Ramie Fiber Research Articles

THE IMPROVEMENT OF RAMIE FIBER PROPERTIES AS COMPOSITE MATERIALS USING ALKALIZATION TREATMENT: NaOH CONCENTRATION

THE IMPROVEMENT OF RAMIE FIBER PROPERTIES AS COMPOSITE MATERIALS USING ALKALIZATION TREATMENT: NaOH CONCENTRATION. Ramie fiber is a plant fiber that has good quality and potential as a constituent of composite materials. In this study, ramie fiber surface modification was conducted through alkalization with various at 0%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, and 9% concentrations of NaOH using a magnetic stirrer with a speed of 200 rpm at 70οC for 5 hours. Alkaline ramie fibers are characterized using the Cheson method to determine the chemical composition of ramie fiber, FT-IR test to determine the function group of ramie fiber, morphological test to know the surface structure and diameter of ramie fiber, as well as tensile test to know the tensile strength and tensile modulus of PLA/ramie composite. Overall, the increase of NaOH concentration up to 8% percentage was able to increase the level of cellulose and lignin ramie fibers by 88.180 % and 2.444 %, as well as lower hemicellulose levels of 1.446 %. The alkalization treatment of 8% NaOH, optimally reduces the hydrophilic properties of the fiber. The increased concentration of NaOH makes the fiber surface cleaner and the diameter smaller, but the fiber structure is damaged at a concentration of NaOH more than 8%. Tensile test results showed that alkalized ramie fibers with an 8% concentration of NaOH produced PLA/ramie composites with the highest tensile strength and tensile modulus of 57.37 MPa and 248.25 MPa. Thus, the optimum ramie fiber properties are increased using alkalization with an 8% concentration of NaOH.

Evaluation of Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Jute and Ramie Reinforced Epoxy-based Hybrid Composites

ABSTRACT In this study, the hybrid composites were prepared from ramie and jute natural as reinforcement, an epoxy polymer as a matrix, and SiC and cellulose as fillers via hand layup process. Mechanical and thermogravimetric analysis was carried out to quantify the effect of reinforcement on hybrid composites and evaluate their mechanical properties and thermal stability. The mechanical tests showed improvement in tensile and flexural strength of the hybrid composites with increasing content of bidirectional woven ramie fiber, and decreased with increased content of chopped jute fiber. The Izod impact test results revealed that chopped jute fiber form could resist more impact load when compared with woven ramie mat fibers. Hence, the impact energy increased with the increased content of chopped jute fiber in the hybrid composites. The surface morphological analysis of hybrid composites revealed the fiber pullout, cracks, and other failure modes of the hybrid composite using SEM analysis.

Interfacial and mechanical properties of continuous ramie fiber reinforced biocomposites fabricated by in-situ impregnated 3D printing

Agricultural crops such as vegetal fiber are increasingly used for composite reinforcement, but additive manufacturing of biocomposite using vegetal fibers still needs to be developed. The present work aimed to study the mechanical properties and interfacial analysis of 3D printed continuous vegetal fiber reinforced biomass based composites. The biocomposites were obtained by in-situ impregnated fused deposition modeling (FDM) process where dry twisted continuous ramie fibers and polylactic acid (PLA) were utilized as reinforcing phase and matrix, respectively. The uniaxial tensile and peeling tests were conducted to evaluate the mechanical performance and interlayer strength of ramie fibers reinforced biocomposites printed with different processing parameters. The morphology and properties of the biocomposites were analyzed before and after the mechanical tests to reveal the multiscale interfaces. The results showed that the mechanical behaviors of the biocomposites depended on the interfacial properties between deposited layers, between ramie-yarn/matrix and between ramie-fiber/matrix. The increase of flowability of matrix, increase of forming pressure between the printing nozzle and bed, as well as increase of impregnation duration of ramie fibers, caused by the variation of printing parameters, led to significant microstructure changes of the studied biocomposites. A highest tensile strength of 86.4 MPa of the biocomposites with low porosity, good interaction between deposited lines as well as between PLA matrix and ramie fibers could be found, at a printing temperature of 220 ̊C, a layer thickness of 0.3 mm, and a printing speed of 100 mm/min.

