Random Sequence Research Articles

Enhancing recognition and interpretation of functional phenotypic sequences through fine-tuning pre-trained genomic models

BackgroundDecoding human genomic sequences requires comprehensive analysis of DNA sequence functionality. Through computational and experimental approaches, researchers have studied the genotype-phenotype relationship and generate important datasets that help unravel complicated genetic blueprints. Thus, the recently developed artificial intelligence methods can be used to interpret the functions of those DNA sequences.MethodsThis study explores the use of deep learning, particularly pre-trained genomic models like DNA_bert_6 and human_gpt2-v1, in interpreting and representing human genome sequences. Initially, we meticulously constructed multiple datasets linking genotypes and phenotypes to fine-tune those models for precise DNA sequence classification. Additionally, we evaluate the influence of sequence length on classification results and analyze the impact of feature extraction in the hidden layers of our model using the HERV dataset. To enhance our understanding of phenotype-specific patterns recognized by the model, we perform enrichment, pathogenicity and conservation analyzes of specific motifs in the human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) sequence with high average local representation weight (ALRW) scores.ResultsWe have constructed multiple genotype-phenotype datasets displaying commendable classification performance in comparison with random genomic sequences, particularly in the HERV dataset, which achieved binary and multi-classification accuracies and F1 values exceeding 0.935 and 0.888, respectively. Notably, the fine-tuning of the HERV dataset not only improved our ability to identify and distinguish diverse information types within DNA sequences but also successfully identified specific motifs associated with neurological disorders and cancers in regions with high ALRW scores. Subsequent analysis of these motifs shed light on the adaptive responses of species to environmental pressures and their co-evolution with pathogens.ConclusionsThese findings highlight the potential of pre-trained genomic models in learning DNA sequence representations, particularly when utilizing the HERV dataset, and provide valuable insights for future research endeavors. This study represents an innovative strategy that combines pre-trained genomic model representations with classical methods for analyzing the functionality of genome sequences, thereby promoting cross-fertilization between genomics and artificial intelligence.

Pain perception, aqueous humour cytokines, and miosis response following first and second eye femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery: A randomised, prospective, intraindividual study.

To compare pain perception, pupil behaviours, and cytokine levels during first-eye and second-eye femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS) and determine which is better regarding a short or long interval for bilateral FLACS. Notably, 96 eyes of 48 patients with bilateral cataracts underwent the first surgeries in the left or right eye, according to a random sequence. They were further randomised into 2- and 6-week subgroups based on surgery intervals. Pupil size was measured from captured images, and pain perception was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS). Aqueous humour prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 levels were also quantitatively analysed. All patients were followed for 1 week to evaluate changes in endothelial cell density (ECD), central corneal thickness (CCT), and macular central subfield thickness (CST). Ocular pain was significantly higher in patients who underwent second-eye FLACS. First tear break-up time was negatively correlated with VAS score. MCP-1 levels were significantly higher in patients who underwent second-eye FLACS, and VAS scores were positively correlated with MCP-1 levels across all patients. There were no differences between sequential FLACS in miosis, PGE2, IL-6, IL-8 levels and changes in postoperative ECD, CCT, and CST. Patients who underwent second-eye FLACS after 6 weeks showed more CCT, CST, and MCP-1 changes than baseline. Second-eye FLACS causes more pain and upregulated MCP-1. There was no difference between sequential FLACS in PGE2 levels, miosis, and postoperative inflammation. Furthermore, first-eye FLACS triggered a sympathetic irritation, particularly after a 6-week interval.

Chaotic Map based Random Binary Key Sequence Generation

Chaotic Map based Random Binary Key Sequence Generation

Nonlinear Charge Transport and Excitable Phenomena in Semiconductor Superlattices.

