Ramus Height Research Articles

Bjork-Jarabak Analysis in Different Anteroposterior Skeletal Relationship: A Comparative Study

Aims: This study aimed to evaluate cranial base measurements in individuals with different skeletal relationships (class I, II, and III) using Bjork-Jarabak analysis and compare them with existing research. Material and Method: Lateral cephalograms of 103 Sudanese participants (aged 18-22) were assessed, grouped by ANB angle. Results: Showed no significant differences between class I and II, or class I and III skeletal relationships. However, class II and III relationships exhibited significant differences in Articulare angle, Gonial angle, ramal height, and mandibular length (P<0.0001). Discrepancies in craniofacial morphology were observed between Sudanese and Bjork-Jarabak norms for Caucasian. Conclusion: Saddle angle, Bjork sum of angles, and cranial case showed no significant differences among skeletal classes, but significant differences in several measurements existed between class II and III relationships.

3D-CT measurements of facial symmetry in severe CFM patients: A comparative study between mandibular ascending ramus distraction osteogenesis and bone grafting

This study aims to compare the effects of mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO) and bone grafting on the facial symmetry of children with Pruzansky-Kaban type IIB and III craniofacial microsomia (CFM).Medical records and three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) data of CFM patients who had primarily undergone MDO and bone grafting were collected. A retrospective analysis of pre-and post-operative 3D imaging data was conducted to compare the improvement rate in facial symmetry between the two groups based on occlusal cant, affected/unaffected ramus height ratio and chin point deviation. The data were tested for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test. When the data followed a normal distribution, a paired sample t-test was employed for the comparison between preoperative and postoperative data. When the data did not follow a normal distribution, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for paired samples was used for preoperative and postoperative comparison.The study included 18 children with type IIB and III CFM, 11 in the MDO group and 7 in the bone grafting group. In the MDO group, postoperative Gn-FH and Gn-Cor distances increased significantly, whereas the postoperative Gn-Mid distance decreased significantly. Occlusal cant decreased significantly and ramus height affected/unaffected ratio increased significantly after MDO. In the bone graft group, there was no statistically significant difference in the postoperative ratios of chin deviation, occlusal cant, and ramus height affected/unaffected compared to the preoperative values.Compared to bone grafting, MDO can significantly enhance ramus height ratio, level occlusal plane, and centralize the chin point among patients with CFM. Furthermore, MDO achieves superior enhancements in facial symmetry.

Ramus & gonial angel measurement in sexual dimorphism - A digital panoramic study

Age and sex must be determined for forensic practise and medico-legal objectives. The mandible, which is the most heterogeneous bone in the skull and is frequently found intact, may be a key component in sex assessment. In this regard, the availability of a large number of antemortem orthopantomograms may be very beneficial in researching and creating standards that are population-specific for precise sex and age determination. Determining the value of different mandibular ramus linear and gonial angle measures as sex and age markers on digital panoramic pictures was the goal of the current investigation. This retrospective study was conducted on 600 orthopantomogram of patients of both gender with age group of 18 to 50 years. The selected JPEG images of the digital OPG’s were converted to PDF format and exported to Adobe Acrobat Reader software on an HP Laptop for assessment of linear and angular measurements. The parameters employed in the current study were projective ramus height (PRH), condylar ramus height (CNNRH), coronoid ramus height (CRRH), upper ramus breadth (URB), lower ramus breadth (LRB), bigonial width (BW) and gonial angle (GA). The right PRH, CRRH, CNRH, URB, LRB and bigonial width were higher in males as compared to females similarly left PRH, CNRH, CRRH, URB were higher in males as compared to females with a statistically significant P value (0.001) It was concluded from the current study that various parameters, including the projective ramus height, minimum ramus breath, and coronoid ramus height, could be very helpful in determining gender.

