Range Of Scales Research Articles

Efficacy and Safety of Aspiration and Intra-Articular Injection of Tranexamic Acid in Acute Knee Hemarthrosis of Adult Haemophilic Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial Study.

Hemarthrosis, particularly in the knee, accounts for most bleeding episodes in haemophilia. While joint aspiration has proven effective, the role of intra-articular (IA) tranexamic acid (TXA) in managing acute hemarthrosis remains unexplored. To assess the efficacy and safety of knee aspiration followed by IA TXA injection in acute haemophilic knee hemarthrosis. Forty-four adult haemophilia patients with acute knee hemarthrosis (< 24 h) were randomized to undergo joint aspiration with (TXA group) or without (non-TXA group) IA TXA (1.5g/15mL) injection. Both groups received 75mL injections, including 5mL of 2% lidocaine and additional 0.9% saline. Ultrasound confirmed hemarthrosis, and standardized factor replacement was given pre-procedure. Primary outcomes included knee range of motion (ROM) and visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain. The significance was set at p < 0.05. Final analysis included 21 and 17 male patients in the TXA and non-TXA groups, respectively. The TXA group showed a significantly greater knee ROM on days 3, 7, and 14 (p < 0.05), with no differences beyond Day 14. VAS pain scores were significantly lower in the TXA group at 24 h, 3 days, and 7 days post-procedure (p < 0.05). TXA patients reported faster return to work (p = 0.004) and higher satisfaction (p = 0.01). Hemarthrosis recurrence was lower in the TXA group (5.9%vs. 14.3% at 6 weeks; 64.7%vs. 90.5% at 6 months), though differences were not statistically significant. No complications were observed. Joint aspiration with IA TXA is safe and effective for short-term ROM improvement and pain relief in acute haemophilic knee hemarthrosis.

Adsorption Pore Volume Distribution Heterogeneity of Middle and High Rank Coal Reservoirs and Determination of Its Influencing Factors

Heterogeneity of adsorption pore volume distribution affects desorption and diffusion processes of coal reservoirs. In this paper, N2 and CO2 adsorption and desorption experiment tests were used to study the pore structure of middle and high rank coal reservoirs in the study area. The fractal theory of volume and surface area is used to achieve a full-scale fractal study of adsorption pores (pore diameter is less than 100 nm) in the study area. Firstly, adaptability and control factors of volume fractals and surface area fractals within the same aperture scale range are studied. Secondly, fractal characteristics of micro-pores and meso-pores are studied. Thirdly, fractal characteristics within different aperture scales and the influencing factors of fractal characteristics within different scale ranges are studied. The results are as follows. With the increase in coal rank, pore volume and specific surface area of pores less than 0.8 nm increase, and dominant pore size changes from 0.55~0.8 nm (middle coal rank) to 0.5~0.7 nm (high coal rank). As coal rank increases, TPV and average pore diameter (APD) decrease under the BJH model, while SSA changes are not significant under the BET model. Moreover, as the pore diameter decreases, the correlation between the integral dimension of pore volume and degree of coal metamorphism decreases. This result can provide a theoretical basis for the precise characterization of the target coal seam pore and fracture structure and support the optimization of favorable areas for coalbed methane.

Tailored Supramolecular Additives to Control the Crystallization Process and Morphology of MAPbI3.

Perovskite films feature unique optoelectronic properties, rendering them promising for electronic devices. The properties depend on the morphology on a broad range of length scales from nanometers to millimeters, influenced by a variety of factors. However, controlling the morphology is challenging. A tailored supramolecular additive, N, N'-bis(2-aminoethyl) terephthalamide is developed to control the intermediate and perovskite crystallization of methyl ammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) and enhance the thermal and moisture stability in the final film. Reversible coordinative interactions of the carbonyl groups with Pb2+ ions via Lewis acid-base adduct and subsequent ion-ion interactions of the peripheral ammonium groups with the perovskite grain boundaries are combined which is stabilized by a strong hydrogen bonding pattern formed between the amide moieties of the additive molecules. Adding low amounts of this additive to the precursor solution significantly decelerates the structure formation and systematically reduces the crystallite size. Slower growth of the intermediate phases and the incorporation of the additive to the grain boundary is observed with multiple time-resolved techniques. Evidence for the formation of single-molecule interlayers between the MAPbI3 crystals and the presence of directed supramolecular interaction between additive molecules is shown. Transferability of this approach to other perovskites is anticipated, paving the way to improved processing control and stability.

