Randomized Pretest Posttest Control Group Research Articles

Effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) on balance in patient with chronic lower back pain

Background. tVNS is a technique of electrical stimulation of vagus nerve afferents that is used as a therapy for chronic pain. This study aims to analyze the effect of adding tVNS to exercise therapy on dynamic balance in chronic LBP patients measured by Maximized Reach Distance (%MAXD) and composite score of Modified Star Excursion Balance Test (MSEBT). Method. The method is an experimental study with a pretest-posttest randomized control group study. 22 people with mechanical chronic LBP aged 16-55 years who were randomly allocated into an exercise group (control group) and an exercise plus tVNS group (intervention group). MSEBT dynamic balance was measured before and after intervention. Results. In the intervention group the average MSEBT anterior right and left leg before (74.57±14.72;73.53±15.0) after (86.45±15.98; 86.98±15.9), posteromedial right and left before (88.23±16.76; 75.15±15.04) after (99.65±14.56, 92.19±11.91), right and left posterolateral before (76.66±13.89, 78.02±13.44) after (84.00±17.25, 84.30±13.90) there was a significant difference (p <0.05). Comparing anterior ΔMSEBT, right composite score and left posteromedial posterolateral ΔMSEBT between groups, there was a significant difference (p <0.05), not significant in right posteromedial posterolateral ΔMSEBT. Conclusion. The addition of tVNS to exercise therapy after 2 weeks on dynamic balance with MSEBT assessment showed a significant improvement in the intervention group. The results were better in the intervention group than in the control group. Further research is still needed to investigate the potential of adding tVNS to chronic LBP.

Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Student Teams Achievement Division (STAD) terhadap Hasil Belajar Passing Bawah Bolavoli (Siswa Kelas X SMK Negeri 2 Kota Mojokerto)

Education has a crucial role in various fields of life, including in the field of sports and health. Physical Education, Sports and Health (PJOK) plays an important role in providing opportunities for students to be actively involved in structured and organized physical learning. This study is motivated by problems when learning volleyball, especially in the forearm pass material when students tend to play a passive role and students' space is also limited to the rules given by the teacher, so that during learning students rarely interact and cooperate between friends. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the STAD type cooperative learning model on the results of forearm pass bolavoli in class X students of SMK Negeri 2 Mojokerto City and to determine the magnitude of this influence. This research is a nexperimental research using Randomized Control Group Pretest-Posttest Design. The sample in this study were 70 students with the sampling method using cluster random sample, namely 35 students of class X APHP 1 as the experimental group and 35 students of class X APHP 2 as the control group. The results of this study found a significant effect on the learning outcomes of basic volleyball forearm pass techniques in students taught with the STAD type cooperative learning model. The effect of the STAD type cooperative learning model on the learning outcomes of volleyball forearm pass was measured based on the difference between the pretest and posttest results, which showed an increase of 20.24% in the knowledge test and 38.91% in the skill test.

Impact of stress coping strategy in modifying perceptions of school stress among adult learners enrolled in Home Economics and Indigenous Textiles Education in Nigerian Universities.

Studying some professions is so demanding that if not well managed it leads to severe stress, withdrawal, burnout, and other health-related problems. Hence, practical engagement and exhibition of catering, cooking, and home management are so tasking as they are time-consuming and very intensive. Many students in the specialties experience excess academic loads and internal and external demands. Given these, this study tested the impact of cognitive behavior coping strategy on school stress among adult learners enrolled in Home Economic and Indigenous Textile Education. A pretest-posttest randomized control group design was applied. Ninety-five students (43 [45.3%] males; 52 [54.7%] females) participated in the current study. Stress assessment was induced and then students were randomly allocated to the cognitive behavior coping strategy group and the waitlist conditions. Later, students on the waitlist received the cognitive behavior coping strategy contents. Data collected were analyzed using analysis of covariance. Results showed that at pretest, there was no significant difference among the participants in the 2 groups as measured by Educational Stress Scale and Perceived Stress Scale scores. However, the post-intervention test result showed a long-term impact of cognitive behavior coping strategy in improving the management of school stress among students. This study suggests that cognitive behavior coping strategy has a long-term impact on modifying the students' perception of school stress in a sample of adult learners enrolled in Home Economic and Indigenous Textile Education.