Insight into age-related changes of the human facial skeleton based on medieval European osteological collection

Aging changes in the facial skeleton are concentrated mostly in orbits, maxilla and mandible. The aim of this study was to analyze metric traits of the adult viscerocranium in a medieval sample from Cedynia (Poland, Central Europe) and confront the results with literature data for modern populations. It was assumed that diet-related greater biomechanical forces generated during mastication in medieval versus modern times led to slower rate of bone resorption with age. 3D models of the facial skeleton are created for 230 individuals, categorized into young, middle and old adults, and a subgroup of edentulous middle adults is distinguished. Orbits, piriform aperture, maxilla and mandible are measured using Geomagic Studio 12 and analyzed among age categories as well as dentate and edentulous subgroups. The values of the orbital and piriform aperture measurements tend to increase with age and reached statistical significance in males (right orbit height, left orbit width, piriform aperture surface area). In females, maxillary height significantly decrease at right first premolar and first molar, together with height of the right mandibular ramus. In edentulous individuals of both sexes the orbits are wider, and maxillary and mandibular heights are lower than in dentate individuals. This study reveals similar character and direction of the aging process of the facial skeleton in medieval and modern adults, however slower rate of resorptive changes is found in the former sample, which suggests, that diet-related biomechanical forces can influence intensification of the aging processes in the facial skeleton.

Classifications of Prominent Mandibular Angle and Surgical Considerations for Mandibuloplasty.

Contouring surgery is an operation that makes a smooth, oval-shaped face by removing protruding parts of the face. In particular, mandibuloplasty is a procedure that softens the shape of the mandible and is a popular procedure among Asians with a dominant mesocephalic profile. In this study, we tried to discuss the considerations before surgery by dividing the mandibular shape into morphologic aspects in the lateral and frontal views and anatomic considerations. In the lateral view, it is essential to consider the posterior ramal height and mandibular body length of each patient. These factors are closely related to the postoperative outcomes. Consideration of the mandibular plane angle is also essential. In the frontal view, the position of the gonial angle relative to the ramal body should be considered because the position of the gonial angle can affect the difficulty of operation. Anatomic considerations include antero-posterior ramal width, bucco-lingual width of mandibular body, amount of mouth opening, and location of inferior alveolar nerve. These are important factors that determine the difficulty of the operation. In this study, classification according to the shape and shape of the mandible was presented, and considerations for each classification were discussed. Cosmetic surgery is a socio-psychologically meaningful procedure that not only improves the esthetics but also improves the mental well-being of the patients. Therefore, it will be possible to provide better medical services to patients if clinicians are fully aware of the factors that can increase the difficulty of the operation and the factors that affect the surgical outcome.

Three-Dimensional Navigation-Assisted Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of a Subcondylar and Ramus Fracture on a Maxillary Oligodontia Patient.

Treatment of condylar fractures in patients with edentulous mandibles or no-occlusion reference is particularly challenging due to the absence of important anatomical structures and landmark for occlusion analysis. In this case, a 69-year-old female maxillary oligodontia victim suffered from a traumatic accident with a right facial contusion, resulting in a right-side subcondylar and mandibular ramus fracture with right ramus height loss. In the preoperative planning, the 3-dimensionalimage of the left-side mandible was highlighted by the navigation software. A mirror image of the left-side mandible was made and superimposed on the right side of the face. Surgical intervention with an endoscope and 3-dimensional navigation-assisted open reduction and internal fixation of the right-side subcondylar and ramus fracture was performed. The patient recovered well with no restriction in mandibular movement, no limitation in mouth opening, and a satisfied esthetic outcome.

Unilateral injection of botulinum toxin type A into the masseter muscle induces mandibular asymmetry in adolescent rats by suppressing the angular process growth

Mandibular asymmetry has negative impacts on maxillofacial aesthetics and psychological well-being. This study investigated the effects of unilateral injection of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) into the masseter muscle on mandibular symmetry. Forty Wistar rats (4-week-old) were divided into 4 groups (n= 10): control, group 1 (1U BTX-A), group 2 (3U BTX-A), and group 3 (1U BTX-A for 3 times). BTX-A was injected into the right masseter of treatment groups. Cone-beam computerized tomography scans were taken before the injection and then at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 6 weeks after injection. Histologic and immunohistochemical staining were done for the condylar cartilage. RNA sequencing and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were used to detect gene expression in the angular process. In Groups 2 and 3, the right angular process length and the ramus height were reduced 4 weeks after injection, resulting in the mandibular midline deviating to the right side; the right condylar cartilage had reduced thickness and decreased expression of RUNX2, SOX9, and COL II (P<0.05). Two hundred sixty-one genes were differentially expressed (256 downregulated) in the angular process at 3 days post-BTX-A injection, and the calcium signaling pathway was unveiled through the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis. Furthermore, TRPC1, Wnt5a, CaMKII, Ctnnb1, and RUNX2 expression were significantly downregulated at 1 and 3 days postinjection. Unilateral injection of BTX-A into the masseter muscle in adolescent rats induces mandibular asymmetry by suppressing the angular process growth on the injected side.