Endovascular Treatment for Stroke Due to Occlusion of Medium or Distal Vessels.

Endovascular treatment (EVT) of stroke with large-vessel occlusion is known to be safe and effective. The effect of EVT for occlusion of medium or distal vessels is unclear. We randomly assigned participants with an isolated occlusion of medium or distal vessels (occlusion of the nondominant or codominant M2 segment of the middle cerebral artery [MCA]; the M3 or M4 segment of the MCA; the A1, A2, or A3 segment of the anterior cerebral artery; or the P1, P2, or P3 segment of the posterior cerebral artery) to receive EVT plus best medical treatment or best medical treatment alone within 24 hours after the participant was last seen to be well. The primary outcome was the level of disability at 90 days, as assessed with the modified Rankin scale score. A total of 543 participants (women, 44%; median age, 77 years) were included in the analysis: 271 were assigned to receive EVT plus best medical treatment and 272 to receive best medical treatment alone. The median score on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (range, 0 to 42, with higher scores indicating more severe symptoms) at admission was 6 (interquartile range, 5 to 9). Intravenous thrombolysis was given to 65.4% of the participants. The predominant occlusion locations were the M2 segment (in 44.0% of the participants), M3 segment (in 26.9%), P2 segment (in 13.4%), and P1 segment (in 5.5%). In the comparison between EVT plus best medical treatment and best medical treatment alone, no significant difference in the distribution of modified Rankin scale scores was observed at 90 days (common odds ratio for improvement in the score, 0.90; 95% confidence interval, 0.67 to 1.22; P = 0.50). All-cause mortality was similar in the two groups (15.5% with EVT plus best medical treatment and 14.0% with best medical treatment alone), as was the incidence of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (5.9% and 2.6%, respectively). In persons with stroke with occlusion of medium or distal vessels, EVT did not result in a lower level of disability or a lower incidence of death than best medical treatment alone. (Funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation and others; DISTAL ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT05029414.).

Effect of the cervical and thoracic "Daoyin" training on posture and pulmonary function in patients with upper crossed syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.

With the growing ubiquity of electronic devices, the incidence of upper crossed syndrome (UCS) is increasing every year and tends to affect younger populations. The study was designed to assess the effect of cervical and thoracic "Daoyin" training on pain, posture, pulmonary function, cervical range of motion, and emotional state in college students with UCS. We conducted a parallel-group randomized control study. The Fujian Medical University in China. 74 patients with UCS fulfilled the study requirement and were assigned to the intervention group (IG) and the control group (CG). Instructed cervical and thoracic "Daoyin" training was given to students in the IG for eight weeks, five days a week for 45min, whereas students in the CG continued with their usual activities. Primary outcomes, including forward head and shoulder angles, pain and cervical spine function, as well as secondary outcomes, such as pulmonary function, cervical range of motion and emotional state, were measured at baseline and a follow-up of 8-week. These measurements were conducted using photogrammetry, visual analog scale (VAS), Neck Disability Index (NDI), pulmonary function, cervical range of motion test and Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), respectively. The statistical analysis used the change value between the baseline and the 8-week intervention measurements. 74 patients (IG = 37; CG = 37) were randomized. All participants were included in the analysis. There were significant differences of the change values between groups in Forward Head Angle (FHA) (d = 1.113, P < 0.001), Forward Shoulder Angle (FSA) (d = 1.052, P < 0.001), VAS (d = 0.854, P < 0.001), NDI (d = 0.754, P = 0.005), pulmonary function (Forced Expiratory Volume in 1s/Forced Vital Capacity (FEV1/FVC) (d = 0.516, P = 0.002), maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) (d = 0.504, P = 0.033), cervical range of motion in Left Rotation (LR) (d = 0.647, P = 0.014) and emotional state (d = 0.587, P = 0.014). No side effects were observed in this study. Cervical and thoracic "Daoyin" training can improve the abnormal posture of head forward and round shoulders, reducing pain and anxiety, improving cervical spine function, and improving lung function to a certain extent. ChiCTR2300072669 (20/06/2023), Prospective registration, www.chictr.org.cn .