The Influence of an Interactive Learning Model Based on the PDEODE Strategy with Cloud Technology on Students’ Self-Regulation in Mathematics Learning

Self-regulation is playing a key role in cognitive learning and coping activities. This study implemented an interactive learning model based on the Predict-Discuss-Explain-Observe-Discuss-Explain (PDEODE) strategy using cloud technology as an instructional approach to examine its impact on undergraduate students’ self-regulation in mathematics learning. The sample comprised 60 undergraduate students who participated in a set theory course. A randomized control group pre-test–post-test design was utilized. The 30 students in the experimental group engaged in an interactive learning model based on the PDEODE strategy with cloud technology and the 30 in the control group followed the conventional method. The research instruments were the instruction plan and a scale assessing self-regulation in learning mathematics. The data were analyzed with a descriptive analysis, normalized gain (n-gain), and the t-test. The findings confirmed that the mean self-regulation score in the experiment group exceeded the criterion of 60% and was statistically significant at the 0.05 level. The experiment group achieved a higher improvement level in self-regulation compared to the control group. In addition, there were statistically significant differences between the two groups in the mean post-test scores of self-regulation in favor of the experimental group at the 0.05 level. The results indicate that the method proposed has a positive effect and could be adopted as an approach to reflect on self-regulation in learning for undergraduate students in the context of mathematics courses. The PDEODE strategy, particularly when supported by cloud technology, promotes students’ participation through more collaborative activities, unlike learning practices that rely on memorization.

The effects of comprehensive competence‐based training on competence development and performance improvement of smallholder farmers: An Ethiopian case study

AbstractLow yield/hectare gains, food insecurity and environmental unsustainability are challenges experienced by the agriculture sector in Ethiopia despite substantial government investment. Although there are many factors that contribute to the poor performance of the sector, smallholder farmer competence gaps are principal among them. This study aims to examine the effects of Comprehensive Competence‐Based Training (CCBT) on the competence development and performance improvement of smallholder farmers using the authentic professional core task during maize planting as a problem context. We applied a 3‐week randomized (control group pretest posttest) design and single‐blind field experiment to test the impact of CCBT through provision of a training to two comparable farmer groups using conventional ‘Low‐CBT’ and innovative ‘High‐CBT’ implementation levels. The samples included ‘High‐CBT’ (N = 220) and ‘Low‐CBT’ (N = 220) groups of smallholder farmers in the West Gojjam Zone in Ethiopia. Data on competence development and performance improvement of farmers were collected from themselves, trainer Development Agents and Trained Assessors. The yield in quintal/hectare gains for each smallholder farmer was collected twice (before and after the intervention). Repeated (pretest, posttest) MANOVA and ANOVA measurements were used to analyze the data. The results revealed that the development of smallholder farmer competence in ‘High‐CBT’ was higher than in ‘Low‐CBT’ training. Comparisons of performance in both the authentic job situation and in terms of yield in quintal/hectare gains in the two groups revealed a better performance of both groups. However, the ‘High‐CBT’ group performed better than the ‘Low‐CBT’ group in both the authentic job situation and in terms of yield in quintal/hectare gains. We obtained 31 and 41 quintal/hectares of maize for the ‘Low‐CBT’ and ‘High‐CBT’ groups, respectively, which are better than the baseline average 22 quintal/hectare for both groups. These findings underscore the relevance of CCBT, especially when the design principles of CBE are integrated well in the training programme (which was called ‘High‐CBT level’), for improving performance, in this case gain in yield per hectare of smallholder farmers, which potentially results in the increase of household food security.

Development and effects of a non-face-to-face forest therapy program for nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic.

In this study, we developed a non-face-to-face forest therapy program using videos and applied it to nurses working in hospitals during the prolonged COVID-19 situation to confirm the effect on their mental health. This study was a randomized control group pretest-posttest, and 27 clinical nurses in the experimental group and 28 clinical nurses in the control group participated. The program developed forest therapy videos and three city videos each. The experimental group watched the forest therapy video and the control group watched the city video and stress and happiness were measured through pre-test and post-test. The stress level of clinical nurses who applied the non-face-to-face forest therapy program had a significant reduction effect compared to the control group on day 2 (t = -2.239 P = .026) and day 3 (t = -3.188, P = .003). On the other hand, there was no significant effect in happiness in both groups. In addition, repeated measures analysis of variance statistical analysis confirmed that the stress level of the experimental group significantly decreased over time (F = 10.578, P < .001). The non-face-to-face forest therapy program is significant in that it had a positive effect on relieving stress by conducting a randomized controlled study targeting clinical nurses working in various hospitals.

