Random Waypoint Mobility Model Research Articles

Energy Efficient AODV routing protocols for FANETs

All system units in flying UAV like transmitter, receiver equipment, control unit, information processing unit and payloads are powered by in build power sources. UAVs equipped with the limited on-board energy capability restrict the flying time, which will significantly affect the performance of a FANETs. Optimizing the energy consumption among nodes is one of the important research challenges. Optimization techniques for energy usage can be implemented at different OSI layer level. In our study we focused on OSI networks layers solution for performance improvements based on energy efficient routing techniques in flying ad hoc network environments. Routing algorithm that is used in MANETs applications can be optimized and used in FANETS as in both networks majority of the operational characteristics similar. But Few characteristics in FANETs like distance coverage, node mobility velocity, capacity and types of power supply used differentiate from other mobiles networks (VANETs,MANETs). During first phase of our work we evaluated the performance of classical routing protocols AODV, DSR, DSDV in FANETs using energy metrics. Result in first phase revel that AODV performance is superior to other protocols in FANETs. In second phase we designed EEAODV protocols which use energy metrics in addition to hop count for path optimization. Finally details performance comparison study between EEAODV and AODV performed, the result shows that EEAODV performance is much better that AODV. For our performance evaluation we used NS-3 simulator and random waypoint mobility models.

Adaptive Mobility-Based IoT LoRa Clustering Communication Scheme

Long Range (LoRa) as a low-power wide-area technology is distinguished by its robust long-distance communications tailored for Internet of Things (IoT) networks. Because LoRa was primarily designed for stationary devices, when applied to mobile devices, they become susceptible to frequent channel attenuation. Such a condition can result in packet loss, higher energy consumption, and extended transmission times. To address these inherent challenges posed by mobility, we propose an adaptive mobility-based IoT LoRa clustering communication (AMILCC) scheme, which employs the 2D random waypoint mobility model, strategically partitions the network into optimal spreading factor (SF) regions, and incorporates an adaptive clustering approach. The AMILCC scheme is bolstered by a hybrid adaptive data rate (HADR) mechanism categorized into two approaches, namely intra-SF and inter-SF region HADRs, derived from the standard network-based ADR mechanism for stationary devices, to ensure efficient resource allocation for mobile IoT LoRa devices. Evaluation results show that, based on simulations at low mobility speeds of up to 5 m/s, AMILCC successfully maximizes the packet success ratio to the gateway (GW) by over 70%, reduces energy consumption by an average of 55.5%, and minimizes the end-to-end delay by 47.62%, outperforming stationary schemes. Consequently, AMILCC stands as a prime solution for mobile IoT LoRa networks by balancing the high packet success ratio (PSR) with reliability with energy efficiency.

Performance Analysis of Non-Realistic Routing Protocol using Random Waypoint Model in MANET

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a collection of wireless nodes connected via wireless networks and has no set structure. MANETs feature a self-organized routing topology in which mobile nodes are free to move, making it difficult and crucial to construct a stable and reliable network. Thus, failure of the route is also regarded as a prime factor affecting the efficiency of any MANET routing protocol. The breaking of the connection between two routes or more nodes will cause the failure of the route specifically in the non-realistic routing protocol. In a network of mobile nodes, the link break is mainly based on the mobility of individual nodes. Therefore, the objective of this research is to investigate the performance of proactive DSDV and reactive AODV routing protocol using the Random Waypoint(RWP) mobility model in MANET. NS-2 network simulator is used to simulate the MANET environment and BonnMotion is to create a movement of mobile nodes that integrate with the routing protocol. The network performance metrics used are throughput, packet delivery ratio, and average end-to-end delay. In addition, three simulation scenarios have been conducted to compare AODV and DSDV routing protocols with varying numbers of nodes, a comparison of AODV and DSDV routing protocols with varying pause time, and a comparison of AODV and DSDV routing protocols with varying mobility speed. The result from the three scenarios analysed and concluded that the RWP mobility model with AODV gives a better performance of throughput with 869.69 kbps and Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) with 83.00% meanwhile, RWP with DSDV is better for the average end-to-end delay(EED) with 212.970 bps.

