Random Waypoint Mobility Research Articles

Large intelligent surfaces: Random waypoint mobility and two‐way relaying

SummaryIn this paper, we first investigate the effect of mobility via the random waypoint (RWP) mobility model on the performance of nonaccess point (non‐AP) or AP large intelligent surfaces (LISs). The theoretical average bit error probability (ABEP) for each of these LISs under mobility is formulated. The presented formulation is complicated to solve; hence, the trapezoidal approximation is employed. Simulation results serve to validate the ABEP. Second, we investigate a two‐way relaying (TWR) network assisted by non‐AP or AP LISs. A network with two source/destination nodes with a single relay node employing decode‐and‐forward placed between these nodes is considered. The transmission interval is broken into two transmission phases. In the first phase, the two source nodes transmit information blocks to the relay node assisted by LISs. On receiving these information blocks, the relay node decodes the two information blocks and encodes these into a single information block via the use of network coding. In the second phase, the relay node forwards the network‐coded information block to the destination nodes assisted by LISs, where the intended information block is decoded via network coding. The theoretical ABEP is formulated for the proposed non‐AP and AP LIS‐assisted TWR schemes and is validated by simulation results. RWP mobility is also demonstrated for the proposed TWR schemes.

On the Performance of a Cooperative PLC-VLC Indoor Broadcasting System Consisting of Mobile User Nodes for IoT Networks

A novel mixed cooperative relay assisted indoor power line communication - visible light communication (PLC-VLC) system for indoor broadcasting purpose consisting of mobile end user nodes for Internet of Things (IoT) network is presented in this study. Here, the PLC link acts as a backbone system to the VLC link by connecting to the latter with the help of decode and forward (DF) relay. The channel gain of the VLC systems is considered to be a function of user mobility which is modeled using random waypoint (RWP) mobility model. We present novel expressions for probability density function and cumulative distribution function for the equivalent end to end instantaneous signal to noise ratio (SNR) for this cooperative system. Using these derived statistics, we further evaluate the performance of the system under consideration in terms of link failure probability and average bit error rate.

Realistic Indoor Hybrid WiFi and OFDMA-Based LiFi Networks

The increasing number of mobile devices challenges the current radio frequency (RF) networks, e.g. wireless fidelity (WiFi) networks. Light Fidelity (LiFi) is considered as a promising complementary technology, which operates within the visible light spectrum and infrared spectrum. In an indoor scenario, a hybrid LiFi/WiFi network (HLWN) provides a potential solution to future wireless communications where LiFi augments WiFi in providing ultra-high speed and low latency wireless connectivity. In this paper, dynamic load balancing (LB) with handover in HLWNs is studied. The orientation-based random waypoint (ORWP) mobility model is considered to provide a more realistic framework to evaluate the performance of HLWNs. Based on the low-pass filtering effect of the LiFi channel, we firstly propose an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing access (OFDMA)-based resource allocation (RA) method in LiFi systems. Also, an enhanced evolutionary game theory (EGT)-based LB scheme with handover in HLWNs is proposed. In the EGT scheme, each user adapts their strategy to improve the payoff until LB is achieved across LiFi and WiFi. Then, the LiFi system uses the proposed OFDMA-based RA method while the WiFi system applies the carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CA). Simulation results show that in the LiFi system the OFDMA-based RA scheme outperforms the time division multiple access (TDMA) scheme in terms of both user data rate and fairness. Regarding LB in HLWNs, the proposed EGT scheme can achieve a remarkable enhancement in throughput compared to benchmark schemes, such as hard threshold (HT) scheme and random access point assignment (RAA) scheme.