Enhancing Technical Skills Using Under-Passing and Game Approach in Girls Volleyball

Background: A long-term training process is required to train athletes, which requires systematic, targeted, planned, and repetitive handling. Training methods improve the mastery of fundamental techniques for beginner athletes. Training volleyball methods are essential for beginners as they make the exercise more focused and gradual to improve their under-passing. Coach training methods make it easier to give practical and concentrated exercises to the areas you want to enhance. Objective: The study aims to determine whether drill exercise and game approach can significantly improve female athletes' use of under-passing volleyball. Methods: With the type of research being Quasi-Experimental. The research design used was Randomized Control Group Pretest-Posttest Design. A total of 24 athletes were given treatment for two months. The instrument used was the Braddy Volleyball Test, and data analysis used the T-Test. Results: Results for the drill exercise experimental group were 0.695 &gt; 0.05, and for the experimental group, the playing method was 0.695 &gt; 0.05. This means that drill exercises and game approaches significantly improve the skills of passing volleyball. Conclusion: In experimental groups, I and II, athletes who were given a drill exercise program and game approach both improved their skills in the basic techniques of skills under-passing volleyball. The average posttest results of both groups of experiments are higher than the average pretest results. It shows a difference between the drill exercise program and the game approach.

MODEL SETS BERMUATAN ETNOSAINS: PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP LITERASI SAINS SISWA

This research aims to determine the influence of the SETS (Science Environment Technology Society) learning model containing ethnoscience on students' scientific literacy. Conducted in class X SMA Negeri 2 Pekanbaru for the 2022/2023 academic year. Using experimental research with a randomized pretest posttest control group design. The population in this study was class X with a research sample of students in classes X1 and X2 with a total of 36 students in each class. Samples were taken using simple random sampling technique. Data collection was carried out through pretest, posttest and observation sheets. The research results showed that the average N-Gain in the control class was 0.39 (medium) and the experimental class was 0.59 (medium). The results of the N-Gain t-test showed a significant difference between the experimental class and the control class. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of the SETS learning model containing ethnoscience has a significant effect on students' scientific literacy on ecosystem cocept.

Department of Elementary School Education Teacher Education, Satya Wiyata Mandala University, Nabire, Indonesia

Based on the problems that occur in badminton athletes for Merauke Regency PBSI, namely the difficulty for athletes to master badminton footwork and stroke movements due to the lack of badminton training facilities and infrastructure owned by PBSI Branch Merauke, so there is a need for a solution to overcome these problems. This research has the meaning: Knowing the effect of the Shadow Lamp Badminton Model as a Footwork and Stroke Training Tool for PBSI Merauke Badminton Athletes. The method in this research uses an experimental method in the form of a Quasi Experiment, namely the Non Randomized Control Group Pretest-Posttest Design. The subjects of this study were 14 PBSI Badminton Athletes in Merauke Regency, with male and female gender criteria. this research will find out the difference in these levels of ability of athletes in using the application of electronic knowledge in badminton sports to help athletes practice footwork and badminton strokes through shadow lamps and using conventional models. The instrument to measure the ability of footwork and stroke is the foot circuit test. the results of this research namely, footwork and stroke skills increased. get a significance result of 0.000 &lt;0.05. This Badminton Model Shadow Lamp is effective as a Footwork and Stroke Training Tool for PBSI Merauke Badminton Athletes.

EFFECTIVENESS OF THE DRAMA METHOD ON LEARNING MOTIVATION IN HISTORY SUBJECT CLASS XI STUDENTS SMA 1 GAMPING FOR ACADEMIC YEAR 2021/2022

This study aims to: (1) Test the effectiveness of using the drama method on students' history learning motivation (2) Testing the effectiveness of using conventional methods on students' history learning motivation (3) Testing which learning method is more effective with the use of drama methods than conventional methods on learning motivation. student history. This study uses a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental research design (Randomized Control Group Pretest-Posttest Design). The research population was all students of class XI IPS SMA 1 Gamping. Sampling using sampling technique. The research instrument includes an observation sheet on the implementation of learning and a questionnaire sheet for pretest-posttest results of students' learning motivation. Hypothesis testing of posttest data with IBM SPSS 28 software. The effectiveness hypothesis test used one sample t-test analysis and two independent mean difference t-tests to determine which learning was more effective. The results of the study: (1) Learning with drama method is effective on students' learning motivation as evidenced by the value at (P-value = 0.450 &gt; 1/2α = 0.025). (2) Learning with conventional methods is effectively applied in the learning process to the motivation to learn history of class XI SMA Negeri 1 Gamping seen at (P-value = 0.495 &gt; 1/2α = 0.025). (3) Learning with the drama method is more effectively applied than conventional methods in the learning process on the motivation to learn history of class XI students of SMA Negeri 1 Gamping seen with the value (P-value = 0.009 &lt; = 0.05).

