Randomized Complete Block Design Research Articles

Optimization of Ruscus hypophyllum L. Growth Using Manure and Nitrogen Applications in Subtropical Conditions of Punjab

Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of farmyard manure (FYM) and nitrogen (N) on the growth and development of Ruscus hypophyllum L., a valuable cut foliage crop. Study Design: The research was conducted as a two-year field experiment using a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D.). Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted at the Department of Floriculture & Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, during 2020-2021. Methodology: The study utilized four treatments: control, 50 g N + 10 kg FYM, 100 g N + 20 kg FYM, and 150 g N + 30 kg FYM. Key growth parameters measured included plant height, spread, stem diameter, leaf dimensions, and number of harvestable stems. Data were collected and analyzed using standard agronomic methods to determine the effectiveness of each treatment. Results: The 100 g N + 20 kg FYM treatment consistently produced optimal results. Plants under this treatment reached a maximum height of 73.34 cm and had a stem diameter of 1.55 cm. Leaf breadth and length were significantly improved, with values reaching 4.03 cm and 8.05 cm, respectively. The number of harvestable stems increased from 16.66 in the control to 20.5. Higher nutrient levels (150 g N + 30 kg FYM) often reduced performance, indicating potential over-fertilization effects. Conclusion: The findings underscore the importance of balanced nutrient management in R. hypophyllum cultivation. The 100 g N + 20 kg FYM treatment is recommended for optimal growth and yield. These results provide evidence-based recommendations for commercial production, highlighting the need to avoid over-fertilization to prevent reduced plant performance.

Performance and yield stability of cayenne peppers (Capsicum frutescens) in multilocation trials in the Indonesian lowlands

Abstract. Sayekti TWDA, Syukur M, Hidayat SH, Maharijaya A, Sobir, Agustina K, Mareza E, Wahyudi A, Supriyanta B. 2024. Performance and yield stability of cayenne peppers (Capsicum frutescens) in multilocation trials in the Indonesian lowlands. Biodiversitas 25: 3008-3017. Cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) plant breeding is becoming an increasingly interesting topic due to various usages. The diversity of uses of chilies needs to be balanced with high production and good product quality so that it can meet market needs. This experiment aimed to evaluate the performance and plant diversity of eight elite lines and six commercial varieties of cayenne pepper (C. frutescens) in three different environments. The development of location-specific superior genotypes can be guided to create varieties suited to the targeted environment. This study was conducted in three locations (environments) namely “Lampung”, “Yogyakarta” and “Palembang”. The experiment was conducted using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications for each location. Analysis of yield stability was conducted using three methods, namely “Francis-Kanneberg”, “Finlay-Wilkinson” and “AMMI” methods. Among the three locations, the Lampung location experienced a very significant yield loss. This is thought to be due to disease attacks on the plantations. Some genotypes are more suitable for planting at one of the test locations compared to the other two locations. However, there are two genotypes that are stable at three locations based on the three analysis methods used. Genotypes "F1.323340" and "F1.285290” were observed to be stable and produced well at all test locations. Both genotypes can be recommended for planting in lowland environment.

Pengaruh Dosis Phospor Dan Pupuk Cair Pada Tanaman Bunga Kol (Brassica Oleracea Var. Botrytis L)

Cauliflower is a vegetable that has commercial value and excellent prospects for public consumption. According to the Central Statistics Agency of the Republic of Indonesia, cauliflower production has decreased from 2019 to 2021, therefore it is necessary to improve maintenance, one of which is by providing Phosphorus fertilizer to increase productivity. This will increase the rate of photosynthesis to produce high productivity and the correct dose of liquid organic fertilizer (POC) to maximize growth in the vegetative and generative phases thereby increasing the yield of cauliflower plants. This research aims to determine the effect of giving various doses of Phosphorus and POC fertilizers on the growth and yield of cauliflower plants. The research was carried out in the village, Girilayu, Matesih, Karanganyar from February to May 2024. Using the Complete Randomized Block Design (RAKL) method consisting of 2 treatment factors and 3 replications. The first factor is the dosage of Phosphorus (P) fertilizer P1: 100 kg/ha, P2: 150 kg/ha, P3: 200 kg/ha. The second factor is the dose of POC (C), C1: 4 cc/L, C2: 8 cc/L, C3: 12 cc/L. The results research showed (1) Giving various doses of Phospor fertilizer had a very real effect on fresh stover, dry stover, plant diameter, plant weight per plant, and crop weight per plot. However, it does not have a real effect on plant height and number of leaves. (2) Giving various doses of POC had a very real influence on fresh stover, dry stover, plant diameter, and plant weight per plant had a real influence on crop weight per plot and had no real influence on plant height and number of leaves. (3) The interaction between treatments had a very real influence on fresh stover, dry stover, and plant weight per plant, and had no real influence on plant height, number of leaves, plant diameter, and weight per plant plot. (4) The highest results were obtained in the branch pruning treatment 3 weeks after planting with an NPK fertilizer dose of 200 kg/ha, namely a plant weight of 11,997.4 grams per plot (26,644 kg/ha).