Effect of the compatilizer and chemical treatments on the performance of poly(lactic acid)/ramie fiber composites

Natural fiber composites are of great potential for renewability and environmental friendless, but the poor interfacial bonding between the fiber and polymer matrix limits its engineering applications. In the present study, the mechanical strength of the poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/ramie fiber composites were focused. The adhesion ability was investigated by adding the compatilizer triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC) or treating the fibers with silane, NaOH or the combination of NaOH and silane. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that PLA molecular chain was bonded on the fiber surface after treating the fibers or blending with TGIC, resulting in many tore and broke fibers in the fracture surface of the composits. At the same time, the rheological analysis indicated that the viscoelastic response of the composites was improved since the mobility of the PLA molecular chains were restricted in composites. In addition, the tensile and flexural strengths of the composites were significantly improved by the fiber surface treatment and blending with TGIC. Especially, the introduction of untreated fibers and TGIC in PLA increased the tensile and flexural strengths by 49.8% and 46.5%, respectively.

Ubiquitylome analysis reveals the involvement of ubiquitination in the bast fiber growth of ramie.

A total of 249 sites from 197 proteins showed a differential ubiquitination level in the fiber development of ramie barks. The function of two differentially ubiquitinated proteins for fiber growth was demonstrated. Ubiquitination is one of the most common post-translational modifications of proteins, and it plays essential roles in plant growth and development. However, the involvement of ubiquitination in the growth of plant fibers remains largely unknown. We compared the ubiquitylome of the top and middle stems of ramie bark, with different fiber growth stages. We identified 249 differentially ubiquitinated sites in 197 proteins in fiber-developing barks in the stems and found that seven were homologs of Arabidopsis proteins associated with fiber growth. Overexpression of the differentially ubiquitinated proteins, RWA3 homolog whole_GLEAN_10024150 and MYB protein whole_GLEAN_10015497, significantly promoted fiber growth in transgenic Arabidopsis, indicating their involvement in this process. We also found that the abundance of these proteins decreased when their ubiquitination levels increased and vice versa in the fiber-developing bark. These results indicated that the abundance of these two proteins was adjusted through ubiquitin-dependent degradation. Collectively, our findings provide important insights into the involvement of ubiquitination in the growth of ramie fibers.

Refined regulation and nitrogen doping of biochar derived from ramie fiber by deep eutectic solvents (DESs) for catalytic persulfate activation toward non-radical organics degradation and disinfection

Sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation process (SR-AOPs) has great promise in water treatment, there is thereby a pressing need yet still a significant challenge to rationally design an efficient and green catalyst for heterogeneous catalytic reactions. In this study, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were prepared and employed to simultaneously achieve structural engineering of fibrils separation and surface modifying of nitrogen doping on biochar derived from filaments biomass (NRBF) of Ramie (Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud). The more regular structure and pure carbon with reasonable configuration, and the N doped in hexatomic ring of NRBF were great impetus to improve the catalytic performance for peroxydisulfate (PDS) activation, with 4.5 times higher degradation rate of tetracycline than pristine biochar. The in-depth mechanistic study of PDS activation confirmed that dominated pathway was in transition from original reactive species (1O2) in pristine biochar system to a direct electron-shuttle pathway in NRBF system. Moreover, the non-radical dominated NRBF/PDS system showed good potential for bacteria (Escherichia coli) inactivation in disinfection application. Therefore, this work provides the underlying insights to guide the design of a functional and green biochar converting from Ramie filaments by an environmentally friendly facile protocol to achieve multiple purposes of wastewater decontamination and disinfection.

THE EFFECT OF ALKALI TREATMENT ON IMPROVING THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF RAMIE (BOEHMERIA NIVEA), SUGAR PALM (ARENGA PINNATA), AND COIR (COCOS NUCIFERA) FIBERS

In line with economic growth, material requirements in the industrial sector will increase. Industries are required to use materials that are safe for human health, environmentally friendly and utilize local raw materials. Currently, industries in general still use synthetic materials based on petroleum residues that contain many hazardous chemicals. Therefore, natural fiber has the potential to be used as a substitute for synthetic materials, especially in Indonesia which is rich in natural fibers resources. This will have an impact on the socio-economy of the local community so that it can grow the rural economic sector. Natural fibers have high economic value that can be used for various raw material needs for strategic industries. A good natural fiber processing mechanism will produce products that can be marketed globally with guaranteed product quality. This research analyzes the effect of alkali treatment of ramie, sugar palm and coir fiber on the increase in mechanical properties of the fiber. The mechanical properties were analyzed through tensile strength testing of single fiber according to ASTM D3822 standard using a textechno favigraph machine. In addition, this research is supported by data from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the fibers that had been given an alkali treatment had better mechanical properties compared to untreated fibers. Increased tensile strength of fibers was observec after being treated with alkali for ramie 81%, sugar palm 52% and coir 56%. The advantage of this alkaline treatment method is that no heating is involved and the treatment procedures are more practical compared to other methods.