Potential of Honey Hydrogel Modern Dressing in Wound Healing of Patients with Grade II Diabetic Foot Ulcer

Aims: To analyze the potential of honey hydrogel modern dressing in wound healing process in patients with grade II diabetic ulcers. Methods: The research design used a true experiment with a randomized pretest posttestcontrol group design. This study had 36 respondents who were divided into 2 groupsthrough simple random sampling. The intervention group was given honey hydrogel with 4measurements. The first measurement or pretest on day 1, the second measurement orposttest 1 on day 7, the third measurement or posttest 2 on day 14, and the fourthmeasurement or posttest 3 on day 21. The instrument used to measure patient woundhealing using the Bates-Jensen Wound Assessment Tool (BWAT). Results: The increase in the mean wound healing score of patients who were given honeyhydrogel modern dressing from a score of 42.11 on day 1 to 34.56 on day 21 with p = 0.001while the increase in the mean wound healing score of patients who were givenmanufacturer hydrogel modern dressing from a score of 41.67 on day 1 to 37.17 on day 21with p = 0.001. The effect size between the intervention group and the control group is quitestrong with a value of 0.78. Conclusion: Honey hydrogel has the potential to promote wound healing in patients withgrade II diabetic ulcers. Further research is recommended to explore the use of honeyhydrogel by innovating the manufacturing process to ensure consistent dosing in thetreatment of grade II diabetic ulcers.

The Effect of Valerian Root Extract on Reducing Dysmenorrhea Pain Levels and Endorphin Hormone Levels in Women of Childbearing Age

Dysmenorrhea is pain in the stomach that interferes with activities. The incidence of dysmenorrhea is 64.25% of the total number of fertile women. Dysmenorrhea causes complaints of weakness, to anxiety due to severe cramps. Dysmenorrhea treatment can be carried out non-pharmacologically with valerian root extract which can have a relaxing effect on the central nervous system, reduce stress and anxiety, and improve sleep quality. This study aimed to analyze the effect of valerian root extract on dysmenorrhea pain levels and endorphins levels in women of childbearing age. This study used an experimental design with a pretest posttest randomized control group design. Sampling using simple sampling technique was divided into 2 groups to measure the intensity of menstrual pain. The intervention group 18 people were given valerian root extract and the control group 18 people were given standard drugs for the treatment of dysmenorrhea. Giving valerian root extract 100 mg was effective in reducing the level of dysmenorrhea pain, p&lt;0.05. Endorphin levels in the intervention group differed from the control group by, p &lt;0.05. Giving valerian root extract is effective in reducing dysmenorrhea pain and increasing endorphins in women of childbearing age.

Intervention for burnout and irrational beliefs in parents of couples seeking a divorce: A critical reflection of Igbo-African marital discord

Background: Looking at the sociocultural dimension of marriage in the sub-region of Nigeria like Igbo, parents allow their sons and daughters to marry so that they can have homes. The expectation is for them to have permanent homes. If there is anything contrary to that such as divorce, parents usually frown at it. To some extent, the psychological effects of it may be deeply rooted in parents who hear that their children are seeking a divorce. Given this reason, this study investigated the effect of rational emotive family health therapy (REFHT) on burnout and irrational beliefs in parents of couples seeking a divorce. Methods: This is a pretest-posttest randomized control group research. Two instruments were used to measure 73 participants who were assigned to treatment and control arms. the intervention group received 12 sessions of counseling that aimed to decrease the level of burnout and irrational beliefs. At the end of the sessions and assessments, the data were analyzed using repeated measures, cross-tabulation, and univariate statistics. Results: the finding indicated that REFHT was highly effective in decreasing the high parental burnout orchestrated by irrational belief. Comparing the mean scores of the participants exposed to the intervention and those in the control group after time 1 and 2 assessments, the mean reduction of burnout and irrational beliefs further showed a positive treatment outcome. There was no significant influence of gender, time, and group. Conclusion: This study suggests that REFHT is significant in improving the psycho-emotional wellness of parents of couples seeking a divorce. Thus, additional research is required to validate the impact of REFHT in decreasing burnout in other populations.