Efficacy of neem and basil leaf extracts in controlling whitefly (Bemisia Tabaci) infestations and enhancing yield in curly red chili peppers (Capsicum annuum L.)

Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) are a major pest of curly red chili peppers, acting as vectors for gemini viruses that significantly reduce crop productivity. This study evaluated the efficacy of neem and basil leaf extracts at three different concentrations for controlling whitefly infestations on chili plants. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was employed with 8 treatments and 2 controls: PA (Neem 1%), PB (Neem 2%), PC (Neem 3%), PD (Basil 1%), PE (Basil 2%), PF (Basil 3%), PKM (commercial pesticide as positive control), and P0 (distilled water as negative control). Parameters assessed included whitefly infestation intensity, yellowing of shoots, fruit weight, total fruit count, and the number of infested fruits. The results indicate that both neem and basil leaf extracts effectively reduced whitefly infestation intensity and yellowing of shoots compared to the negative control (P0). Despite some increase in infestation intensity in subsequent observations, both neem and basil extracts positively impacted fruit yield, including higher fruit weight and total fruit count. However, there was no significant effect on the number of infested fruits with the treatments. These findings suggest that neem and basil leaf extracts are promising alternatives for managing whitefly infestations and improving yield in curly red chili peppers.

Performance of Medium Duration Rice Cultivars on Growth, Productivity and Profitability under South Andaman Condition of India

A field experiment was carried out during both July to November 2019 and 2020 on the farmers’ fields in the Guptapara village of South Andaman, India, to determine the growth and yield performance of a medium-duration rice cultivar and its suitability. The treatments included five medium-duration rice cultivars consist of Jaya, ADT 45, CARI dhan 3, CARI dhan–6, and CARI dhan-7 laid out in Randomised Complete Block Design with four replications. The results showed that medium-duration rice cultivars exhibited significant variations in growth and yield attributing characteristics, such as leaf area index, root length, root dry weight, the number of productive tillers m-2, panicle length, filled grains panicle-1, and test weight. The growth attributes of rice were significantly influenced by medium-duration rice cultivars, except plant height. Regardless of the duration of the rice cultivars, CARI dhan 7 exhibited significantly greater root length and dry weight, measuring 33.2 cm and 6.37 g hill-1, respectively. CARI dhan 7 had substantially higher productive tillers (357 m-2), filled grains panicle-1 (121.6), grain (4790 kg ha-1), and straw yield (7390 kg ha-1), which was statistically comparable to CARI dhan-6. CARI dhan 7 had the highest gross return of ` 71595 ha-1, a net return of ` 36946 ha-1, and a benefit-cost ratio of 2.07. The medium-duration rice cultivar CARI dhan 7 performed better and more suitable in low-lying areas of South Andaman.

Effect of Fertilizer With Potassium Humate and the Method of Addition to the Growth and Yield of Red Cabbage