Bio-Polyurethane Resins Derived from Liquid Fractions of Lignin for the Modification of Ramie Fibers

In this study, technical lignin from black liquor was used as a pre-polymer for the preparation of bio-polyurethane (Bio-PU) resins. Briefly, the isolated lignin was fractionated using ethyl acetate (EtAc) and methanol (MeOH). The liquid fractions of lignin, such as lignin-EtAc (L-EtAc) and lignin-methanol (L-MeOH), were mixed with 10% of polymeric isocyanate (based on the weight of liquid fractions) to obtain Bio-PU resins. The isolated lignin, fractionated lignin, and lignin-derived Bio-PU resins were characterized using several techniques. The obtained Bio-PU resins were then used to modify ramie fibers using vacuum impregnation method. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) revealed that the isolated lignin had quite similar characteristics to the lignin standard. Fractionation of lignin with EtAc and MeOH altered its characteristics. FTIR, DSC, and TGA showed that solid fractions of lignin had similar characteristics to lignin standard and isolated lignin, while the liquid fractions had characteristics from lignin and the solvents. The absorption band of isocyanate (−N=C=O) groups was shifted to 2285 cm−1 from 2240 cm−1 owing to the reaction with the −OH groups in lignin, forming urethane (R−NH−C=O−R) groups at 1605 cm−1 in Bio-PU resins. Thermal properties of Bio-PU resins derived from L-EtAc exhibited greater endothermic reaction compared to Bio-PU-L-MeOH. As a result, the free −N=C=O groups in Bio-PU resins have reacted with –OH groups on the surface of ramie fibers and improved its thermal properties. Modification of ramie fibers with Bio-PU resins improved the fibers’ thermal stability by 15% using Bio-PU-LEtAc for 60 min of impregnation.Keywords: Bio-polyurethane resins, Impregnation, Lignin fractions, Ramie fibers, Thermal stability

Effect of water absorption on mechanical and tribological properties of Indian ramie/epoxy composites

In the present work, the water absorption behaviour of Indian ramie/epoxy composites and its effect on mechanical and tribological behaviour have been investigated. The composites fabricated using the hand layup technique were immersed in distilled water at room temperature for water absorption test for a period of 120 days. Mechanical and tribological properties were evaluated for composites with 30 wt.% ramie fibre loading. The results obtained were compared with that of the dry specimen. Mechanical properties including tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength and hardness were evaluated. A reduction of 16.85%, 13.63%, 21.02% and 3.33% in tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength and hardness was observed after the water immersion, respectively. Friction and wear behaviour was also investigated for water immersed specimen. Frictional coefficient decreased for the developed composites and wear performance reduced after the water absorption test. Fractured surfaces post to mechanical testing and worn out surfaces of tribological test samples were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The weakening of fibre–matrix interface was observed in the scanning electron microscopy micrographs, which appears to be the main cause for the degradation of properties.

Extraction and Evaluation of Properties of Indian Banana Fibre (Musa Domestica Var. Balbisiana, BB Group) and Its Processing with Ramie

ABSTRACT The present study is an attempt to evaluate the potentiality of a specified variety of banana fiber (Musa domestica var. balbisiana) for textile use. Retting period for extraction of the newer variety was optimized as 28 days in water. The extracted fibers were found to have cellulose content (58.5%), hemicelluloses (13.1%), lignin (7.4%) along with high fat and waxes (1.2%) and moisture (13.1%). SEM of the retted fibers demonstrated it to be a multicellular having lumen in each cell making it porous in the structure having hexagonal fibrils running through the axis. Bleaching improved the cellulose content (65%) fineness, and length diameter ratio, from 915 to 1147. The tensile strength (34.86 cN/tex), elongation (2.4%) and initial modulus (1727.7 cN/tex) of the retted fiber was reduced after bleaching. One hundred percent banana yarn was not strong enough for subsequent mechanical processes. Banana fibers can be processable in long staple jute processing system on their blending with ramie fiber having banana fiber content about 50% to produce fine blend yarn (213 tex) of tenacity 15.71 cN/tex at spinning speed 3500 rpm. It can also be concluded that banana fiber, which is till now being wasted after harvesting of fruits, showed good potential for value-added textiles.