On Performance Analysis for Random 3D Mobile AUV Networks With Limited Data Buffers

In this paper, we consider a finite network of multiple mobile autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) collectingdata in a given region and transferring them to a surface sink. All AUVs patrol a cylindrical region and dynamically control their 3-Dimensional (3D) location according to the random way-point (RWP) mobility model. Our specific interest focuses on the system throughput under different locations of the serving AUV. The following three serving AUV selection policies are investigated: 1)The serving AUV is the closest AUV among all active AUVs; 2) The serving AUV is randomly selected among the active AUVs; 3)The serving AUV is the farthest AUV among all active AUVs. Under the time slotted network scenario, the system throughput is defined as the probability that the sink can successfully recover the data packet from the serving AUV in one time slot. Further, we consider a practical constraint that all AUVs are equipped with limited data buffers. Based on the probability distributions of the distances between the AUVs and the surface sink, this paper presents a mathematical framework to characterize the performance of the random 3D mobile network. With the help of this framework, we obtain the theoretical performance in terms of the system throughput of the surface sink and the average queue delay of any AUV. Finally, extensive simulations are presented to verify the accuracy of our analysis and study the effects of various parameters.

Adaptive Decoding Mechanisms for UAV-Enabled Double-Uplink Coordinated NOMA

In this paper, we propose a novel adaptive decoding mechanism (ADM) for the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-enabled uplink (UL) non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) communications. Specifically, considering a harsh UAV environment, where ground-to-ground links are regularly unavailable, the proposed ADM overcomes the challenging problem of conventional UL-NOMA systems whose performance is sensitive to the transmitter's statistical channel state information and the receiver's decoding order. To evaluate the performance of the ADM, we derive closed-form expressions for the system outage probability (OP) and system throughput. In the performance analysis section, we provide novel expressions for practical air-to-ground and ground-to-air channels, while taking into account the practical implementation of imperfect successive interference cancellation (SIC) in UL-NOMA. Moreover, the obtained expression can be adopted to characterize the OP of various systems under a Mixture of Gamma (MG) distribution-based fading channels. Next, we propose a sub-optimal Gradient Descent-based algorithm to obtain the power allocation coefficients that result in maximum throughput with respect to each location on UAV's trajectory. To determine the significance of the proposed ADM in nonstationary environments, we consider the ground users and the UAV to move according to the Random Waypoint Mobility (RWM) and Reference Point Group Mobility (RPGM) models, respectively. Accurate formulas for the distance distributions are also provided. Numerical solutions demonstrate that the ADM-enhanced NOMA not only outperforms Orthogonal Multiple Access (OMA), but also improves the performance of UAV-enabled UL-NOMA even in mobile environments.

ILSM: Incorporated Lightweight Security Model for Improving QOS in WSN

In the network field, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) contain prolonged attention due to afresh augmentations. Industries like health care, traffic, defense, and many more systems espoused the WSN. These networks contain tiny sensor nodes containing embedded processors, Tiny OS, memory, and power source. Sensor nodes are responsible for forwarding the data packets. To manage all these components, there is a need to select appropriate parameters which control the quality of service of WSN. Multiple sensor nodes are involved in transmitting vital information, and there is a need for secure and efficient routing to reach the quality of service. But due to the high cost of the network, WSN components have limited resources to manage the network. There is a need to design a lightweight solution that ensures the quality of service in WSN. In this given manner, this study provides the quality of services in a wireless sensor network with a security mechanism. An incorporated hybrid lightweight security model is designed in which random waypoint mobility (RWM) model and grey wolf optimization (GWO) is used to enhance service quality and maintain security with efficient routing. MATLAB version 16 and Network Stimulator 2.35 (NS2.35) are used in this research to evaluate the results. The overall cost factor is reduced at 60% without the optimization technique and 90.90% reduced by using the optimization technique, which is assessed by calculating the signal-to-noise ratio, overall energy nodes, and communication overhead.