Quantifying Baryonic Feedback on the Warm–Hot Circumgalactic Medium in CAMELS Simulations

Abstract The baryonic physics shaping galaxy formation and evolution are complex, spanning a vast range of scales and making them challenging to model. Cosmological simulations rely on subgrid models that produce significantly different predictions. Understanding how models of stellar and active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback affect baryon behavior across different halo masses and redshifts is essential. Using the SIMBA and IllustrisTNG suites from the Cosmology and Astrophysics with MachinE Learning Simulations (CAMELS) project, we explore the effect of parameters governing the subgrid implementation of stellar and AGN feedback. We find that while IllustrisTNG shows higher cumulative feedback energy across all halos, SIMBA demonstrates a greater spread of baryons, quantified by the closure radius and circumgalactic medium (CGM) gas fraction. This suggests that feedback in SIMBA couples more effectively to baryons and drives them more efficiently within the host halo. There is evidence that the different feedback modes are highly interrelated in these subgrid models. The parameters controlling the stellar feedback efficiency significantly impact AGN feedback, as seen in the suppression of black hole mass growth and delayed activation of AGN feedback to higher-mass halos with increasing stellar feedback efficiency in both simulations. Additionally, the AGN feedback efficiency parameters affect the CGM gas fraction at low halo masses in SIMBA, hinting at complex, nonlinear interactions between the AGN and supernova feedback modes. Overall, we demonstrate that stellar and AGN feedback are intimately interwoven, especially at low redshift, due to subgrid implementation, resulting in halo property effects that might initially seem counterintuitive.

EMODnet Geology: pan-European assessment of coastal resilience and vulnerability

Coastal resilience and vulnerability, to marine erosion and flooding, are strongly influenced by geology, geomorphology and the presence or absence of engineering structures. Many studies, using a range of methodologies, have been conducted around the coastline of Europe to assess both resilience and vulnerability. A new EMODnet Geology data product provides a pan-European map visualisation, at a range of scales, indicating lower, intermediate and higher levels of coastline vulnerability to erosion and flooding. The shorelines of the Mediterranean and Baltic Seas appear to be less resilient than those of the Atlantic Ocean, Greater North Sea and Black Sea. Estuarine, deltaic and other lowland shorelines with coastal barriers show lower resilience, except where they are managed through nourishments. The map, and associated metadata, provides a tool for users who are interested not only in the pan-European distribution of coastal resilience and vulnerability, but also in the wide range of methodological approaches used in their assessment.

Microscopy methods for the in vivo study of nanoscale nuclear organization.

Eukaryotic genomes are highly compacted within the nucleus and organized into complex 3D structures across various genomic and physical scales. Organization within the nucleus plays a key role in gene regulation, both facilitating regulatory interactions to promote transcription while also enabling the silencing of other genes. Despite the functional importance of genome organization in determining cell identity and function, investigating nuclear organization across this wide range of physical scales has been challenging. Microscopy provides the opportunity for direct visualization of nuclear structures and has pioneered key discoveries in this field. Nonetheless, visualization of nanoscale structures within the nucleus, such as nucleosomes and chromatin loops, requires super-resolution imaging to go beyond the ~220 nm diffraction limit. Here, we review recent advances in imaging technology and their promise to uncover new insights into the organization of the nucleus at the nanoscale. We discuss different imaging modalities and how they have been applied to the nucleus, with a focus on super-resolution light microscopy and its application to in vivo systems. Finally, we conclude with our perspective on how continued technical innovations in super-resolution imaging in the nucleus will advance our understanding of genome structure and function.

Pigs, people, and proximity: a 6000-year isotopic record of pig management in Ireland.