Semiconductor superlattices are periodic nanostructures consisting of epitaxially grown quantum wells and barriers. For thick barriers, the quantum wells are weakly coupled and the main transport mechanism is a sequential resonant tunneling of electrons between wells. We review quantum transport in these materials, and the rate equations for electron densities, currents, and the self-consistent electric potential or field. Depending on superlattice configuration, doping density, temperature, voltage bias, and other parameters, superlattices behave as excitable systems, and can respond to abrupt dc bias changes by large transients involving charge density waves before arriving at a stable stationary state. For other parameters, the superlattices may have self-sustained oscillations of the current through them. These oscillations are due to repeated triggering and recycling of charge density waves, and can be periodic in time, quasiperiodic, and chaotic. Modifying the superlattice configuration, it is possible to attain robust chaos due to wave dynamics. External noise of appropriate strength can generate time-periodic current oscillations when the superlattice is in a stable stationary state without noise, which is called the coherence resonance. In turn, these oscillations can resonate with a periodic signal in the presence of sufficient noise, thereby displaying a stochastic resonance. These properties can be exploited to design and build many devices. Here, we describe detectors of weak signals by using coherence and stochastic resonance and fast generators of true random sequences useful for safe communications and storage.

Origins of fine structure in DNA melting curves.

With the help of the one-dimensional random Potts-like model, we study the origins of fine structures observed on differential melting profiles of double-stranded DNA. We theoretically assess the effects of sequence arrangement on DNA melting curves through the comparison of results for random, correlated, and block sequences. Our results re-confirm the smearing out of the fine structure with the increase in chain length for all types of sequence arrangements and suggest that the fine structure is a finite-size effect. We have found that the fine structures on melting curves of chains comprised of blocks with correlations in sequence are more persistent, probably because of increased sequence disorder the blocks introduce. Many natural DNAs show a well-expressed fine structure of melting profiles. Our results for block sequences may suggest the existence of such sequence motifs in natural DNA sequences.

Reconfigurable Image Confusion Scheme Using Large Period Pseudorandom Bit Generator Based on Coupled-Variable Input LCG and Clock Divider

This paper presents a reconfigurable image confusion scheme, which uses Linear Congruential Generators (LCGs)-based Pseudorandom Bits Generator (PRBG). The PRBG is based on the variable input-coupled LCG with a reconfigurable clock divider. The proposed algorithm encrypts the input image up to four times successively using different random sequences in every attempt. This new scheme aims to efficiently extract statistically strong pseudorandom sequences from a proposed PRBG with a large keyspace and simultaneously increase the security level of the encrypted image. This PRBG was initially designed on Virtex-5 (XC5VLX110T), Virtex-7 (XC7VX330T) and Artix-7 (XC7A100T) Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). The statistical properties of the proposed PRBG for four different configurations are verified by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) tests. Thereafter, a reconfigurable encryption/decryption algorithm that uses the proposed PRBG is developed for secure image encryption. The encryption process was accomplished using the MATLAB tool after obtaining the PRBG keys from the FPGA. To show the quality and strength of the encryption process, security analysis [correlations and Number of Pixels Change Rate (NPCR)] is performed. Security analysis results are compared with the conventional encryption algorithm to show that the developed reconfigurable encryption scheme provides better results in security tests.

Random telegraph processes with nonlocal memory.

We study two-state (dichotomous, telegraph) random ergodic continuous-time processes with dynamics depending on their past. We take into account the history of the process in an explicit form by introducing integral nonlocal memory term into conditional probability function. We start from an expression for the conditional transition probability function describing additive multistep binary random chain and show that the telegraph processes can be considered as continuous-time interpolations of discrete-time dichotomous random sequences. An equationinvolving the memory function and the two-point correlation function of the telegraph process is analytically obtained. This integral equationdefines the correlation properties of the processes with given memory functions. It also serves as a tool for solving the inverse problem, namely for generation of a telegraph process with a prescribed pair correlation function. We obtain analytically the correlation functions of the telegraph processes with two exactly solvable examples of memory functions and support these results by numerical simulations of the corresponding telegraph processes.