Background: The application of potassium humate has been recognized for its potential to enhance plant growth and yield due to its nutrient enrichment properties. Specific Background: Despite extensive research on various fertilizers, the specific effects of potassium humate on red cabbage (Ruby King cultivar) growth and yield, especially concerning the method of application, remain underexplored. Knowledge Gap: Limited studies have addressed the comparative impact of foliar spraying versus soil addition of potassium humate on cabbage vegetative growth and yield characteristics. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of potassium humate (0, 50, 100, 150 g.l-1) and application methods (foliar spraying and soil addition) on the growth and yield of red cabbage. Results: A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was implemented during the 2022-2023 agricultural season. Significant improvements in vegetative growth and yield were observed with the highest concentration (150 g.l-1) of foliar spraying. Key vegetative and yield parameters, such as plant height, stem length, number of leaves, leaf chlorophyll content, average head weight, and total yield, were positively influenced. Novelty: This study uniquely highlights the superior efficacy of foliar spraying with potassium humate at 150 g.l-1 over soil addition, providing insights into optimizing fertilization strategies for red cabbage. Implications: The findings advocate for the use of potassium humate, particularly via foliar spraying, as a beneficial organic fertilizer to enhance red cabbage growth and yield. This practice could lead to improved agricultural productivity and better tolerance of plants to environmental stresses, supporting sustainable agriculture initiatives. Highlights: Superior Growth: Foliar spraying with 150 g.l-1 potassium humate boosts growth. Yield Increase: Highest humate concentration yields maximum red cabbage. Effective Strategy: Foliar spraying outperforms soil addition for fertilization. Keywords: Potassium humate, foliar spraying, red cabbage, vegetative growth, yield enhancement

Potential coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) genotypes for farmers: Evaluation of agronomic traits in a lethal yellowing disease endemic zone in Ghana

A four-year study was conducted to evaluate selected vegetative and reproductive characteristics in four coconut genotypes namely: Niu Leka Dwarf (NLD), New Guinea Brown Dwarf (NGBD), Malayan Green Dwarf (MGD), Indonesian Brown Dwarf (IBD), and a hybrid between Sri Lankan Green Dwarf and Vanuatu Tall (SGDVTT), which was used as a control. The study was located at Anwea in the Western Region of Ghana, an endemic zone to the lethal yellowing disease. This experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in three replications. Results showed a significant higher growth for NGBD, IBD, and NLD in stem girth, leaf length, petiole length, and number of leaflets. NGBD, IBD, and SGDVTT also recorded significantly higher reproductive characteristics. Time taken for first flowering was noticed in IBD (41.30 months). NGBD recorded the highest number of female flowers (27.80), number of spikelets with female flowers (17.20), and total number of spadix (12.50) seasonally. Significant and positive correlations were observed between the number of leaves emitted, and the number of female flowers produced in the coconut genotypes except for MGD. The highest correlation between these vegetative and reproductive characteristics was expressed in IBD while the least was observed in the MGD genotype. MGD also recorded the least number of spikelets with female flowers, suggesting that this genotype is not likely to produce high number of fruits and should not be included in future breeding programs. Low and less robust characteristics were expressed in both SGDVTT, and MGD in the growing period, which could be ascribed to the rather low number of leaflets observed in these genotypes. Conclusions from this study suggest that NGBD, IBD, and NLD are potential genotypes to be integrated into further breeding programs across coconut-growing regions in Ghana.

Assessment of the Levels of Pesticide Residues and Trace Metal Elements (TME) in Soils in the Cotton-Growing Region of North-West Benin

ABSTRACT The objective of the study was to evaluate the levels of pesticide residues and trace metal elements (ETM) in the soils of the cotton-growing zone in north-west Benin. The soils under cotton, maize and soybean were retained in a Complete Random Block design with 12 repetitions. 36 sites were sampled, with 12 of them being allocated to each crop. The analysis involved determining permethrin, cypermethrin, and glyphosate from soil samples taken by HPLC. The determination of Cd and Pb was carried out by mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma after organic matter destruction. A analysis of variance was used to compare soil types with the data obtained. Linear regression equation models were created to estimate trace metal elements values based on pesticide residue values. The results showed that the average amounts of permethrin (0.61 ± 0.03 µg/mg), cypermethrin (0.69 ± 0.07 µg/mg), glyphosate (0.82 ± 0.01 µg/kg), cadmium (Cd) (1.78 ± 0.21 µg/kg), lead (Pb) (1.04 ± 0.14 µg/kg) were higher (p < 0.05) in soils under cotton crops. As for lead, it can only be estimated using permethrin (Pb = 0.18 + 0.37 Per) or cypermethrin (Pb = 0.24 + 0.34Cy) or both with high determination coefficient R2 (R2= 82.01%).