The ways that pigs interact with humans are more flexible than other livestock. This plasticity means that pig behaviour can evidence a tremendous range of cultural phenomena, some of which may not otherwise show up in the archaeological record. We explore how people and pigs interacted in Ireland over 6000 years (4000 BC-AD 1900) from the perspective of isotopic zooarchaeology, using a large sample of pigs from 40 sites. Results demonstrate continuity and dramatic change. While pig diets show an emphasis on pannage throughout much of the period, husbandry was fundamentally reconstructed in the early medieval period. Through prehistory, pigs were herded in areas distant from human settlements, whereas later they were relocated to live near people. We explore potential implications of these patterns at a range of scales, from economics, to perspectives on zoonoses, and animal agency. While syntheses of a similar scope are needed for other areas of Europe, these findings may reflect a uniquely Irish trajectory of human-animal relationships.

On the Intraseasonal Oceanic Processes Constrained by Data Assimilation: A Case Study of the Tropical Pacific

Abstract This study investigates the ability of a global ocean reanalysis at 1/12° horizontal resolution, GLORYS12, to represent oceanic processes at intraseasonal and higher-frequency scales. GLORYS12, which includes data assimilation of satellite and multi-instrument in situ observations, is compared to a twin-free simulation (with no assimilation) in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Spectral analyses show that data assimilation improves the realism of sea surface height intraseasonal variability in the entire tropical Pacific Ocean, in both amplitude and phase, with an increase in the amplitude of more than 50% for the 20–90-day band and up to 15% for the 2–20-day band. The improvement is largest along the 5°N/S latitudes, where the magnitude of tropical instability waves is maximum, but is limited along the equator where steric height variability is dominated by intraseasonal oceanic Kelvin waves, already well represented in the free simulation. Wavenumber–frequency spectra show that data assimilation constraint improves both the spatial and temporal scales of intraseasonal waves and their timing. Data assimilation impacts the realism of oceanic simulations in two ways. By modifying the background oceanic stratification, it corrects the phase speed of westward-propagating waves. It is also shown that the intraseasonal component of analysis increments (data assimilation corrections applied) is dynamically consistent and exhibits clear intraseasonal propagation. By demonstrating the benefits of data assimilation for intraseasonal processes in the tropical Pacific Ocean, this study highlights the high value of both in situ and satellite observations to constrain ocean models in a wide range of time scales.

Short-term effects of exergaming on patients with chronic low back pain: A single-blind randomized controlled trial.

Exergaming is increasingly popular, but its impact on chronic low back pain (CLBP) remain unclear. To evaluate the effectiveness of exergaming versus traditional exercise for managing CLBP using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework. This single-blind, randomized controlled trial included 70 participants with CLBP, who were assigned to either the exergaming or traditional exercise group. Both groups received 2 weeks of treatment with six sessions. Assessments included the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), range of motion, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), balance (Biodex Stability System), Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ), and physical performance tests. After six sessions over 2 weeks, the exergaming group showed significant improvements over the exercise group in ODI (p<0.001), chair-rising time (p=0.001), stair ascent (p=0.025) and descent times (p<0.001), flexion (p=0.005), extension (p=0.001), balance (p=0.012), and FABQ subscales (physical activity: p=0.003; work: p<0.001) at the 3-month follow-up. Group×time interaction effects favored exergaming for ODI (p=0.012), chair-rising (p=0.045), stair ascent (p=0.010), and descent (p=0.002) times. While these changes did not meet clinical significance, exergaming was not inferior to traditional exercise in improving spinal motion, physical performance, fear-avoidance beliefs, and disability. Exergaming appears to be a viable supplementary therapy for patients with CLBP, offering benefits across all ICF domains. Future studies with longer intervention durations are needed to assess its long-term effects.

Artificial light at night reduces predation and herbivory rates in a nearshore reef.