Analysis and comparison of ant colony optimization algorithm with DSDV, AODV, and AOMDV based on shortest path in MANET

Due to the dynamic nature of Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) the designing and development of protocols is very challenging. MANET has a limited number of resources i.e., power, infrastructure, etc. The need for an optimized path for communication amongst node has attracted the use of Swarm Intelligence (SI) based techniques such as Ant-Colony Optimization (ACO), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). In sort to broaden the duration of communication availability, the protocol needs to be optimized for finding out the greatest path. SI based techniques are able to solve these numerous routing problems. ACO provides the optimized packet delivery rate, throughput with low power consumption and packet delay. This paper compares the performance of various existing routing protocols viz. AODV, AOMDV as reactive, DSDV as proactive and ACOP using Random Waypoint Mobility Model. The purpose of using this mobility model is generating different scenarios for the same purpose. The analysis of these protocols has been made by implementing irregularities in the scenario using Network Simulator (NS2). Various performance metrics including Packet Delivery Fraction, Throughput and End to end Delay are used for validating the comparative study. Experimental results of the simulation indicate that the performance of the ACOP protocol is found better than other protocols of study.

An aerial intelligent relay-road side unit (AIR-RSU) framework for modern intelligent transportation system

In transportation environment, Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is being used in various stages of every transport mode (road, rail, air & sea). The aim of intelligent transportation system is to provide the On-Road Vehicles (ORVs) with reliable Internet access connectivity, emergency notification and other safety information via infrastructure-based Road Side Units (RSUs). In the past decade, intelligent transportation system has been started in many countries where RSUs are provided with all type of communication services to connect, compute, communicate and share the information between its neighboring RSUs and on-road vehicles. However, there are certain diffcuilties in which the information cannot be delivered reliably such as Line Of Sight (LOS) communication with on-road vehicles, packet loss, latency, retransmission overhead and multiple target tracking of objects over time-to-time etc. Thus, the intelligent transportation system becomes a complex network of entities. Modern intelligent transportation systems use relay-RSU nodes (i.e., small sized Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) also referred as RRSU node network deployed between satellites and on-road vehicles as they provide many advanages like coverage, reliability and information sharing without depending more on knowledge provided by satellites. In this paper, a novel Aerial Intelligent Relay-Road Side Unit (AIR-RSU) framework has been proposed to determine the network connectivity status level and analyze the communication link stability among RRSUs, and between RRSUs and on-road vehicles for every time instants Ti based on certain performance metrics discussed in this paper. The proposed AIR-RSU framework holds the precise status/information about the network connectivity needed in the transportation environment carefully and effectively accounting the frequent changes in positions. The performance of the proposed AIR-RSU framework is evaluated using rectangle waypoint mobility model for on-road vehicles and steady state random waypoint mobility model for RRSU nodes, which measures the network connectivity status and the performance metrics periodically. Furthermore, a comparative analysis is done to both individual nodes and entire network in terms of network load.

Investigation of random waypoint and steady state random waypoint mobility models in NS-3 using AODV

NS-3 has been one of the popular network simulator software for many years especially in research related to Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs). In NS-3, there is provision of several mobility models including Random Waypoint (RWP) mobility model and Steady State Random Waypoint (SSRWP) mobility model. RWP mobility model suffers from the transition phase related imperfection. SSRWP mobility model overcomes this limitation of RWP mobility by allowing the steady state initialization states of nodes in terms of position, speed and pause time of mobile nodes right from the beginning of the simulation. As SSRWP mobility model avoids any requirement of warm-up (cut-off) phase of RWP mobility model, it saves a significant amount of time of warm-up (cut-off) phase as well as establishes a high level of confidence in results obtained due to absence of any subjective guess. In the present work, RWP and SSRWP mobility models have been investigated using AODV routing protocol and it has been found that a way to mitigate the misleading effect of the transition phase of RWP mobility model is to have a sufficiently large simulation time which results, to a good extent, in convergence of performance of RWP mobility model toward that of SSRWP mobility model.