A New Hybrid LGPMBWM-PIV Method for Automotive Material Selection

Efforts are continuously being made by researchers to improve fuel efficiency and to reduce CO 2 emissions from the passenger cars. To achieve these goal, recent trend is to make the cars components light in weight for which manufacturing car roofs using natural fiber reinforced composites (NFCs) is one of the method. Several natural fibers (NFs)are available as alternative reinforcements for the fabrication of NFCs. Different NFs possess different properties and therefore, it is necessary to select the most appropriate natural fiber for fabrication of the composites which in turn will lead to the desired performance of the vehicle. Selection of the optimal natural fiber, amongst the several alternatives, is basically a multi criteria decision making (MCDM) problem as selection is based on the evaluation of several conflicting criteria. In this study, twelve alternative natural fibers (Flax, Hemp, Jute, Kenaf, Ramie, Okra, PALF, Coir, Isora, Cotton, Banana and Sisal) and six evaluation criteria (Tensile strength, Stiffness, Failure strain, Density, Degradation temperature and Moisture gain) are considered and selection of the optimal NF is made using a newly developed hybrid MCDM method i.e. Linear goal programming model for Best-Worst method (LGPMBWM) and Proximity index value method (PIV). Results of the study reveal that among all considered natural fibers, Ramie fiber is the most suitable alternative for the fabrication of composites and coir fiber is the worst candidate for the same.

Relationship between Fiber Fineness and Diameter of Three Bast Fibers

ABSTRACT Natural plant fibers are outstanding materials in textile industry. The fiber fineness, length and strength are three of the most important indexes to evaluate the fiber quality. Fiber fineness refers to the thickness of the fiber, which is usually expressed by the mass per unit length. The relationship between fiber fineness and fiber diameter is very important for deeper understanding of a new fiber. In this study, three different natural fibers were collected to measure the fiber fineness, diameter, and density. Furthermore, SEM was conducted to detect the fiber cross section, and the correlation equations were constructed between the fiber fineness and diameter. Results showed that vibration method could generate a lower fiber fineness value; all the correlation equations had high accuracy to predict fiber fineness with different diameters, and most of the prediction errors were lower than 10%. In the final equations, the coefficients were 0.825, 0.69, 0.975 of apocynum, ramie, and kenaf fiber, respectively.

Strength and hardness of the engine mount prototype chopped composite fibre made from rubber compound and ramie fibre (Boehmeria nivea)

Rubber and natural fibres can be used as engine mount products as automotive components with structural strength and alloys by ASTM and SNI standards. The purpose of this study was to measure the tensile strength and hardness as an analysis of the structure of the alloy between chopped fibre composites made of hemp fibre reinforced rubber tree sap, and aerosil. The research stages is made a rubber compound from natural rubber, then followed by taking the fibres from the hemp stems, the results of which were long fibres and random fibres. An alloy of rubber, fibre, and dry reinforcement in the form of a powder and a bonding material. The combination of these two main ingredients molded with a composition of 35 phr and 45 phr. Tensile and hardness tests are carried out to obtain the mechanical properties of the material. Mechanical properties of hemp fibre reinforced CF composites with bonded material are used for the manufactured engine mount prototypes. This research method is to make parts accorded to ASTM and SNI with 3 parts of each specimen in each composition, plus a market engine mounts part as a comparison. The total sample specimens were 30 pieces. 10 specimens were subjected to tensile test, 10 hardness test specimens, and 10 compressive test specimens. The result of this research is that CF hemp fibre-reinforced composites in the form of engine mounts are better than factory-made engine mounts.