Artificial light at night (ALAN) is an escalating anthropogenic stressor that can affect ecological communities over a range of spatial scales by altering key ecological processes, such as predation and herbivory. Shallow subtidal reefs are highly diverse and productive habitats that are vulnerable to ALAN. We investigated rates of consumption by fish (predation and herbivory) under different light treatments (ALAN, dark and daylight conditions) using standardised bioassay methods, i.e. squidpops and Ulva pops in situ. We also used GoPros to record predator identity, number of strikes and time to strike in ALAN and daylight treatments. Contrary to previous studies, we found that predation and herbivory rates were significantly lower in ALAN treatments than in daytime and dark treatments. The highest predation and herbivory rates were observed in daytime treatments. The identity of predator species, time to strike and number of strikes also differed between daytime and ALAN treatments. Due to low light conditions, dark treatments were not filmed. Our findings suggest that ALAN can alter predation in unexpected ways, depending on the environmental conditions and species affected. Future coastal management strategies need to account for light pollution as a major stressor to preserve valuable ecological resources.

Decrease in provider stigma is associated with improved quality health indicators among individuals receiving methadone in primary care centers in Ukraine.

People who inject drugs experience poor health and social outcomes which improve with opioid agonist therapies like methadone, yet provider stigma may influence healthcare utilization. In Ukraine, integrating methadone into primary care centers (PCCs) provides an opportunity to examine provider stigma and its impact on patient outcomes. This sub-analysis included patients randomized to receive methadone in PCCs as part of an implementation trial in which the control group received methadone in specialty addiction clinics in Ukraine. Methadone integration in PCCs was supported through continuous tele-education for providers. Provider stigma towards people who inject drugs, methadone, and attitudes towards evidence-based practices were assessed at baseline, 12, and 24 months using standardized scales (range 1-10). Patient-level outcomes were measured bi-annually over 24 months using a quality health indicator (QHI) score, a percentage of guideline-concordant primary and specialty health services accessed. Linear mixed-effects models examined the changes in provider stigma and attitudes, and the association of these measures with patient outcomes. The sample included 583 patients and the 112 providers in 24 clinics. Provider fear and stereotypes toward people who inject drugs improved significantly, by 0.6 (95 % CI 0.2-1.1) and 0.4 points (95 % CI 0.1-0.8), respectively, as did preference for methadone over abstinence-based treatment (0.7 points, 95 % CI 0.2-1.1). A 1-point improvement in provider prejudice correlated with a 7.0-point increase (95 % CI: 1.1-13.0) in patient primary care QHI scores at 12 months, while improved attitudes towards evidence-based practices were associated with an 8.3-point increase (95 % CI: 1.1-13.0). Preference for methadone maintenance over abstinence was associated with a 3.7-point increase (95 % CI: 0.6-6.7) in specialty care QHI scores at 12 months, and reduced stereotypes were associated with a 10.9-point increase (95 % CI: 1.2-20.7) at 24 months. Integrating methadone into PCCs with the support of provider tele-education may reduce provider stigma, particularly fear and stereotypes, toward people who inject drugs and methadone maintenance. Reducing provider stigma has the potential to improve patient outcomes through increased access to preventive care and screenings.

P-1805. Identifying Hospital Antimicrobial Usage Trends Using Wastewater Based Surveillance