Ultra High multi channel clock frequency(THz, PHz, EHz, ZHz,YHz,XHz,WHz) baud rate speed PRBS Transceiver HDL RTL ASIC Design for Ultra High long Distance Wireless Communication Engineering Smart Computing Products/ Applications

The Key Objective is HDL RTL Design Architecture of Ultra high multi Clock Frequency Speed Rate ( MHz, GHz, THz, PHz, EHz, ZHz, etc) Bits Per Second Baud Rate ) P.R.B.S(Pseudo Random Binary Sequence) Transceiver Soft A.S.I.C IP Core product for identification of the property of Different Pseudo Random Binary Sequence Patterns (Seed Words) of 2e 7 -1, 2e10 -1, 2e 15 -1, 2e 23 -1, 2e 31 -1 tapped elements as per C.C.I.T.T-I.T.U Standards and IEEE-754 Single and Double Data Rate Data Precision Standards (32 bit & 64 Bit Data Width ) suited for Very Advanced Futuristic Hi-tech Smart High Speed Long Distance Wireless Digital Communication A.S.I.C Products / Applications like Space/Satellite, Aerospace and Large Data Processing and computing like High Speed Internet and Cloud Computing based Hi-Fi Industrial Data Automation Standard Ultra High Speed Wireless Communication A.S.I.C products and Applications-3G,4G,5G etc. The Multi channel PRBS Transceiver consists Transmitter and receiver of different PRBS patterns- 2e7 -1, 2e10 -1, 2e15 -1, 2e23 -1, 2e31 -1 NRZ. The data input transmitted and received serially in the form bit by bit. These different pattern sequences are Designated as per CCITT ITU 0.151/O.152/O.153 & AT&T Standards. The Aim and purpose of invention of Ultra high multichannel Clock frequency PRBS Transceiver is for transmit and receive data serially by using Tx_in and Tx_out, rxin, rxout signals and The Transceiver is processed the low frequency signal input with different high speed carrier wave frequencies in the form of different PRBS pseudo random binary sequence seed word bit/byte patterns -2e7 -1, 2e10 -1, 2e15 -1, 2e23 -1, 2e31 -1 NRZ and also on receiver side processed with the above patterns. Materials and Methods: Transmission and reception of Data serially based on the Deterministic random seed word pattern methods of different PRBS 2e7 -1, 2e10 -1, 2e15 -1, 2e23 -1, 2e31 -1 tapped sequence Elements and All these PRBS are purely synchronized with Ultra high clock frequency(MHz, GHz, THz, PHz, EHz, ZHz, YHz, XHz, WHz). The Soft IP Core Designed by System Verilog HDL/ Verilog HDL. RTL Design Simulation done by Synopsys VCS 2020.1 software and Altera Model-Sim Software and Logic Design Flow & Synthesis done by Xilinx ISE and Altera Quartus EDA Tools. Results: Generation of Simulation Display and waveform for Ultra High Clock frequency(MHz, GHz, THz, PHz, EHz, ZHz, YHz, XHz, WHz) Synchronized Pseudo Random Binary Sequence (PRBS) Register Transfer Level (RTL) Generators, Transceiver for efficient and effective High Quality Data transmission and Reception of Various tapped sequence patterns for Identification of property of different PRBS patterns2e7 -1, 2e10-1, 2e15-1, 2e23 -1, 2 31 -1 NRZ of Ultra high speed Long distance wireless engineering Applications/ products.

Laser induced fluorescence using frequency modulated light.

The small signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of conventional laser induced fluorescence (LIF) measurements using a continuous wave laser, either diode or dye, is typically overcome by amplitude modulating the laser at a specific frequency and then using lock-in amplification to extract the signal from measurement noise. Here, we present LIF measurements of the neutral helium velocity distribution function in an rf plasma using frequency modulated (FM) laser injection. A pulse train of 100% amplitude modulation is generated synthetically with a random sequence of pulse lengths. The FM signal then drives an acoustic optic modulator placed in the path of the injection beam in an LIF measurement. The signal from a fast photomultiplier tube is digitized and cross-correlated with the known modulation signal. The resultant FM-based LIF signal outperforms a conventional lock-in-based LIF measurement on the same plasma in terms of SNR and precision.

