Raised Body Temperature Research Articles

Occupational heat stress and its health impacts- an overview of research status and need for further research in Southeast Asia with special emphasis on mitigation strategies in North East India.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC predicts that hot seasons will get even hotter due to global climate change. There exists a critical dependence of human metabolic processes on temperature. Changes in thermal balance therefore, have an adverse effect on health because they raise body temperature, cause excessive sweating, and accelerate the rate of dehydration. Different nations and professional groups use different techniques to measure heat strain. This paper aims to review previous research conducted in the area of heat strain due to heat exposure among workers in Southeast Asia and also to profile mitigation strategies in North East India. Studies conducted between the years 2011 to 2023 in the evaluation of the health impacts of occupational heat stress were searched systematically using several sources of databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Web of Science, Scopus, etc. It was noted that a greater proportion of previous research on evaluating physiological effects was carried out in controlled environments as opposed to real-world field settings. While such studies give us valuable insights into the relationship, applying the same methodology in the workplace may not be feasible. In India, very few research has been carried out on workplace heat stress, and even fewer have been done in North East India using physiological indicators. North East India is also affected by global climate change leading top more hotter days than before. The region of Northeast India, particularly Guwahati (Assam), has recently seen extreme heat waves during the sweltering summer months. With less literature available in this geographical location, studies with actual field-based settings are much needed to understand the occupational health impacts in this region. This review can formulate a suitable methodology for assessing the health impacts in working environment. This can also help the local health professionals to recognize the heat strain parameters that are acceptable worldwide, and use as pertinent indicators to scrutinize worker's health and develop preventive agendas as climate change advances.

Non Hemorrhagic Stroke (SNH) and Interleukin-6 (Il6): A Literature Review

The pathophysiology of stroke is a complicated process, and it is thought that neuronal damage is caused by oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Acute ischemic stroke (AIS)'s pathophysiology relies heavily on the inflammatory response. Raised degrees of fiery markers like C-receptive protein (CRP) and interleukin- 6 are related with unfortunate visualization in ischemic stroke. Prostaglandin E2, which stimulates the hypothalamus and raises body temperature, can be released into the brain by interleukin-6. IL-6 articulation in intense stroke still up in the air by infarct size yet additionally under hereditary control. The instrument of IL-6's impact on post-stroke discernment stays unexplained. After a stroke, the chronic inflammatory response may start neurotoxic pathways that cause progressive degeneration. Chemokines, activation of microglia and astrocytes, and neuroinflammation- mediated disorders may also be exacerbated by damaged neurons.

The Immune System of the Critically Ill Patient

Critically ill patients often experience a dysregulated immune response, leading to immune dysfunction. Sepsis, trauma, severe infections, and certain medical conditions can trigger a state of systemic inflammation, known as the cytokine storm. This hyperactive immune response can cause collateral damage to healthy tissues and organs, exacerbating the patient's condition. On the other hand, some critically ill patients may suffer from immune paralysis which can increase the risk of nosocomial infections.Fever is an evolutionary adaptation that evolved as an effective defense mechanism to fight invading pathogens. By raising body temperature, fever enhances the immune response, inhibits pathogen growth, promotes recovery, and aids in the formation of immune memory. Understanding the role of fever in the context of immune defense is crucial for optimizing medical interventions and supporting the body's natural ability to combat infections.Future Directions: Advancements in immunology research and technology hold promise for better understanding the immune system's complexities in critically ill patients. Personalized medicine approaches may be developed to tailor therapies to individual patients based on their immune profile, optimizing treatment outcomes. Based on recent studies prognostic parameters such as lymphocyte count, IL-10 concentration and mHLA-DR expression can be used to stratify the immunological response pattern in septic patients.Conclusion: The immune system's response in critically ill patients is a multifaceted process, involving intricate interactions between various immune cells, cytokines, and organs. Striking the delicate balance between immune activation and suppression remains a significant challenge in clinical practice. Continued research and therapeutic innovations are vital to improve patient outcomes and reduce the burden of critical illness on healthcare systems.