Effectiveness of Caregiver Intervention for Improving Medication Adherence on Level of Medication Adherence and Attitude toward Medications among Nonadherent Patients with Mental Illness

Abstract Background: Nonadherence to medication is the major challenge in treating mental illness, resulting in worsening symptoms and prolonging the course of the illness. Caregivers spend a considerable amount of time with the patients. Therefore, proper training and education for caregivers help to improve treatment outcomes. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of caregiver intervention for improving medication adherence (CIIMA) on level of medication adherence and attitude toward medications among nonadherent patients with mental illness. Methods: This study was an experimental study using a randomized pretest posttest control group design. The study was conducted in the psychiatric outpatient department of tertiary care hospital in the eastern India. Eighty nonadherent patients with mental illness and their primary caregivers were randomly allocated to the experimental and control group using the concealment allocation method. Patients were assessed for their level of medication adherence using medication adherence rating scale, their attitude toward medication were assessed using drug attitude inventory and reasons for medication nonadherence were assessed using the Rating of Medication Influence. CIIMA consisted of individual psycho-education, pill card monitoring, weekly telephonic and text reminders provided to the experimental group, and routine treatment was provided to the control group. The level of medication adherence and attitude toward medication were reassessed for both groups after 1 month of the initial assessment. Results: After 1 month of CIIMA, 87.2% of patients in the experimental group were adherent to medication as compared 18.4% in the control group (P &lt; 0.001), significant improvement in their attitude toward medication and treatment in the experimental group as compared to the control group (P = 0.001). Conclusion: CIIMA is an effective, low-cost, nurse-led intervention can be delivered in the inpatient and outpatient units for improving medication adherence thereby preventing future relapse of their mental illness.

Pengaruh Model PBL terhadap Hasil Belajar Kognitif Biologi Siswa

This study aims to determine the effect of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) learning model on the Biological Cognitive Learning Outcomes of students at SMA Negeri 2 Rejang Lebong. This type of research is a quasi-experimental research (quasi experimental research) with a Randomized Control-Group Pretest-Posttest design. Technique of sample used is a random sampling technique. The data collection techniques in this study consisted of tests in the form of pretest and posttest. The results of this study indicate that there is an effect of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) learning model on the cognitive biology learning outcomes of class XI students at SMAN 02 Rejang Lebong, namely the significance level obtained using SPSS 21 which shows the t-test &lt;0.05, which is 0.000. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the Problem Based Learning (PBL) learning model affects the cognitive biology learning outcomes of class XI students at SMAN 02 Rejang Lebong.&#x0D; Keywords: Cognitive Learning Outcomes, Problem Based Learning (PBL)

Game principle: enhancing learner engagement with gamification to improve learning outcomes

PurposeThis study aims to examine how incorporating gamification elements into an offline training program influences learner engagement and learning outcomes in a non-academic, organizational setting.Design/methodology/approachA randomized pretest–posttest control group experiment was designed to investigate participants’ levels of affective, behavioral and cognitive engagement (learner engagement), as well as their scores on a knowledge and skills assessment (learning outcomes) under two training conditions – traditional instructional strategy (TI) and gamification instructional strategy (GL). Training content, which was the same in both groups, included disease-related information, diagnostic expertise and product operational assistance. Participants (N = 98) were medical sales representatives from a multinational company.FindingsParticipants in the treatment group had higher levels of learner engagement in comparison to those in the control group. Additionally, participants in the GL group had outperformed their counterparts in the control group on the knowledge and skills assessment.Originality/valueThis is one of the first studies demonstrating how incorporating gamification elements into corporate training can improve medical sales representatives' learner engagement and learning outcomes.