Simulation analysis of cryogenic mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced silicon-containing epoxy resin composite

The use of carbon fiber-reinforced resin matrix composites instead of metals to manufacture cryogenic propellant tanks for spacecrafts is a development trend in the world aerospace industry. Cryogenic mechanical properties of the composites should be investigated in detail due to that the ultra-low temperature environment may cause micro cracks in the composites, leading to propellant leakage. In the present study, cryogenic tensile properties of a carbon fiber reinforced silicon-containing epoxy resin aomposite are investigated using experimental and numerical simulation methods. A silicon-containing epoxy resin with excellent cryogenic mechanical properties is developed by introducing a synthesized organic silicon polymer epoxidized polysiloxane and Nano-SiO2 into bisphenol F type epoxy resin. The tensile strength and modulus of the silicon-containing epoxy resin at −180 °C are 202.63 MPa and 7.81 GPa, which are 16.71% and 3.03% higher than those of bisphenol F type epoxy resin. The tensile strength of the silicon-containing epoxy resin at −180 °C is increased by 107.7% compared to that at room temperature, and the modulus at −180 °C is nearly twice that at room temperature. The carbon fiber reinforced silicon-containing epoxy resin composite is prepared by vacuum injection molding. The finite element model for the representative volume element of the composite unidirectional plate is established. The random sequence expansion method is used to randomly distribute the carbon fibers and simulate the thermal residual stress, the elastic performance, and the damage of the composite at cryogenic environments. Through comparison, it is found that the simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results. The simulation reliability for cryogenic mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced resin matrix composites is verified. It is expected to provide a reference for the analysis and evaluation of cryogenic mechanical properties of composite tanks.

Metatranscriptomics: A Tool for Clinical Metagenomics.

In the field of bioinformatics, amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA genes has long been used to investigate community membership and taxonomic abundance in microbiome studies. As we can observe, shotgun metagenomics has become the dominant method in this field. This is largely owing to advancements in sequencing technology, which now allow for random sequencing of the entire genetic content of a microbiome. Furthermore, this method allows profiling both genes and the microbiome's membership. Although these methods have provided extensive insights into various microbiomes, they solely assess the existence of organisms or genes, without determining their active role within the microbiome. Microbiome scholarship now includes metatranscriptomics to decipher how a community of microorganisms responds to changing environmental conditions over a period of time. Metagenomic studies identify the microbes that make up a community but metatranscriptomics explores the diversity of active genes within that community, understanding their expression profile and observing how these genes respond to changes in environmental conditions. This expert review article offers a critical examination of the computational metatranscriptomics tools for studying the transcriptomes of microbial communities. First, we unpack the reasons behind the need for community transcriptomics. Second, we explore the prospects and challenges of metatranscriptomic workflows, starting with isolation and sequencing of the RNA community, then moving on to bioinformatics approaches for quantifying RNA features, and statistical techniques for detecting differential expression in a community. Finally, we discuss strengths and shortcomings in relation to other microbiome analysis approaches, pipelines, use cases and limitations, and contextualize metatranscriptomics as a tool for clinical metagenomics.

Polyampholytes with Various Charge Distributions: Conformation States via Computer Simulation.

By means of molecular dynamics computer simulation, the conformational space of polyampholyte macromolecules with various distributions of the charged groups along the chain is studied. A coarse-grained model where each monomer unit of the chain is presented as a non-charged group in the backbone of the macromolecule connected with a charged side pendant is considered. A limiting case of fully charged chains in the isoelectric point is investigated. The oppositely charged monomer units are distributed in various patterns: regular alternating, multiblock, or random sequences. It is found that the chains with random unit distribution adopt much more compacted conformations than the chains with regular distributions with comparable block lengths. Calculating the chain size and its fluctuation along with the spatial density distribution, coil, and globular conformations are distinguished and arranged on the diagrams in terms of chain length, block length, and Bjerrum length.

Comparative Bioavailability of a Novel Fixed-dose Combination Etoricoxib and Tramadol.