A Review on Kashyapokta Sama Jwara in Children with respect to Viral Fever

"Jwara" is important and critical among all the diseases, because it affects each and every living being. Hence, it has been given first place in the classical texts of Ayurveda. In Ayurveda, Jwara is not merely the concept of raised body temperature, but as is said in Charaka Samhita, 'Deha- Indriya- Manah- Santap' is the cardinal symptoms of Jwara. This can be defined as the state where the body, mind as well as sense organs suffer due to the high temperature. Acharya Kashypa in Vishamjawar chapter explained Sama Jwara. He is only author who explained Sama Jwara. Sama Jwara is characterized by Alpahetu, Bahirmarga, vaikruta, Nirupadrava, ekashraya Laghupaka and Sukhasadhya. Materials and Methods: This study is based on literately review of classical information, published research work and modern literature. The possible correlation has been made between collected information and has been presented in systemic way. Discussion and conclusion: Sama Jwara is explained only by Kashyapa, Lakshanas of which is similar to Bahirvegi Jwara, Rasa dhatugat Jwara, in modern era it can be compared with viral fever.

How seasonality influences the thermal biology of lizards with different thermoregulatory strategies: a meta-analysis.

Ectotherms that maintain thermal balance in the face of varying climates should be able to colonise a wide range of habitats. In lizards, thermoregulation usually appears as a variety of behaviours that buffer external influences over physiology. Basking species rely on solar radiation to raise body temperatures and usually show high thermoregulatory precision. By contrast, species that do not bask are often constrained by climatic conditions in their habitats, thus having lower thermoregulatory precision. While much focus has been given to the effects of mean habitat temperatures, relatively less is known about how seasonality affects the thermal biology of lizards on a macroecological scale. Considering the current climate crisis, assessing how lizards cope with temporal variations in environmental temperature is essential to understand better how these organisms will fare under climate change. Activity body temperatures (Tb ) represent the internal temperature of an animal measured in nature during its active period (i.e. realised thermal niche), and preferred body temperatures (Tpref ) are those selected by an animal in a laboratory thermal gradient that lacks thermoregulatory costs (i.e. fundamental thermal niche). Both traits form the bulk of thermal ecology research and are often studied in the context of seasonality. In this study, we used a meta-analysis to test how environmental temperature seasonality influences the seasonal variation in the Tb and Tpref of lizards that differ in thermoregulatory strategy (basking versus non-basking). Based on 333 effect sizes from 137 species, we found that Tb varied over a greater magnitude than Tpref across seasons. Variations in Tb were not influenced by environmental temperature seasonality; however, body size and thermoregulatory strategy mediated Tb responses. Specifically, larger species were subjected to greater seasonal variations in Tb , and basking species endured greater seasonal variations in Tb compared to non-basking species. On the other hand, the seasonal variation in Tpref increased with environmental temperature seasonality regardless of body size. Thermoregulatory strategy also influenced Tpref , suggesting that behaviour has an important role in mediating Tpref responses to seasonal variations in the thermal landscape. After controlling for phylogenetic effects, we showed that Tb and Tpref varied significantly across lizard families. Taken together, our results support the notion that the relationship between thermal biology responses and climatic parameters can be taxon and trait dependent. Our results also showcase the importance of considering ecological and behavioural aspects in macroecological studies. We further highlight current systematic, geographical, and knowledge gaps in thermal ecology research. Our work should benefit those who aim to understand more fully how seasonality shapes thermal biology in lizards, ultimately contributing to the goal of elucidating the evolution of temperature-sensitive traits in ectotherms.

The incidence of Jarisch-Herxheimer reactions and associated risk factors in pregnant women and nonpregnant women: A retrospective chart review at a university hospital in Japan.