Fabrication and Characterization of PLA/Nanocrystalline Cellulose Nanocomposite Filaments for 3D Printing Application

3D process is an additive manufacturing process widely used due to its low cost, high production rates, and ease process. One of the thermoplastic materials commonly used is polylactic acid (PLA). However, PLA has some weakness including low strength and thermal stability. To improve these properties, the addition of the reinforcement materials into the pure PLA must be done and nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) is one of the potential reinforcement materials. The influence of NCC addition on the tensile and thermal properties of PLA/NCC nanocomposite filament was investigated. NCC was isolated from the ramie fibers using sulphuric acid hydrolysis. Dried NCC powder and PLA pellets were hand-mixed with different NCC concentrations of 0, 1, 3, and 5 wt%. The filament was prepared using a single-screw extruder machine at 185°C under the constant speed. It was found that the diameter of the filament was lower than that of the nozzle of the extrusion machine. The addition of 1 wt% of NCC into the pure PLA increased the tensile strength by 19.04% (from 48.41 to 57.63 MPa) and elastic modulus by 13.47% (from 1791.62 to 2033.07 MPa). The addition of NCC more than 1 wt% decreased the tensile strength and elastic modulus. The optimum NCC loading was achieved at 1 wt%. The presence of NCC had no a significant effect on the thermal stability of the pure PLA.

Effect of Fabric Orientations on Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Jute-Ramie Reinforced Unsaturated PolyesterComposites

Jute and ramie fibre received significant attention from the researcher around the globe due to the excellent performance as reinforcement materials for the composite. The present work study the influence of the fabric orientation and layering sequence on the hybrid woven jute-ramie reinforced unsaturated polyester resin (UPE) on mechanical properties (tensile, flexural and impact). The composite sample was prepared via a hand lay-up method with a compression machine. Four (4) different orientation ready for the composite sample consists of 0 laminate, [0°/0°/0°/0°], cross-ply [0°/90°/90°/0]° laminate, angle-ply laminate [45°/-45°/45°/-45°] and quasi-isotropic laminate [0°/45°/-45°/90°]. Based on the finding on the current research, the effect of orientation for hybrid woven jute-ramie is apparent on the tensile testing — nonetheless, the influence of the woven orientation for flexural testing and charpy impact testing. Based on the tensile testing, the composite with the woven orientation of cross-ply yield the highest average tensile strength compared to the other composite. In the case of tensile modulus, the composite sample becoming more ductile when arranged to the orientation of angle-ply laminate and quasi-isotropic laminate. For the flexural testing and charpy impact testing, the entire composite yield almost similar value regardless of the type of woven arrangement.

Advanced textile technology for fabrication of ramie fiber PLA composites with enhanced mechanical properties

Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) has been widely used in preparation of biomass composites in recent years. Ramie fiber (RFs) can be introduced as a reinforcing element to enhance the performance of PLA composites. In this study, a novel fabrication technology through the combination of two-dimensional (2D) braiding and three-dimensional (3D) weaving are used for the preparation of RF/PLA composites with optimized mechanical properties. The twist ratio of ply/single yarn, the curing parameters, and RF content are considered to optimize the mechanical properties of the 3D orthogonal woven composites (3D composites). The tensile strength of RF ply yarn composites increases firstly and then decreases with the increase of twist ratio, and reach the maximum tensile strength (60.4 MPa) when the twist ratio is 0.3. The flexural and shearing properties of the 3D RF/PLA composites reach maximum under optimal curing conditions (190 ℃, 5 MPa, 30 min) at 50% RF content. The maximum flexural strength and modulus are higher than those reported for short RF composites and RF fabric composites. The high performance and low-cost 3D RF/PLA composites have good application potential in the automobile manufacturing industry.

Genome-wide association analysis of fiber fineness and yield in ramie (Boehmeria nivea) using SLAF-seq

Ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaudich) is a major natural fiber crop cultivated in East Asia. The improvement of its fiber yield and fineness are important breeding goals. Fiber yield is a complex quantitative trait comprising ramet number, stem diameter, plant height, skin thickness, and fiber percentage. The fiber fineness is a crucial trait for ramie fiber quality. However, there are few association studies for fiber yield traits and fiber fineness on ramie, and lack high-density SNP maps in natural ramie population. Here, a panel of 112 core ramie germplasms were genotyped by 215,376 consistent single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from specific-locus amplified-fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq), and used for genome-wide association study of fiber fineness and yield. Subsequently, the genetic diversity, linkage disequilibrium (LD), and population structure was conducted based on 215,376 SNPs. Population cluster analysis disclosed five subpopulations. Neighbor-joining (NJ) analysis revealed three major clusters. No obvious relationships were identified between them and their geographic origins. The genome-wide LD decayed to r2 = 0.1 was ~ 11.75 kbp in physical distance. One, seven, one, seven, and twenty-seven significant SNP marker associations were detected for fiber fineness (third season), stem diameter (third season), stem skin thickness (third season), fiber percentage (second season), and fiber percentage (third season), respectively. Two promising candidate genes, whole_GLEAN_10029622 and whole_GLEAN_10029638 resided in the significant trait-SNP association for fiber fineness (third season), which annotated as a cotton fiber-expressed protein and an Arabidopsis thaliana homebox protein ATH1, respectively and validated by qPCR. The identified loci or genes for fiber fineness and yield may provide the basis for future research on fiber fineness and yield and marker-assisted selection breeding for ramie.