The Influence of Biochar on Heavy Metals Phytoaccumulation by Okra and Fluted Pumpkin Plants in Soil Contaminated With Petroleum Hydrocarbons

ABSTRACTThe study is aimed at assessing the impact of biochar on the phytoaccumulation of heavy metals by okra and fluted pumpkin plants in soil polluted with petroleum hydrocarbons, and its corresponding environmental and health‐related risks. A field experiment was conducted at the automobile workshop (commonly called mechanic village) using a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The field was divided into plots and three replicates. Maize stalk biochar (MSB) and nipa palm biochar (NPB) were treated differently in each plot at a rate of 20 t ha−1. Plots containing no biochar were used as controls. The soil samples were analyzed for petroleum hydrocarbon content (PHCt), selected heavy metals as well as some other soil physicochemical properties. Plant samples were only analyzed for heavy metal contents. Analysis of variance was used to analyze the data generated. The PHCt and heavy metal content in the soil were compared with the target values set by the Department of Petroleum Resources of Nigeria whereas heavy metals in plants were compared with FAO/WHO guidelines. Okra and fluted pumpkin were evaluated for phytoaccumulating potential using bioaccumulation factor (BAF). Ecological risk assessment was done using a hazard quotient (HQ). The PHCt, cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni) were significantly decreased following the application of biochar. The NPB recorded the lowest values for PHCt (64.4 mg kg−1), lead (16.0 mg kg−1), and Ni (12.8 mg kg−1) contents while MSB had the lowest values for Cd (0.3 mg kg−1) and Cr (7.6 mg kg−1) contents. The HQ analysis showed that Cr (2.93 mg kg−1) and Pb (156.83 mg kg−1) posed a very high ecological risk to the local ecosystem. The phytoaccumulated heavy metals in plants were above the maximum allowable levels, except Ni where the content was below the maximum allowable levels. Fluted pumpkin had the highest BAF values for Cd, Cr, Pb, and Ni. Therefore, fluted pumpkin can be used as an efficient phytoremediator for soil contaminated with Cd, Cr, Pb, and Ni.

Evaluation of the Impact of Chemical Mutagens on the Phenological and Biochemical Characteristics of Two Varieties of Soybean (Glycine max L.).

Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency are the most important factors determining the success of mutation breeding, a coherent tool for quickly enhancing diversity in crops. This study was carried out at Lovely Professional University's agricultural research farm in Punjab, India, during the year 2023. The experimental design followed a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The experiment aimed to assess the effect of three chemical mutagens, sodium azide (SA), ethyl methyl sulphonates (EMSs), and methyl methane sulfonate (MMS), at three different concentrations (0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6%), in SL958 and SL744 soybean varieties to select the mutant exhibiting the highest yield. The data were collected and analysed using a two-way ANOVA test through SPSS software (version 22), and the means were separated using Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT) at the 5% level of significance. Between the two varieties, the highest seed germination percentage (76.0% seedlings/plot) was recorded in SL958 (0.4% SA), while the lowest (30.33% seedlings/plot) was observed in 0.6% MMS as compared to the control (53% and 76% in SL744 and SL958 at 10 days after sowing, respectively). Several weeks after sowing, the average plant height was observed to be higher (37.84 ± 1.32 cm) in SL958 (0.4% SA) and lower (20.58 ± 0.30 cm) in SL744 (0.6% SA), as compared to the controls (SL958: 26.09 ± 0.62 cm and SL744: 27.48 ± 0.74 cm). The average leaf count was the highest (234.33 ± 3.09 tetrafoliate leaves/plant) in SL958 (0.4% SA) while it was the lowest (87 leaves/plant) in 0.6% MMS as compared to the control (SL744 180.00 ± 1.63 and SL958 160.73 ± 1.05). The highest total leaf areas recorded in the SL958 and SL744 M1plants were 3625.8 ± 1.43 cm2 and 2311.03 ± 3.65 cm2, respectively. Seeds of the SL958 variety treated with 0.4% SA resulted in the development of tetrafoliate leaves with a broad leaf base and the maximum yield (277.55 ± 1.37 pods/plant) compared to the narrow pentafoliate leaves obtained through the treatment with EMS. Meanwhile, in the SL744 variety, the same treatment led to tetrafoliate leaves with a comparatively lower yield of 206.54 ± 23.47 pods/plant as compared to the control (SL744 164.33 ± 8.58 and SL958 229.86 ± 0.96). The highest protein content (47.04 ± 0.87% TSP) was recorded in the SL958 (0.4% SA) M2 seeds followed by a content of 46.14 ± 0.64% TSP in the SL744 (0.4% SA) M2 seeds, whereas the lowest content (38.13 ± 0.81% TSP) was found in SL958 (0.6% MMS). Similar observations were recorded for the lipid and fibre content. The 0.4% SA treatment in SL958 proved to be efficient in generating the highest leaf area (tetrafoliate leaves) and a reasonable yield of M1 (the first generation after mutation) plants.