Implementation of RWP and Gauss Markov Mobility Model for Multi-UAV Networks in Search and Rescue Environment

Future generations of wireless networks are expected to heavily rely on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). UAV networks have extraordinary features like high mobility, frequent topology change, tolerance to link failure, and extending the coverage area by adding external UAVs. UAV network provides several advantages for civilian, commercial, search and rescue applications. A realistic mobility model must be used to assess the dependability and effectiveness of UAV protocols and algorithms. In this research paper, the performance of the Gauss Markov (GM) and Random Waypoint (RWP) mobility models in multi-UAV networks for a search and rescue scenario is analyzed and evaluated. Additionally, the two mobility models GM and RWP are described in depth, together with the movement patterns they are related with. Furthermore, two-simulation scenarios conduct with help of an NS-3 simulator. The first scenario investigates the effect of UAV Speed by varying it from 10 to 50 m/s. the second scenario investigates the effect of the size of the transmitting packet by varying it from 64 to 1024 bytes. The performance of GM and RWP was compared based on packet delivery ratio (PDR), goodput, and latency metrics. Results indicate that the GM model provides the highest PDR and lowest latency in such high mobility environments.

A Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based QoS Routing Protocol Exploiting Cross-Layer Design in Cognitive Radio Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

In this paper, we propose a novel deep reinforcement learning-based quality-of-service (QoS) routing protocol, namely DRQR, exploiting cross-layer design to establish efficient QoS (EQS) routes in cognitive radio mobile ad hoc networks. An EQS route is a route with minimum end-to-end (E2E) queuing delay subject to QoS constraints such as link stability, residual energy, number of hops and avoiding licensed channels of primary users. Particularly, we propose an NP-complete optimization problem which has a feasible solution as an EQS route. To tackle this problem, we design a new deep reinforcement learning model which supports the DRQR protocol to establish EQS routes in real time by offline training instead of online training like most of literature studies. Moreover, the DRQR protocol guarantees to have high system performance. A mathematical analysis of the E2E queuing delay with random waypoint mobility model also provides to verify simulation results. Numerical results show that the DRQR protocol outperforms state-of-the-art routing protocols in terms of routing delay, queuing delay, control overhead, PDR and energy consumption.

Performance Analysis of Underwater Wireless Sensor Network by Deploying FTP, CBR, and VBR as Applications

Oceans cover more than 75% of the planet’s land surface, making it the most water-rich place on the Earth. We know very little about oceans because of the extraordinary activities that take place in the depths. Underwater wireless sensors are devices that are able to monitor and record the physical and environmental parameters of their surroundings, as well as transmit these data in a continuous manner to one of the source sensors. The network that is formed by the collection of these underwater wireless sensors is referred to as an underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN). The analysis of performance parameters is thought to be most effectively done with this particular technology. In this paper, we will investigate various performance parameters in a random waypoint mobility model by shifting the maximum speed of a node and altering the number of nodes in the model. These parameters include average transmission delay, average jitter, average pathloss, percentage of utilization, and energy consumed in transmit, receive, and idle modes. The QualNet 7.1 simulator is utilized in order to conduct analyses and performance studies.

