurants in the districts of Santa Anita, Miraflores and San Isidro. The study was conducted during 2014, with a sample of 270 restaurants, 114 corresponding to Santa Anita, 72 to 84 to Miraflores and San Isidro. A survey validated using Cronbach's alpha was developed, frequencies were calculated and the influence was determined; among some of the factors studied on tax compliance it was determined by Xi2. Santa Anita showed a sample with highest values of central tendency and dispersion Miraflores and San Isidro; Miraflores showed the highest number ofcomponents of the company and Santa Anita showed a wider range of educational attainment. In the three districts there was agreement that influenced profitability taxation. In Miraflores and San Isidro there was agreement on the role that the SUNAT met, as well as working conditions and training of personnel. Finally all the factors analyzed statistically significantly influenced the fulfillment of tax obligations.

Condom use and HIV-related behaviors in urban Tanzanian men who have sex with men: A study of beliefs, HIV knowledge sources, partner interactions and risk behaviors

Although studies have been conducted in neighboring countries, there are no published data on men who have sex with men (MSM) in mainland Tanzania. We report on a respondent-driven sampling study of 271 MSM in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The sample covered a wide range of educational attainment and employment, median age was 24, and all respondents had heard of HIV/AIDS, mostly through public media. Those satisfied with media information on HIV were younger, had lower education, and had obtained their information from health facilities. Over two-thirds believed that having one faithful partner and using condoms would protect against HIV: nevertheless, more than two-thirds were worried about HIV infection. Two-thirds had had a relationship with a woman, one-third in the past year. Predictors of non-use of condoms for anal sex with last casual partner were younger age, not being worried about HIV infection, and agreeing to have sex even if a condom was refused. There was no significance in proportion using a condom with last casual (43%) and last regular (49%) partner. Most partners (MSM knew a median of 10 other MSM) were met in bars, music halls, and in the home/local environment, and 70% of MSM described their sexual position as “bottom.” Sixty percent reported having an HIV test and the great majority was comfortable discussing condoms with partners and friends: half would refuse to have sex if condoms were not agreed to. These data suggest a significant “gay” community in Dar es Salaam with relatively accurate HIV information but moderate condom use, HIV testing and ability to refuse unsafe sex. There is clearly scope for targeted HIV prevention programs in the MSM community in Tanzania.