Yield performance evaluation of kabuli and desi chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties under rainfed condition

Chickpea is one of Ethiopia’s main grain legume crops and it is third most important export legumes after faba bean and haricot bean. The performance information for chickpea cultivars under varying environmental conditions in the Somali region is limited. A field experiment was conducted to test the adaptability of 14 released chickpea varieties (both kabuli and desi types) at Kebribeya and Jigjiga in 2021. The experiment was carried out using a complete randomized block design with three replications for both types separately. The analysis of variance computed for seven traits for each location and over the location revealed the presence of significant variability between varieties. Variety by location interaction was highly significant for most yield and yield related for both types, this indicated that location-specific variety selection is needed. Hence, among the tested kabuli types, Koka and Hora for Kebribeya and Ejera and Koka for Jigjiga were selected based on their grain yield potential and other yield and yield-related traits. Regarding the desi-type Dalota and Dimtu for Kebribeya and Dalota, Natoil and Teketay for the Jigjiga location were the best high-yielder varieties among tested varieties. Additionally, the phenotypic correlation between traits revealed that most traits were associated with grain yield. Specifically, days to maturity and the number of pods per plant were highly correlated with grain yield in both types and were also used as important traits for variety selection. Therefore, the selected varieties from both chickpea types are recommended for popularization in study areas and other similar agroecology.

Effect of organic fertilizer and amino acids on the vegetative growth of young pomegranate trees Punica granatum L. c.v. “Wonderful”

The experiment was conducted on a pomegranate field located in a deciduous fruit orchard at the Agricultural Research and Experimentation Station, which is associated with the College of Agriculture at the University of Kirkuk in the Republic of Iraq. The experiment took place during the 2023 season. The study incorporated 2 variables. The experiment consisted of 2 factors: the first factor included 5 levels of organic fertilization (0, 250 and 500 g tree-1 of residue poultry and 15 and 30 g tree-1 of humic acid) and the second factor involved spraying with 3 concentrations of amino acids (0-, 5- and 10- mL L-1). The experimental design used was a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) within factorial experiments, with 2 factors and 3 replicates. The study involved a total of 90 young pomegranate trees, with 2 trees assigned to each experimental unit. The data were analyzed using Duncan's multinomial test at a significance level of 0.05. Applying 500 g of chicken waste per tree resulted in a notable enhancement in vegetative development, namely in stem length. The leaf area and dry weight of the leaves were measured at 6.45 cm2 and 54.67 % respectively. The level of 30 g tree-1 of humic acid resulted in a significant increase in the stem diameter, branch length and branch diameter, which was recorded at 23.16 mm, 39.98 cm and 6.30 mm respectively, compared to the control treatment. The application of a 10 mL L-1 concentration of amino acids led to a notable enhancement in the observed traits (stem length and branches, their diameters, leaf area and dry weight of leaves) in comparison to the control treatment. The mutual influence of organic fertilizer and spraying with amino acids resulted in a noticeable and statistically significant effect. This effect was particularly evident when using a level of 500 g tree-1 of chicken waste for fertilization and a concentration of 10 mL L-1 of amino acids for spraying, as it positively impacted most parameters.

Microbiological, sensory, and chemical properties of high-quality tempeh made with instant Mosaccha tempeh inoculum powder.