Design and Performance Analysis of Intra-Vehicle VLC System With Random Receiver Orientation

Visible light communication is a promising technology for communication in an intra-vehicle scenario which can support high throughput without causing any electromagnetic interference. In contrast to RF link, the VLC link is not isotropic, i.e., it highly depends on the line of sight links (LOS). Therefore, it is important to understand the impact of receiver orientation and user mobility on the performance of VLC system. In the first part of the work, the effect of receiver orientation on the LOS channel is explored. The receiver orientation is modeled as a truncated Gaussian distribution. Based on the statistics of receiver orientation, channel and received signal to noise ratio (SNR) statistics are obtained for both the single input single output (SISO) and multiple input single output (MISO) systems. For the SISO system, closed-form expression for the bit error rate (BER) and outage probability are obtained. For the MISO VLC system, the BER and outage probability are evaluated numerically. The impact of Field of View (FOV) which corresponds to the aperture on the receiver from the transmitter on the performance metrics such as outage probability and BER are analyzed. To capture the impact of mobility on the performance of the system, random way-point mobility model is considered. Closed-form expression for the PDF of the LOS channel gain and BER is derived under the condition of angular variations are more dominant than the overall radial-gain spread for a coherence-period. The derived results help to explore the joint impact of random receiver orientation and mobility on the performance.

DQN based user association control in hierarchical mobile edge computing systems for mobile IoT services

This paper proposes a new user association control method to maximize system utility in terms of system throughput, edge throughput, and handover cost in mmWave-based HMEC (mm-HMEC) systems. We first formulated a non-convex mathematical programming model and then proposed centralized and distributed deep Q-network (DQN)-based range expansion bias control algorithms. We discovered that the proposed schemes provided polynomial communication overhead and computation complexity. Through simulations, we evaluated the proposed centralized and distributed schemes under various user equipment (UE) mobility models: random waypoint mobility model (RWM), random direction mobility model (RDM), and Manhattan mobility model (MAN). We first confirmed that the proposed distributed control achieves almost the same performance as the proposed centralized control. Second, with 10 slave-MEC servers, the proposed distributed control provides 212.17%, 62.07%, 46.36%, and 48.63% enhanced utility; 33.68%, 18.19%, 9.28%, and 12.66% enhanced average cell throughput; 14.32%, 38.32%, 63.87%, and 24.57% enhanced edge throughput; and 39.09%, 25.42%, 29.32%, and 25.95% reduced handover cost compared to random cell range expansion (CRE), standard CRE, dynamic CRE, and Q-learning-based CRE, respectively.

Mobility Models as a Key-Performance Factor for Wireless Networks

Nodes in wireless networks can be static or dynamic. Static nodes are stationary and their positions are fixed and their distribution may follow a particular topology. On the other hand, dynamic nodes are considered mobile and their positions changed over time due to following a specific pattern of movement, which also lead to the concept of the topology being irrelated. Simulating such networks needs a lot of attention and many requirements should be held. For instance, nodes in dynamic wireless networks are distributed according to a distribution that reflects the nature of the environment (e.g., Gaussian, Power-Law, Uniform distribution, etc.). Moreover, describing the movement patterns of nodes in dynamic wireless networks need to follow a particular mobility model that describes the movements of nodes in terms of speed and direction (e.g., Individual mobility model, Levy Flight Model, Cauchy Model). In addition to the aforementioned requirements, it is needed to incorporate a routing protocol that governs data spread within the simulation environment. This work designed a variety of experiments that combine the mentioned requirements and measure the performance of dynamic wireless networks under colorful settings and configurations. The metrics used in this approach are the amount of data exchanged, coverage area, and power and memory consumption. Mobility models, node deployment strategy (distributions), and routing protocols are the three factors that will be involved in the experiments. The experiments deal with four mobility models Random Way Point Mobility Model (RWPM), Street Random Way Point Mobility Model (SRWPM), Manhattan Mobility Model (MM), and Levy Flight Mobility Model (LFM). Three distribution models will be used in the experiments Power-Law Distribution, Chi-Squared Distribution, and Normal Distribution. The third factor that will be involved in the routing protocol, is Probabilistic Flooding Routing Protocol. Different experiments are benchmarked using these metrics. The results of this work will reveal facts about dynamic network simulations and provide some recommendations to network developers and architects.