Morphometric analysis of adult human mandible and their ratios

Mandible is the strongest bone in the face region required for the process of mastication. The inferior alveolar nerve travels inside the bone in the mandibular canal to supply the lower teeth. The measurement of various parameters of mandible allows the proper localisation of nerve for anaesthetic block. Also, the ratios between factors assists during surgeries. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 97 dry adult human mandibles. Height of symphysis menti, ramus breadth and height, and distance of mandibular foramen from mandibular notch and base of mandible of both sides are measured. Ratios between ramus height and breadth and distances of mandibular foramen from above mentioned landmarks were computed. The mean height of symphysis menti was found to be 25.52 ± 4.32 mm. The mean values of height of ramus on right side was 46.18 ± 4.43 mm and on left was 46.57 ± 4.24 mm. The mean breadth of ramus was 32.29 ± 3.57 mm (right side) and 32.59 ± 3.75 mm (left side). It was found that mandibular foramen was closer to the mandibular notch than to the base of mandible on both sides. The ratios between the right and left side showed no significant differences.Inferior alveolar nerve block is required in various dental procedures for which mandibular foramen localisation is must. Dimensions of mandible help in surgical restructuring. Similarly, it aids in understanding the evolution of the bone.

The importance of remodeling physiological mandibular angle: mandibular "V-line" versus long curved ostectomy.

Numerous surgical options for correcting prominent mandibular angles in East Asians have been reported. The objective of this study is to investigate the importance of remodeling physiological mandibular angle by comparing the surgical effects and complications of mandibular "V-line" ostectomy and long curved ostectomy. A retrospective study was conducted on patients who underwent either mandibular "V-line" ostectomy (Group I) or long curved ostectomy (Group II). The outcomes were evaluated using computed tomography (CT) images in combination with medical records and photographs. Data were collected preoperatively and at 6- to 12-month intervals postoperatively. Mandibular angle, posterior mandibular ramus height, radian of the ostectomy line, mandibular symmetry as well as patients' complications were investigated. FACE-Q reports of facial appearance and psychosocial parameters were also compared between the two groups. All 106 patients showed improved lower facial contours. Although the postoperative mandibular angle (116.67±7.14°vs 118.31±6.80°, P=.233) and mandibular symmetry (2.36±1.21mm vs 2.56±1.19mm, P=.395) were similar in the two groups, larger postoperative posterior mandibular height and lower radian of the ostectomy line were observed in Group I (P < .001). Physiological mandibular angle was also remodeled in Group I. The gonial deficiency, more soft tissue sagging and significant lower FACE-Q scores of facial appearance were observed in Group II (P < .001). In conclusion, "V-line" ostectomy is better suited for achieving a more physiological mandibular angle with less complications compared to mandibular long curved ostectomy. When it comes to mandibular contouring, "V-line" ostectomy may be the preferred option.

Comparison of accuracy of panoramic radiograph and lateral cephalogram in determining linear mandibular measurements among orthodontic patients in tertiary dental care center of Kathmandu

Mandibular dimensions are one of the key parameters for planning the treatment by an Orthodontist. Lateral cephalograms are usually used to evaluate the skeletal relationship. However, due to the superimposition of both the sides, lateral cephalogram may not be reliable in measuring the right and left sides of the cranial landmarks. Panoramic radiography delivers a wide-ranging view of maxillofacial structures with comparatively lesser radiation exposure than other tools and superimposition of structures is less compared to lateral cephalogram image. OPG and lateral cephalograms of all the patients of age group 16-35 years attending Department of Orthodontics in Nepal Medical College from September 2022 to February 2023, having Angle’s Class I Molar relationship with minimum crowding was taken. Linear measurements (ramus height, total mandibular length and mandibular body length) were measured on OPG and Lateral cephalogram. The data was processed in SPSS version 17 for further analysis. There was no statistically significant difference in mean linear measurements between right and left sides on OPG (p-value 0.77, 0.49 and 0.59 respectively). But there was a statistically significant difference in mean linear measurements between both sides on OPG and lateral cephalograms (p-value &lt;0.001). OPG can be used reliably to measure the mandibular length and ramus height of right and left side but comparison of mandibular length and ramus height between lateral cephalogram and OPG may not be reliable.