The combination of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Rhizopus oligosporus liquid inoculum has been successfully used to ferment soybeans into tempeh that contains β-glucan. However, using the liquid inoculum of these two microbes as a starter is impractical; so, developing an instant tempeh dry inoculum in powdered form, called the Mosaccha inoculum powder, for ease of use is necessary. This study aimed to determine the best concentration of instant Mosaccha inoculum powder to produce high-quality Mosaccha tempeh. The study used a Complete Randomized Block Design with seven different levels of instant Mosaccha inoculum powder percentage, ranging from 0.3% to 1.8% (w/w). A commercial tempeh inoculum, RAPRIMA, amounting to 0.2%, was used as control. Then, the microbiological (total mold and total yeast) and sensory (color, aroma, texture, and taste) properties were evaluated. The data obtained was analyzed statistically using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) tests at the 5% level. The results showed that the percentage of instant Mosaccha inoculum powder significantly affected the microbiological and sensory properties of Mosaccha tempeh. A concentration of Mosaccha inoculum powder between 0.6% to 1.8% could produce good quality Mosaccha tempeh, but the best Mosaccha tempeh was produced with 1.5% instant Mosaccha inoculum powder, which met the Indonesian National Standards (SNI) 3144:2015, had a very favorable taste, and contained 0.49% β-glucan. Therefore, Mosaccha inoculum in powdered form can be developed and used as a starter in making high-quality tempeh that contains β-glucan.

Effect of Weeding Frequency for the Control of Flea Beetle (Podagrica spp) on the Production and Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) in Zaria, Kaduna State

Field trials were carried out at Samaru, Zaria in the 2022 and 2023 cropping seasons to study the effect of weeding frequencies for the management of flea beetles (Podagrica spp.) on the production and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench). A randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated four times was used to evaluate the four weeding frequencies: no weeding, one weeding, two weeding, three weeding, and four weeding. Data were collected on the number of beetle populations, the number of flowers produced, number of damaged fruits, number of leaves damaged and the weight of the fruits. The results of the present findings demonstrated that, in comparison to other weeding frequency, fruit yield were higher in plots that were weeded four times, while the populations of flea beetles (Podagrica spp.), number of flowers and leaves damaged were significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in one, two and four weeding compared with no and three weeding frequencies. Fruit damaged weight was considerably (P≤0.05) decreased in two and three weeding. Thus, as part of integrated pest management (IPM) techniques to optimize flea beetle control, this study highlighted the significance of two and three weeding frequencies

Population Dynamics of Dysdercus volkeri F. (Heteroptera: Pyrrhocoridae) at Different Stages of Cotton Development in Northeastern Nigeria

Two-location field trials were conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Crop Protection, Modibbo Adama University of Technology Yola and at the School Farm Government Girls Secondary School Kaltungo, Gombe state, in 2022 cropping season. The study was carried out to determine the population dynamics of Dysdercus volkeri at different stages of cotton development in North-Eastern Nigeria. The experiments were laid-out using randomize complete block design (RCBD) and the treatments consisting of five cotton varieties (SAMCOT 8, SAMCOT 9, SAMCOT 10, SAMCOT 11, SAMCOT 12) were replicated four (4) times. The week that had the highest population of D. volkeri in a combined analysis was 18 Weeks After Sowing (WAS), 66.30 in Yola and 16WAS, 20.70 in Kaltungo, per 10 cotton plants. The least population of the insect in both locations was obtained on 12WAS with 27.70 in Yola and 12WAS with 2.83 in Kaltungo, per 10 cotton plants. SAMCOT 10 had the highest population of the insect in both location with 54.71 and 32.70 (per 10 cotton plants) with the least on SAMCOT 11 and 12 with a population of 37.17 and 7.57 (per 10 cotton plants). Boll maturation stage supported the highest population of D. volkeri at Yola and Kaltungo with 89.23, the least at the beginning of boll formation 48.34 in both locations

Unravelling the impact of varied organic fertilizer sources on the vegetative and reproductive traits of okra growth and development