Performance Analysis of Mobility Impact on IEEE 802.11ah Standard with Traffic Pattern Scheme

Internet of Things (IOT) offers a new dimension of technology and information where connectivity is available anywhere, anytime, and for any purpose. IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Network group is a standard that developed to answer the needs of wireless communication technology (WI-Fi). Recently, IEEE 802.11 working group released the 802.11ah technology or Wi-Fi HaLow as a Wi-fi standard. This standard works on the 1 GHz frequency band with a broader coverage area, massive device and the energy efficiency issues. This research addresses, the influence of Random Walk, Gauss-Markov, and Random Waypoint mobility model on 802.11ah with different traffic pattern scheme are analyzed. The design of the simulation system is done by changing of node density. Based on the result, it can be concluded that the overall performance of the network with all of the parameter scenarios is decreasing along with increasing the Stations. In the node density scenario, the Random Waypoint mobility model has the best performance with an average delay is about 0.65805 s, throughput is about 0.53811Mbps, PDR is about 96.75%, and energy consumption is about 5.2530 Joule.

IMPLEMENTATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF RWP MOBILITY MODEL IN WSNS UNDER TOSSIM SIMULATOR

Mobility has always represented a complicated phenomenon in the network routing process. This complexity is mainly facilitated in the way that ensures reliable connections for efficient orientation of data. Many years ago, different studies were initiated basing on routing protocols dedicated to static environments in order to adapt them to the mobile environment. In the present work, we have a different vision of mobility that has many advantages due to its 'mobile' principle. Indeed, instead of searching to prevent mobility and testing for example to immobilize momentarily a mobile environment to provide routing task, we will exploit this mobility to improve routing. Based on that, we carried out a set of works to achieve this objective. For our first contribution, we found that the best way to make use of this mobility is to follow a mobility model. Many models have been proposed in the literature and employed as a data source in most studies. After a careful study, we focused on the Random Waypoint mobility model (RWP) in order to ensure routing in wireless networks. Our contribution involves a Random Waypoint model (in its basic version) that was achieved on the TOSSIM simulator, and it was considered as a platform for our second (and main) contribution, in which we suggested an approach based RWP where network nodes can collaborate and work together basing on our recommended algorithm. Such an approach offers many advantages to ensure routing in a dynamic environment. Finally, our contributions comprise innovative ideas for suggesting other solutions that will improve them.

Performance Analysis of User Speed Impact on IEEE 802.11ah Standard affected by Doppler Effect

Internet of Things (IOT) offers a new dimension of technology and information where connectivity is available anywhere, anytime, and for any purpose. IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Network group is a standard that developed to answer the needs of wireless communication technology (WI-Fi). Recently, IEEE 802.11 working group released the 802.11ah technology or Wi-Fi HaLow as a Wi-fi standard. This standard works on the 1 GHz frequency band with a broader coverage area, massive device and the energy efficiency issues. This research addresses, the influence of Doppler Effect using Random Waypoint mobility model on 802.11ah with different user speed are analyzed. The design of the simulation system is done by changing user speed and MCS. Based on the result, it can be concluded that the overall performance of the network with all of the parameter scenarios is decreasing along with the increasing user speed, RAW group, and bandwidth. In the user speed scenario, the MCS 5 with RAW group = 2 and bandwidth = 2 MHz in v = 10 km/h scenario has the worst performance with an average delay which is about 0.065463 s, throughput is about 0.328120 Mbps, and PDR is about 99.8901%. Keywords: Restricted Access Window (RAW), IEEE 802.11ah, Random Waypoint, Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS), Network Simulator 3.