Mandibular Asymmetry in Orthodontic Patients with Different Malocclusion Patterns an Orthopantomographic Evaluation

Objectives: To investigate the variation in mandibular asymmetry on right and left sides for different malocclusions. Study design and setting: It was a cross sectional study carried out in Orthodontic Department at Bahria University Dental College. OPG’s of 171 orthodontic patients were collected. The sample was divided into class I, II and III malocclusions. Methodology: The OPG was traced for condylar and ramal heights for both right and left sides. From these readings, the asymmetry index (AI) was calculated for each side. The significance of height variations between the right and left sides, for each malocclusion was calculated using independent sample t-test. Pearson correlation was used to find the association of asymmetry between the two sides when comparing each malocclusion with the other. One-way ANOVA was used to find the significance of differences in asymmetry index of both sides between different malocclusions. Results: The ramal heights were significantly different for each malocclusion with p values of 0.00 and 0.02 for right and left side, the p value of the variations in condylar heights was however 0.66 and 0.12 for the two sides. There was a strong positive correlation of the condylar and ramal height on both sides between all three malocclusions. The p value for condylar AI was 0.97 and 0.15 for ramal AI. Conclusion: The ramus height showed a significant variation in asymmetry while the asymmetry index variations were insignificant between different malocclusion groups.

Evaluation of six radiomorphometric indices

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Purpose: Aging is accompanied by the gradual loss of teeth, which can cause several orofacial changes. This study aimed to compare panoramic radiomorphometric indices between dentate and totally edentulous patients.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: One hundred panoramic radiographs were analyzed to measure six indices using Clinview 9.3 software: the gonial angle (GA), antegonial angle (AGA), condylar height (CH), ramus height (RH), mental index (MI), and mandibular cortical index (MCI). An independent sample t-test and Chi-square was used to compare the means of the measured data between dentate and edentate subjects and genders.&#x0D; Results: In both genders, dentate people had greater left CH (p=0.05) and left GA (p=0.03). Men had greater RH in the dentate and edentate groups (p&lt;0.001). No correlation was found between groups and genders in MCI scores. &#x0D; Conclusion: CH index assessment as the function of the masticatory muscles and GA as residual ridge resorption were decreased in edentulous people. The findings highlight the importance of oral hygiene education and prosthetic rehabilitation of the edentulous.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Comparison of Class II open bite correction by temporomandibular joint prostheses or bimaxillary orthognathic surgery

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of skeletal Class II and anterior open bite patients who received simultaneous Le fort I osteotomies with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) prostheses or bimaxillary orthognathic surgery. Materials and MethodsPatients with condylar resorption (CR) were treated by TMJ prostheses and orthognathic surgery and divided into two groups. Cephalometric radiographs were obtained before and after operation to find out the surgical alteration by comparing measures at different time points. Results23 patients were included. Mean overbite of the patients was increased by 3.39 mm in TMJ prostheses group and 3.24 mm in orthognathic group. Occlusal plane angle was averagely rotated -6.06° and 1.31°; mandibular plane counterclockwise rotated 12.23° and 5.81°, respectively. The increase of ramus height in TMJ prostheses group were significantly greater than orthognathic surgery group (8.02 ± 1.96 mm vs. -0.09 ± 1.29 mm). The overall treatment effect was stable in both groups during the 1-year follow up. DiscussionTwo surgical plans seem to be reliable treatments of anterior open bite and mandibular retrognathism caused by temporomandibular disease. TMJ prostheses with simultaneous Le fort I osteotomies close open bite by lengthening the height of ramus and rotating maxillo-mandibular complex counterclockwise, while bimaxillary orthognathic surgery by rotating maxilla clockwise and mandible counterclockwise without rebuilding ramus.

Analysis of mandibular asymmetry in adolescent and adult patients with unilateral posterior crossbite on cone-beam computed tomography

This study aimed to evaluate mandibular asymmetry in unilateral posterior crossbite (UPXB) patients and compare the asymmetry between adolescents and adults with UPXB. This study included and analyzed cone-beam computed tomography scans of 125 subjects. The subjects were divided into a UPXB group and a control group according to the presence or absence of UPXB, and each group included adolescent patients (aged 10-15 years) and adult patients (aged 20-40 years). Linear, angular, and volumetric measurements were obtained to evaluate the asymmetries of the mandibles. Both adolescent and adult patients in the UPXB group presented asymmetries in condylar unit length, ramal height, body length, and mediolateral ramal inclination (P<0.05). Adult patients with UPXB showed greater asymmetries than adolescents. Differences with condylar unit length, condylar unit width, ramal height, condylar unit volume, and hemimandibular volume were significantly greater in adult UPXB patients than adolescent UPXB patients (P<0.05). The worsening of mandibular asymmetries in UPXB adults suggests that asymmetry in UPXB patients may progress over time; therefore, early treatment should be considered for UPXB adolescent patients. Further studies are still needed to evaluate the effectiveness of early treatment.