Multimodal analgesia is defined as using several drugs or techniques simultaneously to target different pain pathways or receptors to avoid pain propagation. This study evaluated the pharmacokinetic profile and comparative bioavailability of etoricoxib 90mg and tramadol 50mg dosing alone (reference drugs) or in a novel fixed-dose combination (test drug) under fasting conditions in Mexican healthy volunteers. This was a randomized, open-label, 3-way, crossover, single-dose, prospective, and longitudinal study with a 14-day washout period. Eligible subjects were healthy Mexican adult volunteers. The drugs were dosing orally, according to the randomization sequence, after 10hours of fasting and 4hours before breakfast with 250mL of water at room temperature. Serial blood samples were collected before and after dosing, both drugs were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Forty-two subjects were enrolled and 38 completed the study (28 men and 14 women, mean age 25.2years, mean weight 66.6kg). Test products were considered to have comparative bioavailability if confidence intervals of natural log-transformed for (maximum plasma drug concentration (Cmax), (area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve form 0 up to last sampling time (AUC0-t), and (area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve from 0 up to infinity (AUC0-∞) data were within the range of 80%-125%. Non-serious adverse events were observed. The results demonstrate that the pharmacokinetic profile and bioavailability of the etoricoxib/tramadol fixed-dose combination are comparable to those of the reference products.

Efficacy of Digital Dance on Brain Imagery, Cognition, and Health: Randomized Controlled Trial.

Multidomain interventions have demonstrable benefits for promoting healthy aging, but self-empowerment strategies to sustain long-term gains remain elusive. This study evaluated the effects of digital somatosensory dance game participation on brain imagery changes as primary outcomes and other physical and mental health measures as secondary outcomes related to healthy aging. Between August 31, 2020, and June 27, 2021, this randomized controlled trial recruited 60 eligible participants older than 55 years with no recent engagement in digital dance games. A computer-generated randomization sequence was used to allocate participants 1:1, without stratification, to an intervention group (n=30) who underwent digital somatosensory dance game training or a control group (n=30). An anonymized code masked the intervention allocations from the investigators, and individuals who assigned the interventions were not involved in analyzing the study data. The intervention entailed two 30-minute dance game sessions per week for 6 months, and the control group received healthy aging education. Primary outcomes were brain imagery changes. All variables were measured at baseline and the 6-month follow-up, and intervention effects were estimated using t tests with intention-to-treat analyses. Compared with the control group, intervention participants had significantly different brain imagery in the gray matter volume (GMV) of the left putamen (estimate 0.016, 95% CI 0.008 to 0.024; P<.001), GMV of the left pallidum (estimate 0.02, 95% CI 0.006 to 0.034; P=.004), and fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuations of the left pallidum (estimate 0.262, 95% CI 0.084 to 0.439; P=.004). Additionally, the intervention group had different imagery in the cerebellum VI GMV (estimate 0.011, 95% CI 0.003 to 0.02; P=.01). The intervention group also had improved total Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores (estimate 1.2, 95% CI 0.27 to -2.13; P<.01), quality of life (estimate 7.08, 95% CI 2.35 to 11.82; P=.004), and time spent sitting on weekdays (estimate -1.96, 95% CI -3.33 to -0.60; P=.005). Furthermore, dance performance was significantly associated with cognitive performance (P=.003), health status (P=.14), resilience (P=.007), and demoralization (P<.001). Digital somatosensory dance game participation for 6 months was associated with brain imagery changes in multiple regions involving somatosensory, motor, visual, and attention functions, which were consistent with phenotypic improvements associated with healthy aging. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05411042; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05411042.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of breathing exercises effects on lung function and quality of life in postoperative lung cancer patients.

Postoperative recovery in lung cancer patients is a complex process, where breathing exercises may play a crucial role in enhancing pulmonary function and quality of life (QoL). This study systematically reviews and meta-analyzes the impact of breathing exercises on post-surgical lung function and QoL in lung cancer patients. An extensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Embase databases using terms like "Lung Neoplasms", "breathing exercises", and "randomized controlled trial", supplemented by Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and free words. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used for quality assessment. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of breathing exercises post-lung cancer surgery followed by data extraction and quality evaluation. From 384 retrieved studies, 10 met the inclusion criteria and were selected for detailed analysis. The main outcomes assessed were postoperative pulmonary function indices and QoL measures. The majority of studies were deemed 'low risk' for random sequence generation and allocation concealment. However, due to the nature of the interventions, blinding was a 'high risk' in most cases. The meta-analysis revealed significant improvements in key pulmonary function indices: forced vital capacity (FVC%) increased by an average of 1.73%, maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) improved by 7.58 L/min, and maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) enhanced by 0.95 cmH2O. Additionally, there was a notable alleviation of postoperative dyspnea and an enhancement in QoL, with anxiety scores decreasing by an average of 3.42 points and complication rates reducing correspondingly. However, the interventions did not significantly affect physical activity levels or performance on the 6-minute walk test (6WMT), with effect sizes for these outcomes being non-significant. This study indicates that breathing exercises significantly improve postoperative pulmonary function and QoL in lung cancer patients. Future research should delve into the mechanisms behind these exercises and evaluate their long-term rehabilitation effects. Customized programs could further optimize recovery and enhance patient QoL.