PMSS: Producer Mobility Support Scheme Optimization with RWP Mobility Model in Named Data Networking

Abstract: The movement pattern of mobile producer plays an important role in mobility performance analysis of the wireless and mobile network. However, the producer mobility behavior is directly affecting the handoff latency and signaling overhead cost. Many researchers provide analytical investigation to analyze and solve the handoff problems and compared with the simulation result. To justify between simulation and analytical investigation, movement behavior of mobile node needs to be included in the analytical investigation to make it possible to compare with the simulation-based result. This paper incorporated Random WayPoint Mobility (RWPM) model, to determine the behavior of mobile producer, for analytical solution of producer mobility support in NDN. In this paper, we introduce mobility Interest packets to conveyed new prefix or location of mobile producer, a broadcasting strategy to facilitate the handoff process and the immobile anchor router was modified to perform a dual function that is, tagging of anchors and broadcasting of tagged mobility Interest packets. The performance analysis for mobile producer behavior and handoff latency shows that our proposed Producer Mobility Support Scheme (PMSS) reduces handoff latency compared to DNS-like and Home Agent routing approach.

Mobile Ad Hoc Network Routing Protocols – Using OPNET Simulator

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks have evolved rapidly and are finding numerous applications in the areas of self-creating, self-organizing and self-administering wireless networks. The present paper describes use of and comparison of three routing protocols. The parameters used for comparison are throughput and delay in response by varying the number of mobile nodes. A random waypoint mobility model was used for fixing the mobile nodes. The simulation study is carried out using OPNET modeler 14.5. Simulation result shows that for increasing number of mobile nodes OLSR offers better throughput and minimum delay than AODV and GRP routing protocols.

Impact of user mobility on ED based spectrum sensing and digital communication performance over FTR fading channel

Despite the well-known fact of user mobility in a wireless ad hoc network, analytical studies on its impact on cognitive radio spectrum sensing and digital communication performances are very limited. Furthermore, going towards the millimeter band for wireless communication, the impact of user mobility cannot be ignored as cell radius shrinks due to high path losses. This letter introduces RWP-FTR composite fading channel, where we characterize 1D, 2D and 3D wireless node positioning with random waypoint (RWP) mobility model and derive closed-form analytical expressions for probability distribution function and cumulative distribution function operating over fluctuating two ray fading (FTR) channel. Then obtained statistical results are applied to performance analysis of (i) cognitive radio with energy detection based spectrum sensing and (ii) bit error rate and outage performance of wireless communication system.

Ergodic Capacity of Generalized Fading Channels With Mobility

In this paper, we consider the ergodicchannel capacity (ECC) of several generalized fading channels for a mobile user that moves inside a coverage area according to the random waypoint (RWP) mobility model. The ECC with RWP mobility provides the average capacity of a mobile receiver taking into account the probability density function (PDF) of the distance between the user and the transmitting antenna, the path loss exponent and the fading channel. It turns out that the ECC in a mobile environment can be written in terms of the corresponding ECC in the static case. Therefore, we use analytical expressions of the ECC of different generalized fading models for the static channel to derive the corresponding analytical expressions for the ECC in the mobile case. Asymptotic expressions, in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime, are also provided that quickly converge to the exact ones. Monte Carlo simulation is also used to show the validity of the derived expressions. The analytical exact and asymptotic expressions enable the system designer to quantify the effect of different physical channel and mobility parameters on the attained average capacity of generalized fading channels.

Random waypoint mobility and two-ray path loss model to analyse multiple routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks

Mobile ad hoc networks face many challenges due to the wireless transmissions and mobility. The topology of the network changes rapidly due to the mobility of the nodes, and the wireless transmissions endure many effects like path loss, fading, interference, etc. The routing protocols in the mobile ad hoc networks are designed to provide the route under the dynamic topology and constraints environment. The purpose of this study is to analyse multiple routing protocols using random waypoint mobility of the nodes and by considering the effect of the two-ray path loss model for channel propagation. The simulation-based approach has been utilised to study the behaviour of the routing protocols in a dynamic environment. The flow of control messages and routing overheads has been analysed. The comparative performance of a set of six routing protocols has been analysed that assist in choosing the appropriate protocols for real deployments.