Skeletal structure of asymmetric mandibular prognathism and retrognathism

BackgroundThis study aimed to compare the skeletal structures between mandibular prognathism and retrognathism among patients with facial asymmetry.ResultsPatients who had mandibular asymmetry with retrognathism (Group A) in The Netherlands were compared with those with deviated mandibular prognathism (Group B) in Korea. All the data were obtained from 3D-reformatted cone-beam computed tomography images from each institute. The right and left condylar heads were located more posteriorly, inferiorly, and medially in Group B than in Group A. The deviated side of Group A and the contralateral side of Group B showed similar condylar width and height, ramus-proper height, and ramus height. Interestingly, there were no inter-group differences in the ramus-proper heights. Asymmetric mandibular body length was the most significantly correlated with chin asymmetry in retrognathic asymmetry patients whereas asymmetric elongation of condylar process was the most important factor for chin asymmetry in deviated mandibular prognathism.ConclusionConsidering the 3D positional difference of gonion and large individual variations of frontal ramal inclination, significant structural deformation in deviated mandibular prognathism need to be considered in asymmetric prognathism patients. Therefore, Individually planned surgical procedures that also correct the malpositioning of the mandibular ramus are recommended especially in patients with asymmetric prognathism.

The Correlation between Quantitative Cervical Vertebral Maturation and Mandibular Dimensions in Children Aged 8-16 Years: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study

Background: During growth modification, the mandible plays a crucial role in functional orthopaedic treatment. To maximize the efficacy and efficiency of functional appliance therapy, one must know when to initiate treatment. To maximize the efficacy and efficiency of functional appliance therapy, one must know when to initiate treatment. To accurately determine when to initiate functional appliance therapy, the contemporary maturity indicators utilised are subjective with poor reproducibility and validity. Quantitative cervical vertebral maturity indicators are quantitative with good reproducibility. Objective: To determine the correlation between quantitative cervical vertebral maturation and mandibular dimensional changes in 8–18-year-old growing children. Material and Method: In this prospective cross-sectional analytical study, 164 samples were employed with an age range of 8–18 years. Samples were divided into four groups as per the quantitative cervical vertebral maturity indicator. Pubertal staging was analysed utilising the Li Chang, et al. method on a lateral cephalometric radiograph, and mandibular dimensions were measured as the total mandibular length of a condylon-gnathion line, the height of the mandibular ramus from the condylon-gonion intersection line, and the length of the mandibular body from the gonion intersection-gnathion line. Statistical Analysis: The data obtained was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software; descriptive statistics, student t test and bivariant analysis were applied. Results: The mean total mandibular length was seen at its maximum in periods of high acceleration velocity. Intergroup analysis shows significant differences between the groups, and there is a strong correlation between maturational stage and mandibular dimensional change. Conclusions: During functional orthopaedic treatment planning, the mandible can be utilised as a skeletal maturity indicator.

Correlation of masticatory muscle activity and occlusal function with craniofacial morphology: a prospective cohort study.

Masticatory function, including masticatory muscle activity and occlusal function, can be affected by craniofacial morphology. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between craniofacial morphology and masticatory function in participants who had completed orthodontic treatment at least two years before and had stable occlusion. Fourty-two healthy participants were prospectively enrolled and divided into three vertical cephalometric groups according to the mandibular plane angle. Masticatory muscle activity (MMA) in the masseter and anterior temporalis muscles was assessed using surface electromyography. The occlusal contact area (OCA) and occlusal force (OF), defined as occlusal function in this study, were evaluated using occlusal pressure mapping system. Masticatory muscle efficiency (MME) was calculated by dividing MMA by OF. The craniofacial morphology was analyzed using a lateral cephalogram. The masticatory function was compared using one-way analysis of variance. Pearson correlations were used to assess relationships between craniofacial morphology and masticatory function. The hypodivergent group had the lowest MMAand the highest MME in the masseter (167.32 ± 74.92 µV and 0.14 ± 0.06 µV/N, respectively) and anterior temporalis muscles (0.18 ± 0.08 µV/N, p < 0.05). MMA in the masseter showed a positive relationship with mandibular plane angle (r = 0.358), whereas OCA (r = -0.422) and OF (r = -0.383) demonstrated a negative relationship (p < 0.05). The anterior temporalis muscle activity negatively correlated with ramus height (r = -0.364, p < 0.05). Vertical craniofacial morphology was related to masticatory function. Hypodivergent individuals may have low MMA and high occlusal function, resulting in good masticatory muscle efficiency. Hypodivergent individuals require careful consideration in orthodontic diagnosis and prosthetic treatment planning.