Production and Characterization of Thermoalkaliphilic Xylanase from Bacillus halodurans Cm1, and Its Application on Degumming Process of Ramie (Boehmeria nivea L.Gaud) Fiber as Textile Raw Material

Ramie fiber is a potential raw material to substitute imported raw materials such as cotton. Due to its higher hemicellulose content, ramie fiber required hydrolysis in a process called degumming. Enzymatic degumming is environmentally friendly compared to traditional process which using chemicals. Alkalithermophilic xylanase have high ability in hemicellulose hydrolysis. The production of xylanase was conducted by submerged fermentation of Bacillus halodurans CM1 in 20L bioreactor using Mamo and corncob medium with optimum conditions at 50°C, pH 9, 150 RPM and 1 vvm. The optimum specific activity of xylanase measured by Bailey method at 70°C and pH 9 is 475.41 U/mg. Xylanase was stable at 50°C, pH 9 and relatively stable to K+, Na2+, Co2+ and Ca2+ metal ions and Triton-X, Saba dan Tween-80 surfactants. Degumming process was carried out by immersing ramie fibers in formulated degumming solution with vlot 1:20 at 50°C, 150 RPM and 180 minutes. The enzymatic degumming process may substitute or reduce the use of chemicals due to its significant effect on ramie fiber quality. Enzymatic and chemical degumming process reduce the weight of Ramie Fiber to 7.23 %, and 7.72 %, slightly higher than enzymatic degumming 7.15%. Enzymatic degumming maintains tensile strength at 27.51 %. Whiteness index enhanced to 2.99% enzymatically and 3.49% chemically.
 Keywords: Bacillus halodurans CM1, enzymatic degumming, ramie fiber, textile industry, thermoalkaliphilic xylanase

Retracted] Improving the Mechanical Properties of Natural Fiber Composites of Hemp Fiber with Ramie and Banana Fiber through Compression Molding Method

Natural fiber composite is the most preferable research area in the modern situation due to its availability, applications, and ecofriendly quality. This paper deals with the influence of hemp fiber with the various compositions of the ramie fiber and some basic mechanical properties of banana fiber composites. The hemp fiber is maintained as 20 percentage of total volume. Then, the remaining volume percentage is shared with the ramie fiber and banana fiber with various combinations. Eleven specimens were prepared to identify the some basic mechanical properties. The chemical compositions were mentioned as a pie chart, and then experimental results were plotted as graphical representations like line diagram and radar diagram for clear identification that the composite with higher ramie fiber concentration provided the greater results in the mechanical behaviors. The suitable composite combinations were recommended based on their superior properties as conclusions.

Feasibility of Mechanical Properties of Lamina Hybrid Composite Ramie Fiber-Coconut Fiber-Fiberglass as an Alternative Hull Substitution of Material Structure Under 25M-V Type

The use of metals in ship components is increasingly reduced, this is because the metal has a heavy weight, a difficult manufacturing process, and easy to corrode. The ship components began to use non-metallic materials, such as composites. Composites commonly used in ship hull construction are fiberglass composites, this material is chosen because this material has strong, lightweight, rustproof and easy manufacturing processes. Fiberglass is a non-renewable material, so development needs to be done, one of them by utilizing natural fibers. The selected natural fibers are ramie fiber and coconut fiber, the choice of this material is based on the availability of abundant material and good mechanical properties. Then the specimen was made using a hand lay-up manufacturing method with a composition of the G-SSK-SR 90⁰ and G 90⁰ layer with BTQN 157 printed polyester, which was then subjected to tensile testing. From the test results it is known that the maximum tensile strength of the G 90⁰ composite is more optimal than the G-SSK-SR 90⁰ layer composite. Then the results of static simulation based on engineering thickness with the manufacturing method of these two composite variations can be declared feasible based on BKI mechanical standards and safety factor values.