Analysis of Route Stability in Mobile Multihop Networks Under Random Waypoint Mobility

Analytical performance evaluation is crucial in designing mobile multihop networks under different operational conditions. It provides the best insight into the effects of various network parameters and their interactions. The route and link lifetime in mobile multihop networks under a random mobility environment have significant effects on network performance. Many analytical studies have been introduced to the body of work concerned with the link and route lifetime in mobile multihop networks. However, there is no closed-form analytical study for link and route stability in MANETs under any random mobility model. In addition, to simplify the analysis, one or more network characteristics were not considered in most of related studies. This work presents a closed-form analytical model for the link and route lifetime in mobile multihop networks, where nodes move according to the random waypoint mobility model. The proposed model can capture the effects of most network characteristics including the number of mobile nodes, the number of hops, the network area size, the transmission range, and the speed of nodes. In addition, we used the proposed model to derive expressions for the bounds of the link and route lifetime under different network characteristics. The proposed model can help characterize the network performance, analyze the network as to meet a certain level of quality-of-service, and design better routing protocols to cope with link breakage caused by node mobility. To verify the proposed model, extensive simulations were performed under different network characteristics.

Random waypoint mobility and two-ray path loss model to analyse multiple routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks

Random waypoint mobility and two-ray path loss model to analyse multiple routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks

Implementation of Random Direction-3D Mobility Model to Achieve Better QoS Support in MANET

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) provides changing network topology due to the mobility of nodes. The complexity of the network increases because of dynamic topology of nodes. In a MANET, nodes communicate with each other without the help of any infrastructure. Therefore, achieving QoS in MANET becomes a little difficult. The movement of mobile nodes is represented through mobility models. These models have great impact on QoS in MANET. We have proposed a mobility model which is a 3D implementation of existing Random Direction (RD) mobility model. We have done a simulation on AODV with QoS metrics throughput, delay and PDR, using NS-3 and performed analysis of the proposed mobility models with other 3D mobility models, namely Random Way Point (RWP) and Gauss Markov (GM). It is concluded that our proposed model gives better throughput, delay and PDR for AODV routing protocol in comparing to RWP and GM mobility models. This paper is for students and researchers who are involved in wireless technology and MANET. It will help them to understand how a mobility model impacts the entire network and how its enhancement improves the QoS in MANET.

Performance Analysis of Optical-CDMA for Uplink Transmission in Medical Extra-WBANs

This paper considers the use of infrared wireless communications for uplink transmission in extra wireless body-area networks. We focus on a multi-user medical application, where the collected medical data of several patients inside a hospital room is transmitted to one or several access points (APs). For this uplink transmission, we investigate the performance of optical code-division multiple access in asynchronous mode, while taking into account the effect of random transmitter orientation. For this purpose and to consider realistic scenarios, we implement an orientation-based random waypoint mobility model to consider the mobility of patients inside a hospital ward. Performance evaluation is done in terms of the link average bit-error-rate and outage probability. We further investigate the performance improvement by using several APs, compared with the case of a single AP.

Collaboration of UAV and HetNet for better QoS: a comparative study

To boost network performance in terms of QoS, the main approach to be considered is Heterogeneous Networks (HetNet) deployment. One example of UAV-assisted network is the combination of UAV and Ground Users (GU), where GU is connected via random HetNet. This paper shows the comparative performance evaluation of random HetNet for a real communication scenario: with and without UAVs assisted. Here, work is presented into two parts: The first one explains the concept of random HetNet and Random Waypoint Mobility Model (RWPM) for better QoS. The second part investigates the comparison of QoS parameters for the GUs connected in a random HetNet assisted by UAVs versus without UAVs. After comparison, results purely describe the betterment in terms of higher throughput, lower end-to-end delay, and reduced jitter as justified with simulation results and evaluations. The paper concludes that the collaboration between UAV and random HetNet increases performance and supports better QoS.

On the Impact of User Mobility on the Performance of Wireless Receivers

In this paper we study the effect of user mobility on the performance of wireless digital receivers operating in the presence of fading, shadowing, and path loss. Recently, it was shown in (Lopez-Fernandez et al., 2018) that the distribution of the received power of a mobile receiver is given by the incomplete moment of the underlying static fading distribution. In this paper, we consider the random waypoint mobility model and show that, in fact, other performance metrics of the mobile receiver can be expressed in terms of statistical characterizations of the fading distribution in the static case. We consider the moment generating function of the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the average bit error rate and the average channel capacity and present analytical results for these performance metrics in different generalized fading environments. Asymptotic expressions are also derived that converge to the exact performance at high values of the SNR. Numerical results are provided to quantify the effects of network dimension, path loss coefficient and fading model parameters on the performance metrics of the mobile receiver.