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Similar to usual lower records, Bottom-k\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$k$$\\end{document}-lists (Kozan and Tanil, İstatistik J Turk Stat Assoc 13:73–79, 2013) have a wide range of practical applications in meteorology, hydrology, sports, etc. Also, exceedance statistics can be viewed as a close relative to tolerance limits—an important field of statistical science. In this study, an idea of combining these two important subjects together is studied and an exceedance statistic is defined based on bottom-k\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$k$$\\end{document}-lists in an independent and identically distributed (iid) continuous random sequence. Probability mass function (pmf) of a selected exceedance statistic is obtained. Also, an illustrative application of the exceedance statistic is given.

Strength response investigation of defective C/C composite materials based on the Weibull model

In this study, the issue of random fiber strength resulting from initial fiber defects and matrix pore defects in the strength response of C/C composite materials is addressed. A method for generating random numbers following the Weibull distribution is proposed and an improved random sequence adsorption (RSA) algorithm is employed to describe pore defects in the matrix, ultimately leading to the development of a representative volume element (RVE) model for C/C composite materials. The influence of fiber strength distribution and pore defects on the mechanical properties of unidirectional C/C (UD-C/C) composite materials is analyzed. This study offers a new approach to investigate the mechanical behavior of C/C composite materials, taking into account both fiber initial defects and pore defects.

Harris Hawk optimization driven adaptive image encryption integrating Hilbert vibrational decomposition and chaos

Image encryption is a technique used to protect the confidentiality of digital images. Existing encryption algorithms use chaotic maps for generating random sequences. These sequences purely depend on the fixed initial parameters, which are not adaptive to different input images, thereby limiting their ability to produce the best-possible encrypted image. This paper introduces a new Harris Hawk optimization (HHO) based adaptive image encryption algorithm that integrates Hilbert vibrational decomposition (HVD), and multiple chaotic maps. The new fitness function is specifically designed to optimize the security and robustness of the encrypted image, considering statistical and differential attack parameters (NPCR, UACI, Entropy, and correlation coefficient values). HHO is used to optimize the initial parameters of chaotic maps (Henon map, Duffing map, Lorenz equation) subject to variations in the input image. In the confusion stage, the input image is decomposed into four components of same dimension but decreasing energy using HVD. Subsequently, the block based pixel scrambling is performed on alternate components using the Henon map and Duffing map. In the diffusion stage, the image from the confusion stage undergoes a first level diffusion by bitwise XOR operation with a random image generated from the Lorenz equation. Further, second level of diffusion is achieved with a complex operation generated image from the input image, enhancing its adaptability. Finally, Arnold Cat map having number of iterations determined by the input image is used for final pixel permutation to produces the encrypted image. The optimized initial parameters and input image dependent confusion and diffusion operations enable the encryption system to adapt to changes in the input image, thereby enhancing its resistance against known plain text and known cipher text attacks. Moreover, the integration of HVD with multiple chaotic maps makes the scheme more complex to decrypt with plain text attacks. The performance of proposed algorithm is evaluated on five standard test images in terms of security and quality measures. Experimental results exhibit statistical and differential attack parameters close to ideal values (with Max. Entropy≈7.9996, Min. CC≈ 10−5, Max. NPCR≈99.64, Max. UACI≈33.62). The use of multiple chaotic maps at different stages makes the key space larger. Robustness analysis demonstrates the algorithm's capability in withstanding noise and image enhancement attacks. The comparison with state of the arts metaheuristic based and classical encryption algorithms highlights the superior performance of proposed HHO driven algorithm. The significant improvement in security parameters and overall fitness compared to fixed initial parameters is achieved by optimizing the encryption process.