EFFECT OF UTILIZING INTERACTIVE VIRTUAL LAB ON STUDENTS PERFORMANCE IN PHYSICS

CLINT ERVEN H. MOSQUEDA. 2023. Effect of Utilizing Interactive Virtual Lab on Students Performance in Physics, MSTP Thesis. Graduate School, University of Southern Mindanao, Kabacan, Cotabato. 80pp.Major Adviser: JEAN R. MAGANAKA, MSTPThis research investigated the effect of utilizing interactive virtual lab (Labster) on students performance in physics among the grade 10 of Dungoan High School. It is a quasi-experimental research that uses the Randomized Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design, Using Matched Subjects. Differences in the performances of students who used Labster (experimental group) and with those who did not utilize it (control group) were tested in terms of the result in the posttest. Students performances were measured using a 40-item test that undergone pilot testing and content validation.Results revealed that the significant increase of students performance in the experimental group provides positive effect as (computed U = 2.000, p &lt; 0.001). It wasfound that the use of Labster contribute on enhancing students learning in physics.Results in the rank gain scores with a significant difference in two groups (computed U = 5.500, p &lt; 0.001) revealed that Labster also developed positive attitude towards learning physics with large Cliffs effect size difference of d = 0.71. Thus, there was a significant difference between the experimental and control group. The qualitative part of this research revealed that students perception in utilization of Labster was a great technological integration in terms of learning contents, interface design, and learning experiences with a weighted mean of 4.08, 4.34, and 4.72 respectively. Moreover, the experimental group experienced difficulties while using Labster such as (1) program incompatibility with lower processor (2) incapability to perform tasks with more than two activities at a time and (3) insufficient computer literacy.

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran STAD Terhadap Keterampilan Shooting Bolabasket

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the STAD learning model on students' basketball shooting skills. The method used in this study is the Experiment method with a Randomized Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. The population in this study was grade VII students of SMPN 5 Cimahi, the sample was class VII / A students totaling 37 people for the experimental group and Class VII / B 38 people for the control group. The research instrument used was the basketball shooting skills test from Nurhasan (2013). Because the significance value &lt; 0.05, Ho was rejected, so that at a 95% confidence level the result of the calculation was that the STAD learning model was more influential than the Direct Teaching Model on the basketball skills of grade VII junior high school students.

The effect of isotonic drink on heart rates recovery after pencak silat activity: a study on female students in an islamic boarding school

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of isotonic drinks on students’ heart rates. This experimental research relied on a randomized pretest–posttest control group design; it consisted of one control group (t1) and one treatment group (t2). All participants were treated with the same exercise protocol including endurance training specifically for the branches of pencak silat (exercise straight kick techniques, scythe while hitting). The control group consumed mineral water, while the treatment group was provided with an isotonic drink after exercise. Following the treatment phase was the calculation of participants’ heart rates for one minute; this process was replicated three times: before the exercise (T1), 60 to 90 minutes after the exercises (T2), and 10 minutes after the exercise interval (T3). All data were analyzed using a T-test. The results revealed that the initial heart rates of the control and treatment groups were 72.6 ± 10.36 and 66.3 ± 8.60, respectively. In other words, there were no differences between the two groups. The initial heart rates of the control group control and treatment group after the exercise was 159.2 ± 10.48 and 149.0 ± 8.59, respectively. According to the t-test results, there was a difference (p 0.05) in the heart rates of the control group and treatment group after the exercises. The initial heart rates of the control group control and treatment group after the exercise interval was 76.2 ± 11.0 and 65.9 ± 8.62, respectively. The t-test results reported a difference (p 0.05) in the heart rates of the control group and treatment group after the exercise interval of 10 minutes. Isotonic drinks significantly to heart rates recovery after pencak silat exercise of female students.

Differences in Drills and Stroke Exercises on the Accuracy of Badminton Smash in Class V Students of Ganungkidul 1 Public Elementary School, Nganjuk Regency

The accuracy of the smash is a blow that requires the strength of the whole hand and ends with the flexibility of the wrist to get the direction or rate of the shuttlecock down hard, sharp and dipping. There are several variations in practicing smash shots such as through the drilling method and the stroke method so that the accuracy of the stroke will be obtained. The drill method in this study is the exercise is carried out repeatedly by completing the material provided so that the trainees carry out the first material which is carried out repeatedly then the trainees move on to complete the next material. While the stroke training method is a series of strokes carried out sequentially and continuously. This study uses a quantitative approach. This type of research is experimental research, the research design uses a randomized control group pretest-posttest, a sample of 16 people, while badminton smash data is collected using a badminton accuracy test instrument. The data analysis technique used is the free sample t-test or independent sample t-test The results showed that the sig value was 0.001 &lt;0.05 which indicated that there were differences in the drilling training method and the stroke training method for the accuracy of the badminton smash for fifth grade students at Ganungkidul 1 Public Elementary School, Nganjuk Regency. 54 compared to the stroke exercise group with a mean score of 6.5. Where seen from the difference with the average value of 9.04 Keywords: [drills, stroke practice, smash accuracy, badminton]