Channel Characterization and Modeling for Optical Wireless Body-Area Networks

We address channel characterization and modeling for medical wireless body-area networks (WBANs) based on the optical wireless technology. We focus on the intra-WBAN communication links, i.e., between a set of medical sensors and a coordination node, placed on the patient’s body. We consider a realistic mobility model, e.g., inside a hospital room, which takes into account the effect of shadowing due to body parts movements and the variations of the underlying channels. To take into account the global and local user mobility, we consider a dynamic model based on a three-dimensional animation of a walk cycle, as well as walk trajectories based on an improved random way-point mobility model. Then, Monte Carlo ray-tracing simulations are performed to obtain the channel impulse responses for different link configurations at different instants of the walk scenarios. We then derive first-and second-order statistics of the channel parameters such as the channel DC gain, delay spread, and coherence time, and furthermore, propose best fit statistical models to describe the distribution of these parameters for a general scenario.

Collaboration of UAV and HetNet for better QoS: a comparative study

To boost network performance in terms of QoS, the main approach to be considered is Heterogeneous Networks (HetNet) deployment. One example of UAV-assisted network is the combination of UAV and Ground Users (GU), where GU is connected via random HetNet. This paper shows the comparative performance evaluation of random HetNet for a real communication scenario: with and without UAVs assisted. Here, work is presented into two parts: The first one explains the concept of random HetNet and Random Waypoint Mobility Model (RWPM) for better QoS. The second part investigates the comparison of QoS parameters for the GUs connected in a random HetNet assisted by UAVs versus without UAVs. After comparison, results purely describe the betterment in terms of higher throughput, lower end-to-end delay, and reduced jitter as justified with simulation results and evaluations. The paper concludes that the collaboration between UAV and random HetNet increases performance and supports better QoS.

Link-state QoS routing protocol under various mobility models

<p>Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) consists of a group of mobile or wireless nodes that are placed randomly and dynamically that causes the continual change between nodes. A mobility model attempts to mimic the movement of real mobile nodes that change the speed and direction with time. The mobility model that accurately represents the characteristics of the mobile nodes in an ad hoc network is the key to examine whether a given protocol. The aim of this paper is to compare the performance of four different mobility models (i.e. Random Waypoint, Random Direction, Random walk, and Steady-State Random Waypoint) in MANET. These models were configured with Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol under three QoS (Quality of Service) <a title="Learn more about Metrics" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/metrics">metrics</a> such as the Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Throughput, End-to-End delay. The simulation results show the effectiveness of Steady-State Random Waypoint Mobility Models and encourage further investigations to extend it in order to guarantee other QoS requirements.</p>

Lifetime Estimation of WSN with Enhanced Pairwise Directional Geographic Routing

This research work proposes an enhanced pair-wise directional geographic routing (EPWDGR) technique using the directional antenna and compares it with the conventional pair-wise directional geographic routing (PWDGR) method that uses the Omni-directional antenna. PWDGR has two key limitations - minimum network lifetime and its use of static nodes. The EPWDGR technique aims to overcome these pitfalls by incorporating a directional antenna patch that requires lesser power, thereby increasing the network lifetime. The validations have been performed through simulations that use a random waypoint mobility model which is more practical. Varying performance metrics have been used for the estimation of network lifetime. The EPWDGR also solves the energy bottleneck problem at the nodes near the sink.

Real-time Dash Streaming Architecture for Internet of Things Using FBMRWP Model for Medical Videos.