Jarisch-Herxheimer reactions (JHR) is a transient adverse event that occurs during initial antimicrobial treatment for syphilis patients, and is known to develop uterine contractions and fetal distress in pregnant women complicated with syphilis. The aim of this study is to identify risk factors for JHR in patients with syphilis, and to clarify whether pregnancy status is a risk factor for JHR, and to describe the characteristics of pregnant women who develop JHR. This was a retrospective chart review in a singleton university hospital in Japan. We collected data of syphilis patients who were diagnosed and treated at department of obstetrics and gynecology, dermatology between January 2010 and May 2022. There were no validated diagnostic criteria for JHR, we defined JHR as one or more of the following in addition to raised body temperature (≧38.0°C) within 24 h of initial antibiotic treatment: headache, chills, myalgias, tachycardia (≧110 bpm), new rash. There were 30 syphilis patients. Of whom nine (30%) were pregnant women and all their neonates were not diagnosed with congenital syphilis. Five patients (17%) developed JHR at the time of initial treatment (JHR group, n=5). There was no difference between JHR group and non-JHR group (n=25) in pregnancy status. Secondary syphilis was an only significant risk factor for JHR. Two pregnant women with JHR were both treated for secondary syphilis in the third trimester of pregnancy. Pregnancy status was not a risk factor for JHR in syphilis patients. Further research is needed.

PS-C20-5: WARM IV INFUSION IN HYPERTENSIVE URGENCY

Background: Hypertensive Urgency is defined as marked elevation in systemic blood pressure without any evidence of end organ damage. At present, the condition is managed with intravenous (IV) antihypertensives, of which most common is Sodium Nitroprusside. Aim: In this abstract we explore the possibility of slow IV infusion of warm (37–38oC) Normal Saline along with IV antihypertensives for a better and faster management of Hypertensive Urgency. Content: The slow IV will gradually increase the core body temperature of the patient while preventing fluid overload. Homeostatic regulation of Systemic Blood Pressure is maintained by an intricate network of correlated mechanisms, most of which are temperature dependent. The raised body temperature will be useful to control the Blood Pressure through the following mechanisms - Cardiac Output: reduces as core body temperature increases. Baroreflex: decreased post-synaptic adrenergic vasoconstrictor responses. Chemoreceptors: vascular responsiveness to adrenergic receptor stimulation reduces at higher temperatures. RAAS: Kosunen et al recorded reduced Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressures at raised body temperatures despite increased levels of Angiotensin II & Aldosterone. Endothelin: Serum concentration of Endothelin-I reduces at higher temperatures. Sweat: Thermal stimulation of sweat gland will help excretion of both salt and water, thus maintaining the sodium balance. VEGF: VEGF-A, a potent vasodilator, is increased during elevated body temperature. However, apart from Blood Pressure, a change in core body temperature causes change in many other parameters as well, which must be considered during this discussion. Coagulation profile - Valeri et al noted no change in in-vivo coagulation states till 100oF Effect on other visceral organs - Internal visceral organs like Liver, Kidneys and Brain were not affected till 100oF Infection Control - Core body temperature close to 100oF has also been found to have a protective role against invasive fungal infections in the ICU Discussion: Though the effects of various antihypertensive drugs to raised body temperatures need to be tested, the above points prove that introducing a protocol of warm IV saline Infusion in patients of Hypertensive Urgency may be extremely beneficial, and also prevent clinical inertia.

Temperature Regulation During Exercise and the Individual Differences

Humans are homeotherms and can only maintain a limited range of body temperatures under hypothermic or hyperthermic conditions. During exercise, the body requires significant energy supplied by ATP within the cells. However, not all the energy provided by ATP is used in muscle contraction as “useful” energy and a substantial amount is converted into heat energy. As a result, during strenuous exercise, the body generates a large amount of heat energy, raising body temperature significantly. Intense exercise can generate over 1000 watts of heat, increasing the body’s core temperature by a few degrees. However, the body has an efficient temperature regulation mechanism that keeps body temperature relatively stable under varying environmental conditions. If excess heat is not dissipated, it can lead to overheating and potential bodily harm. To prevent this, the body employs various mechanisms, including sweating, increased blood flow to the skin, and increased respiration rate to dissipate the heat generated. Among these mechanisms, sweating is the primary way to dissipate heat, and the evaporation of sweat plays a critical key in cooling the body. This paper investigates the mechanisms involved in human body temperature regulation during exercise and explores the individual differences in this process. We will examine various factors that impact body temperature regulation during exercise, including age, body composition, fitness level, clothing, etc. We aim to provide a comprehensive overview of this complex issue by analyzing the latest research. Through our analysis, we hope to gain a deeper understanding of the physiological processes involved in temperature regulation during exercise and provide insights into how individuals can optimize their body temperature regulation during physical activity.