An artificial intelligence-assisted system versus white light endoscopy alone for adenoma detection in individuals with Lynch syndrome (TIMELY): an international, multicentre, randomised controlled trial

Computer-aided detection (CADe) systems for colonoscopy have been shown to increase small polyp detection during colonoscopy in the general population. People with Lynch syndrome represent an ideal target population for CADe-assisted colonoscopy because adenomas, the primary cancer precursor lesions, are characterised by their small size and higher likelihood of showing advanced histology. We aimed to evaluate the performance of CADe-assisted colonoscopy in detecting adenomas in individuals with Lynch syndrome. TIMELY was an international, multicentre, parallel, randomised controlled trial done in 11 academic centres and six community centres in Belgium, Germany, Italy, and Spain. We enrolled individuals aged 18 years or older with pathogenic or likely pathogenic MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, or EPCAM variants. Participants were consecutively randomly assigned (1:1) to either CADe (GI Genius) assisted white light endoscopy (WLE) or WLE alone. A centre-stratified randomisation sequence was generated through a computer-generated system with a separate randomisation list for each centre according to block-permuted randomisation (block size 26 patients per centre). Allocation was automatically provided by the online AEG-REDCap database. Participants were masked to the random assignment but endoscopists were not. The primary outcome was the mean number of adenomas per colonoscopy, calculated by dividing the total number of adenomas detected by the total number of colonoscopies and assessed in the intention-to-treat population. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04909671. Between Sept 13, 2021, and April 6, 2023, 456 participants were screened for eligibility, 430 of whom were randomly assigned to receive CADe-assisted colonoscopy (n=214) or WLE (n=216). 256 (60%) participants were female and 174 (40%) were male. In the intention-to-treat analysis, the mean number of adenomas per colonoscopy was 0·64 (SD 1·57) in the CADe group and 0·64 (1·17) in the WLE group (adjusted rate ratio 1·03 [95% CI 0·72-1·47); p=0·87). No adverse events were reported during the trial. In this multicentre international trial, CADe did not improve the detection of adenomas in individuals with Lynch syndrome. High-quality procedures and thorough inspection and exposure of the colonic mucosa remain the cornerstone in surveillance of Lynch syndrome. Spanish Gastroenterology Association, Spanish Society of Digestive Endoscopy, European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Societat Catalana de Digestologia, Instituto Carlos III, Beca de la Marato de TV3 2020. Co-funded by the European Union.

Analysis of Pain and Effectiveness in Digital Block of the First Toe Using Syringe vs. Carpule: Frost's H vs. Modified Frost's H Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background: Currently, there is no scientific evidence regarding pain in the anesthetic block of the first toe according to the method of application. However, clinical evidence has highlighted the use of the carpule due to the low pain it causes during the administration of the anesthetic. Most studies on anesthesia and pain, especially using the carpule and distraction methods, belong to the field of dentistry. Objective: To compare the pain and effectiveness between the anesthetic block of the first toe using a carpule and syringe with Frost's H technique and the modified Frost's H technique. Method: A total of 564 subjects were selected and divided into four groups. Subjects were subjected to experimental conditions (randomization through the Random Allocation Software program 2.0), and divided into group 1 = 138 subjects, corresponding to the block with syringe and Frost's H, group 2 = 141 subjects, corresponding to the syringe group and modified Frost's H, group 3 = 141 subjects, corresponding to the carpule group and modified Frost's H, and group 4 = 144 subjects, corresponding to the carpule group and Frost's H. The same researcher generated the random allocation sequence, enrolled the participants, and assigned them to the interventions. Each subject was unaware of the anesthetic procedure assigned by the researcher. Outcome parameters were pain after anesthetic infiltration and its effectiveness. Results: The anesthetic block with carpule showed a lower pain score compared to the anesthetic block with syringe (2.8 vs. 5.3; p < 0.001). However, when analyzing effectiveness, a higher efficacy rate was obtained in the anesthetic blocks performed using the modified Frost's H technique (97.5% vs. 88.1%; p < 0.001). Conclusions: The anesthetic block with carpule and the modified Frost's H technique is less painful and more effective than the traditional anesthetic block.