Long-Term Outcomes and Growth Analysis of Costochondral Grafts for Hemifacial Microsomia: 24-Year Experience of a Single Surgeon.

Costochondral grafts (CCGs) can be used in mandibular reconstruction of Kaban-Pruzansky IIB/III hemifacial microsomia (HFM). Their growth is variable, occasionally necessitating secondary surgery. This study examined one surgeon's 24-year experience to better quantify long-term outcomes and surgical care required in CCG reconstruction of HFM mandibles. Serial 3-dimensional computed tomography scans, from preoperative to most recent, were analyzed in patients with a minimum of 4 years of clinical follow-up after CCG reconstruction. Graft/ramus height, length, volume, bilateral mandibular body length, and chin deviation were measured. Changes in measurements were analyzed preoperatively, immediately postoperatively, at the most recent imaging before secondary surgery, and at the most recent imaging overall. Growth rates per measure were calculated using scans after CCG but before secondary surgery. Thirteen patients were analyzed. Median (SD) clinical follow-up was 10.0 (5.1) years. One patient developed temporomandibular joint ankylosis secondary to stacked-graft malposition, which was repaired without further complications. CCG reconstruction led to immediate improvement in graft/ramus height ( P = 0.03), length ( P = 0.002), and volumetric symmetry ( P = 0.02). No difference was found between graft and native ramus height ( P = 0.4) or length measures ( P = 0.5), whereas graft volume and the affected mandibular body grew significantly more slowly. According to the latest imaging, 63% of patients required secondary surgery, including distraction osteogenesis or orthognathic surgery, due to differential graft or hemimandible growth behavior. Based on the most recent clinical follow-up, this proportion increased to 93%. CCGs provide significant short-term mandibular and facial symmetry improvement in HFM IIB/III. Long-term analysis reveals frequent undergrowth requiring secondary intervention to promote and maintain symmetry. Therapeutic, IV.

Effect of Utilization of the proximal fractured segment as a guidance for open reduction and internal rigid fixation of unilateral low sub-condylar Fractures on posterior ramus height.

Effect of Utilization of the proximal fractured segment as a guidance for open reduction and internal rigid fixation of unilateral low sub-condylar Fractures on posterior ramus height.

Bjork Jarabak Analysis between Two Different Ethnic Groups: A Comparative Study

Aims: The aim of this study was to use Bjork-Jarabak analysis to evaluate and compare cranial base linear and angular measurements in Sudanese patients with skeletal Class I, II, and III relationships, and compare the results with previous reports from Jordan and other regions. Material and Method: A total of 103 pretreatment lateral cephalograms of Sudanese patients aged 18-22 years were analyzed. Results: showed that Sudanese males had significantly higher mean values for the Gonial angle and mandibular body length, while Sudanese females had significantly higher mean values for the Articulare angle. In Class I, Jordanians had significantly higher mean values for the Gonial angle and Bjork sum of angles compared to Sudanese. In Class II, only the saddle and articular angles showed significant differences. In Class III, Jordanians had significantly higher mean values for the Articulare angle, Gonial angle, Bjork sum of angles, and body of mandibular length compared to Sudanese. Additionally, Jordanian males exhibited significantly higher mean values for the Saddle angle, Bjork sum, and posterior cranial base compared to Sudanese males. However, Sudanese females exhibited an extremely statistically significant difference in ramal height, while Jordanian females showed significantly higher mean values for the Gonial angle and Bjork sum of angles compared to Sudanese females. Conclusion: These findings are important for orthodontists to make accurate diagnosis and treatment decisions for patients, considering both appearance and function.