Abstract Background Hospitals represent ideal locations for developing wastewater (WW) surveillance for antibiotics (Abx), owing to the high frequency of Abx use and robust record-keeping. To investigate this technology as a potentially useful stewardship tool, we compared the concentration of several Abx in WW from tertiary care hospitals to their corresponding levels in the surrounding municipality. Concentration of 4 common antimicrobials found in hospital wastewater effluent over a 4-month period Concentrations of 4 antimicrobials measured in WW from 3 tertiary care hospitals and the corresponding wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in the same city. Displayed statistics represent the results of a Wilcoxon test, antimicrobials labelled “*” are commonly administered intravenously. Methods WW was collected bi-weekly from three tertiary care hospitals (two adult and one pediatric, with 600, 650 and 135 inpatient beds, respectively) and the associated municipal WW treatment plant (serving a population of ∼1,000,000) between February and May of 2024. Aliquots of WW were filtered and run directly on a liquid-chromatography paired triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC-QQQ) to quantify specific Abx (azithromycin, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, metronidazole, cefazolin, ceftriaxone, piperacillin, tazobactam, meropenem, vancomycin, and sulfamethoxazole). Spiked and replicate samples were randomly included to validate analyte recovery and reproducibility. Agilent MassHunter software (Version 10.1, 2019) was utilized to process and export raw data to R. Box plots and Wilcoxon tests were utilized to compare the concentration of each Abx. Results Validation experiments confirmed that filtering WW samples and directly running them on LC-QQQ yields reproducible and reliable results. Serial monitoring revealed that WW from hospitals generally exhibited a broader range of Abx concentrations than was observed city-wide (Figure 1). This variability was particularly evident among the most used Abx, consistent with the changing treatment needs of highly dynamic hospital populations. In addition to this, ceftriaxone, an IV-administered antimicrobial was found at significantly higher concentrations in all hospital sites when compared to the municipal WW treatment plant. Conclusion Validating Abx monitoring in WW from a range of scales will enable this approach to be applied across diverse environments as a tool to mitigate Abx resistance. This approach will be strengthened as it is integrated with clinical metadata and metagenomic assessment of antimicrobial resistance genes from the same samples. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Tearing-mediated Alfvénic Turbulence in a Relativistic Plasma

Abstract In astrophysical relativistic plasmas, Alfvénic turbulence exists across a wide range of scales. Similar to a nonrelativistic case, this turbulence can be influenced by the tearing instability. We argue that in an ultrarelativistic pair plasma the tearing effects become significant at the critical scale given by a t ∼ d rel L ⊥ / d rel n / ( 4 + 5 n ) , where L ⊥ represents the outer scale of the turbulence and d rel the relativistic electron inertial scale. Here n = 1 corresponds to the Harris magnetic configurations, while n = 2 applies to localized (non-Harris) magnetic profiles of turbulence-generated current sheets. Below the critical scale, the energy spectrum of magnetic fluctuations steepens to W(k)dk ∝ k −(7n+2)/3n dk. However, this happens only when σ ˜ ≪ L ⊥ / d rel ( 2 + 4 n ) / ( 4 + 5 n ) , where σ ˜ is the magnetization parameter based on the magnetic fluctuations. If the opposite inequality holds, the Alfvénic cascade is instead affected by charge starvation at scales below a ch ∼ d rel d rel / L ⊥ 1 / 3 σ ˜ 2 / 3 , and the energy spectrum becomes steeper than W(k)dk ∝ k −3 dk. When d rel is replaced by its nonrelativistic equivalent, our results agree with the nonrelativistic analysis of N. F. Loureiro &amp; S. Boldyrev (2018). In the Harris case n = 1, they agree with the recent relativistic studies by I. Demidov &amp; Y. Lyubarsky.

Difelikefalin for severe chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus in a patient in dialysis

In this case report, a 72-year-old male haemodialysis patient with severe chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus (CKD-aP) was given difelikefalin (DFK) 50 μg × 3/week after unsuccessful standard therapy including fatty cream, steroids, antihistamines, gabapentinoids, and UV-light. CKD-aP was verified by a dermatologist before DFK was given. After three weeks, CKD-aP had improved markedly. The worst itch numeric rate scale (range: 0-10) dropped to 0 from 7-8 prior to DFK. DFK caused drowsiness which disappeared when the treatment was paused. DFK dose was then reduced to 25 μg × 3/week which was well tolerated. The skin healed, except for scars caused by scratching.

Amplitude-Scaling Bias Analysis of Ground Motion Record Set in Strip Method for Structural Seismic Fragility Assessment

The multi-strip method is often used to establish a demand model for fragility analysis. Using the multi-strip method to scale the ground motion record may cause uncertainty and bias in structural response calculation and fragility assessment. It is necessary to analyze the effect of differences in the amplitude scaling range in different strips on structural seismic response calculation and seismic fragility assessment. In this paper, the multi-strip method was used to analyze the seismic demand bias based on four multi-story reinforced concrete frame structures subjected to eight ground motion record sets. The bias, variance, and coefficient of variation in different strips in each group of ground motion records were obtained. The effect of different strips on the demand bias was investigated by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Uncertainty quantification of structural demand and fragility curves was carried out using the bootstrap sampling method. The results for structures in different ground motion record sets verify that the differences between the demand bias for different strips by amplitude scaling are statistically insignificant for a 95% confidence level. These findings will contribute to the use of scaling methods for ground motion record sets in a probabilistic seismic demand assessment, allowing for a more reliable prediction of structural seismic fragility.