The proposed method uses random adjustments in the online video quality based on the bandwidth allocated over Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) streaming service. The main objective is to improve the video quality from DASH-HTTP servers with variable bandwidth. Here, the system is adjusted dynamically for providing best video quality services based on the requirement of the user. In order to achieve such objective, the DASH service is assigned with three modules. Initially, the quality is adjusted dynamically using Fractional Brownian Motion and Random Waypoint Mobility (FBM-RWP) model. This initial model schedules the packets in sub-streams based on the priority as per the requirement of the user. The final model uses the Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) quality control algorithm for the past and future prediction of quality based on bandwidth allocation. This feedback of quality is used by the FBM-RWP model to prioritize the packets in the sub-streams. The entire process works by matching the bit rate of video streaming with the user required quality. Resuslts: The technique concentrates mostly on medical videos for improving the live video streaming in case of medical emergencies. The performance of the proposed method is compared with the conventional DASH services. The results proved that the proposed method performs better in terms of reduced error and improved throughput.

AMIGM: Animal Migration Inspired Group Mobility Model for Mobile Ad hoc Networks

The most widespread notion of mobility model is the representation of mobile node’s movement pattern in the wireless ad hoc networks which has a significant impact on the performance of the network protocols. In this paper, we have proposed an Animal Migration Inspired Group Mobility (AMIGM) model for mobile ad hoc networks based on the migration behavior of animals like, insects, flock of birds, schools of fishes, reptiles, amphibians, etc. The propound model tries to overcome the limitations of the existing mobility models, such as temporal dependencies, spatial dependencies, geographical restrictions and migration of nodes between the group of nodes so that it can realistically model the real world application scenarios. The proposed AMIGM model is based on Animal Migration Optimization (AMO) algorithm, in which each group of nodes has two phases namely, Migration phase and Population updating phase. In the first phase, the model simulates the movement of nodes in the group from one position to another by obeying the swarming laws. In the second phase, the model simulates joining and leaving of the nodes in the group during migration. The protocol dependent and independent performance metrics of the proposed model are compared with Random Waypoint Mobility model (RWP) and Reference Point Group Mobility model (RPGM) through ns-2 simulator.

Local P2P group (LPG) communication in structured mobile P2P networks

With the onset of the digital era and the availability of the internet, the need for digital data in a huge manner can be fulfilled by peer-to-peer (P2P) network instead of a traditional client server-based solution. Generally, mobile communication is based on cellular networks or multi-hop wireless networks. Cellular networks have adequate fixed infrastructure whereas multi-hop wireless networks have limited infrastructure and hence there are many limitations. The P2P systems are mainly designed for wired networks and the routing is based on IP infrastructure. Chord based protocols are widely deployed in the structured P2P networks but it can not perform well when implemented for mobile P2P networks due to the mobility of the users. Mobility pattern of mobile users plays an important role in locating users and delivering data packets seamlessly. Today, many of the mobile users follow a fixed mobility pattern in urban cities and mobility pattern of the mobile users can be utilized to reduce table update cost and increase Lookup Success Rate (LSR). We have proposed Local P2P Group (LPG) based communication scheme for structured mobile P2P networks. We are focussed on the mobility pattern of the mobile users in urban cities. We have analytically evaluated the proposed scheme using fluid-flow and RWP (Random Waypoint) mobility models and found that the proposed scheme performs better than the existing schemes like MR-Chord and MobiStore. Our proposed scheme has up to 40% higher Lookup Success Rate and 81% less table update cost than existing schemes, MR-Chord and MobiStore.

Impact of Energy and Mobility on MANETs Routing Protocols: AODV and DSR

Routing protocols can be tested in realistic conditions of Mobile Ad-hoc network (MANET)). The performance of MANET depends on different parameters such as used number of nodes, mobility speed, routing protocols, mobility model and energy models etc. In this paper, researchers made an effort to analyze the impact of energy and mobility on the performance of AODV and DSR routing protocols with varying mobility speed under random waypoint mobility model and radio energy models in the MANET. Detailed simulations have been carried out using QualNet simulator for 50 nodes. Performance of AODV and DSR routing protocols has been analyzed under the premise of performance metrics namely average throughput, average end to end delay and average jitter using CBR traffic patterns.