Nepal's pursuit of sustainable food production and rural livelihoods faces challenges amid evolving environmental pressures. Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) cultivation, integral to Nepalese agriculture, demands innovative approaches to enhance productivity while minimizing environmental impact. This study investigates the efficacy of varied organic fertilizers on okra growth and development, aiming to identify sustainable alternatives to chemical fertilizers. The research was conducted at the G.P. Koirala College of Agriculture and Research Centre in Sundarharaicha, Morang, Nepal, from June to August 2023. A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with eight treatments replicated three times was employed, including recommended NPK dosage and various organic sources. Observations on plant height, primary branches, pods per plant, pod length, diameter, weight per pod, and yield per plant were recorded. Statistical analysis revealed significant variations among treatments. The highest yield was obtained with the recommended NPK dosage (108.84 g/plant), closely followed by biofertilizers like 100% mustard cake (103.70 g/plant) and goat manure (104.28 g/plant). The lowest yield was observed in the control group (76.99 g/plant). Notably, NPK fertilizer consistently outperformed organic alternatives in promoting okra growth and yield. However, among organic fertilizers, mustard cake and goat manure emerged as promising alternatives, showcasing comparable results to synthetic fertilizers. These findings underscore the importance of balanced nutrient management in optimizing okra productivity. Future research should explore integrated nutrient management strategies, combining organic and synthetic inputs, to enhance sustainability and resilience in Nepalese agriculture.

Evaluation of different combinations of potting media and ornamental plants on growth, biochemical, and nutrient content in outdoor vertical gardening

The current study was carried out to evaluate various combinations of potting media and ornamental plants for outdoor vertical gardening as, these days to use vertical space is trending with increasing urbanization. This study will help to workout best potting media ratio for them. We will conclude to highlight a best combination of potting media, among, T1: Soil + Farm Yard Manure + Cocopeat (50:25:25), T2: Soil + Farm Yard Manure + Cocopeat (25:50:25), T3: Soil + Farm Yard Manure + Cocopeat (25:25:50), T4: Soil + Vermicompost + Cocopeat (25:50:25), and T5 (Control): Soil + Farm Yard Manure (50:50) and best plant species among Syngonium podophyllum, Dracaena compacta (Red), Kalanchoe blossfeldiana, Dracaena reflexa, and Pedilanthus tithymaloides. Each treatment contained 15 plants replicated thrice under the Completely Randomized Block Design. The potting media ratio combination in T4: Soil + Vermicompost + Cocopeat (25:50:25) proved to be the best for improvement of vegetative parameters and for the attractive foliage of the selected ornamental plants, having more ratio of vermicompost thus capable of providing good amount of all beneficial benefits with more moisture retention capacity and nutrients value than other combination of media used. The minimum value of all the observations recorded was found to be in T5 (Control): Soil + Farm Yard Manure (50:50).

Optimization of fertilizer use efficiency, soil quality and oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) growth with biochar under drip irrigation conditions irrigation conditions

Biochar (BC) is an eco-friendly product characterized with high content of carbon and usually obtained by heating biomass without oxygen. Utilizing BC as organic material to amend the problematic soils and improve plant growth and yield has been proved previously. This study investigated the effect of vetiver grass biochar (VGB) on fertilizer use efficiency, soil quality, and oil palm growth performance. A net house experiment was conducted at the Farm Unit, UiTM Sarawak Branch, between August 2022 and March 2023. A factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments and four replications was devised. Treatments applied were: T0) absolute control; T1) 100% NPK fertilizer; T2) 100% vetiver grass biochar; T3) 50% vetiver grass biochar + 50% NPK fertilizer; and T4) 25% vetiver grass biochar + 75% NPK fertilizer. The BC application significantly improved the fertilizer use efficiency through reducing the rate of fertilizer applied. It also significantly enhanced most soil-measured chemical properties and soil nutrients. The growth performance of oil palm plant was significantly enhanced by BC application in terms of plant height, hump diameter, leaf number, chlorophyll content, and plant biomass. The BC application demonstrated its usefulness in managing soil and cultivating oil palm plant sustainably by reducing the rate of fertilizer applied and improve the fertilizer use efficiency. Based on the output, we suggest that treatment T3 (50% vetiver grass biochar + 50% NPK) can be used to improve the growth performance of oil palm.