Algorithmic Approaches for Assessing Multiscale Irreversibility in Time Series: Review and Comparison

Many physical and biological phenomena are characterized by time asymmetry, and are referred to as irreversible. Time-reversal symmetry breaking is in fact the hallmark of systems operating away from equilibrium and reflects the power dissipated by driving the system away from it. Time asymmetry may manifest in a wide range of time scales; quantifying irreversibility in such systems thus requires methods capable of detecting time asymmetry in a multiscale fashion. In this contribution we review the main algorithmic solutions that have been proposed to detect time irreversibility, and evaluate their performance and limitations when used in a multiscale context using several well-known synthetic dynamical systems. While a few of them have a general applicability, most tests yield conflicting results on the same data, stressing that a “one size fits all” solution is still to be achieved. We conclude presenting some guidelines for the interested practitioner, as well as general considerations on the meaning of multiscale time irreversibility.

Inversion of interlayer scale using dynamic data of production wells in bottom water reservoirs: Sangtamu Oilfield, Tarim basin

The target reservoir is a typical blocky bottom water reservoir. There are several interlayers of varying scales inside it, which impact the characteristics of the oil production and water breakthrough curves of the wells in the water flooding development oilfield, resulting in strong heterogeneity within the reservoir. The Sangtamu Oilfield has an average well spacing of approximately 600 m, causing a challenge in accurately identifying the range of small-scale interlayer spreading. This, in addition, challenges the subsequent 3D geological modeling process. This paper proposes a method to accurately characterize the size of various interlayers in a reservoir by using production dynamics data from bottom water reservoirs to invert the interlayer scale. By classifying the water breakthrough curve styles derived from theoretical testing, the range of reservoir internal interlayer scales is compared and inverted based on the actual water breakthrough styles of wells in the Sangtamu oil field. In the process, many interlayer scales derived from various types of geologic data acquisition were combined to form a quantitative geologic knowledge database of interlayers that synthesizes both dynamic and static data. This method has been applied in the Tarim Basin’s Sangtamu Oilfield, where the reservoir numerical simulation history was used to fit the model. This resulted in an overall fitting coincidence rate of 96% in the Sangtamu Oilfield and a single-well fitting coincidence rate of over 90% in well LN14. This method offers a new viewpoint on characterizing the interlayer’s scale in the area of the non-dense well network.

Performance Evaluation of TEROS 10 Sensor in Diverse Substrates and Soils of Different Electrical Conductivity Using Low-Cost Microcontroller Settings

This study sheds light on the performance of the common high-precision electromagnetic sensor TEROS 10 to estimate volumetric soil water content (θ) from dry to saturation across three different substrates, six different soil types having three different levels of electrical conductivity of soil solutions (ECw), and in liquids with increasing salinity level under laboratory conditions, by using low-cost but accurate experimental IoT hardware arrangements. This performance was evaluated using statistical analysis metrics such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). It was found that TEROS 10 performance did not conform to the manufacturer’s specifications throughout the full scale range, although in some cases good water content estimation was provided. Some inconsistencies were identified by applying the manufacturer’s calibration equations, and thus recommendations for improvements are provided, aiming to enhance the sensor’s overall performance. TEROS 10 performance across all six soils and three substrates was improved on average from an RMSE of 0.052 and 0.078 cm3 cm−3, respectively, by using factory-derived calibration, to 0.031 and 0.031 cm3 cm−3 by using the multipoint calibration method (CAL). Furthermore, a linear calibration formula, using Raw output as the predictor variable, was tested and resulted in an RMSE of 0.026 and 0.046 cm3 cm−3 for soils and substrates, respectively.