Principal component analysis of morpho-floral traits in Oryza sativa × Oryza longistaminata advanced backcross lines of rice

Hybrid rice technology substantially improves the food security of South Asian countries where rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food. Several traits contribute to hybrid seed production efficiency, among which stigma exsertion is crucial for enhancing production by facilitating out-crossing pollination. This study evaluated the variation patterns and relative impact of 12 morpho-floral traits on overall variability in advanced backcross lines derived from crosses CRMS 32B cv. Oryza sativa and Oryza longistaminata. For this study, 290 BC4F2 lines were grown during Kharif 2019 in 3 replications using a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Principle component analysis (PCA) was performed on all traits, and the findings revealed 11 principal components (PCs). Out of 11 PCs, the first five displayed eigenvalues exceeding 1, collectively explaining 78.78% of the total variability. PC1, PC2, PC3, PC4, and PC5 contributed 26.36%, 19.94%, 14.22%, 9.81%, and 8.44% of the variation, with eigenvalues of 3.16, 2.39, 1.71, 1.18 and 1.01, respectively. PC1 was predominantly associated with yield-related traits such as panicle length, plant height, grain yield per plant, grains per panicle, and effective tillers per plant. On the other hand, PC2 was mainly associated with outcrossing-related floral traits such as total stigma exsertion percentage, dual stigma exsertion percentage, and single stigma exsertion percentage. However, PC3 and PC4 were associated with both floral and yield-related traits, i.e., days to 50% flowering (DF), days to maturity (DM), plant height (PH), effective tillers per plant (ETPP), spikelet fertility percentage (SFP), grain yield per plant (GYPP) and grains per panicle (GPP). Therefore, PC1, PC2, PC3, and PC4 were major contributors to rice hybrid seed production.

NUTRITIONAL VALUE AND IN VITRO DRY MATTER DEGRADABILITY IN MEXICAN SUNFLOWER: Tithonia diversifolia Helms (Gray)

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;em&gt;Tithonia diversifolia&lt;/em&gt; Helms (Gray), is a robust shrubby forage plant with high integral biomass yield (stem and leaves); susceptible to heliophany and conditioning of bromatological characteristics, nutritional value, and modification of the rumen environment is due to genetic variability between genotypes. &lt;strong&gt;Objective:&lt;/strong&gt; To evaluate the macromolar quality of the biomass of introductions &lt;em&gt;T. diversifolia&lt;/em&gt; Helms (Gray) established in two locations, and the nutritional value, gas production and &lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt; rumen environment promoted by the whole plant biomass established in Ecuador. &lt;strong&gt;Methodology:&lt;/strong&gt; The chemical composition of the full plant (PITD) was considered based on Dry Matter (DM), Organic Matter (OM), Mineral composition (MC), Crude Protein (CP), neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF). I&lt;em&gt;n vitro&lt;/em&gt; gas production was evaluated according to Ankom Technology, considering Tiffon 85 there (&lt;em&gt;Cynodon dactylon&lt;/em&gt;) at control, quantified or ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;), short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and pH. The experiment was developed in a completely randomized design in factorial arrangement with three repetitions for the variable chemical composition, and the &lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt; digestibility of the date processed through a random complete block design with six repetitions, in the ruminal ambient and production SCFA was analyzed through a completely randomized block design with three repetitions. &lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; There were variable responses in the DM content for the effect of interaction P &amp;lt;0.01, and higher mineral content in El Carmen, Ecuador for introduction 13.5, with respect to the rest of the cultivars in both locations. NDF was significantly expressed (p&amp;lt;0.001) in variety 1.2 that grew in Candelaria, Ecuador. For the rest of the variables, no differences were recorded (P&amp;gt;0.05). The gas production of the introductions, except for 1.2, was similar to that produced by the control (Tifton 85), however, in the degradability of the OM, net gas production (Net GP) of DM and OM, stood out. introduction 1.2 compared to the control (P&amp;lt;0.01) and the rest of the introductions. The net GP of NDF exceeded 1.2 (p&amp;lt;0.02) than the control, also quantitatively to produce Acetic and Propionic Fatty Acid. &lt;strong&gt;Implications:&lt;/strong&gt; The introductions of &lt;em&gt;T. diversifolia&lt;/em&gt; Helms Gray based on the results obtained preserve macromolar characteristics, gas production and SCVFA production (short chain volatile fatty acids) in contrasting ecosystems such as Valle del Cauca, Colombia and Manabi in Ecuador. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; The introductions of &lt;em&gt;T. diversifolia&lt;/em&gt; Helms Gray, maintain a good protein composition, produce low methane contents, have high performance in the fermentation of organic matter and the cell wall, which suggests its future use as a complement to the ration in conditions in conditions Edaphoclimatic of the province of Manabi.&lt;/p&gt;