Basking raises body temperature of first-instar larvae of Papilio rutulus Lucas, 1852 (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

Basking raises body temperature of first-instar larvae of Papilio rutulus Lucas, 1852 (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

Comparison of clinical characteristics of COVID-19 between children and adult

The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 infection in children and adult. This observational cross-sectional study was conducted in multiple corona dedicated hospitals, situated in Dhaka, Bangladesh from April 2020 to January 2021. Data of COVID -19 positive hospitalized patients were collected in a pre-tested question- naire during hospital stay with proper protective measures. Clinical characteristics of the COVID-19 positive hospitalized children and adult patients were evaluated. Approval was taken from institutional review board of respective institutes. Statistical analyses of the results were obtained by using SPSS-25. In this study the male-to-female ratio was 1:1.6 and 2.8:1 in child and adult patients respectively. More than three quarter (75.4%) of subjects had family members affected before the illness in the child group and more than half (50.9%) cases in the adult group. History of contact or exposure with any symptomatic case was present in 61.4% cases in the adult group but only 14% in the child group. The mean duration of illness was less (9.1}8.6 days) in the child group than in the adult group (14.8}9.5 days). The difference was statistically significant (p<0.05) between the two groups. The most common symptoms in the child group were fever (71.9%), cough (77.2%) and runny nose (52.6%) whereas in the adult group most common symptoms were fatigue, excessive tiredness, or lethargy (80.7%), cough (77.2%) and anosmia (70.3%). There were statistically significant (p<0.05) differences in symp- toms between the two groups. Raised body temperature was (>1010 F) was found in the majori- ty (86.0%) subjects' in the child group than in the adult group where it was 50.9%. The mean SPo2 without oxygen was 96.8}1.2% in the child group and 92.8}5.7% in the adult group. Ten (17.5%) subjects had a symptom-free total illness in the child group and 3(5.3%) in the adult group. The difference in temperature, SPo2 without oxygen, consciousness, and symptom-free total illness were statistically significant (p<0.05) between the two groups. In adult group 94.7% patient required hospital admission according to guideline, but in child group only 40.3% actually needed hospitalization, rest of the children got admitted along with family member or due to other diseases. Fever, cough and runny nose were more frequent symptoms in children however, fever, fatigue, excessive tiredness, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, anosmia, diarrhoea and body ache were more common in adult patients. These differences were statistically signifi- cant. In comparison to COVID-19 infected adult cases, infected children had higher oxygen saturation (without additional oxygen) by pulse oximeter. BSMMU J 2022; 15(1): 35-42

Medical thermovision: possibilities and prospects of the method

Infectious and inflammatory conditions, injuries and malignant neoplasms may raise body temperature, and ischemia may reduce it. Temperature is an important physical and biological quantity and a key human health indicator. It serves as a main indicator in screening of most medical pathologies of both surgical and therapeutic and gynecological profiles. Medical thermovision is a modern diagnostic remote non-invasive informative technique without radiation exposure and contraindications, which is based on the registration of natural thermal radiation emitted by human bodies in the invisible infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum. As physiological changes precede structural changes observed during classical medical imaging, infrared thermography allows for identification of pathological conditions and neoplasms long before these conditions are confirmed by other diagnostic techniques. Separately, it is necessary to point out that the technique is also an effective way to detect viral diseases. Using medical thermography, the course of the disease may be monitored over time: from screening and diagnosis to follow up of treatment and rehabilitation. The technique is widely used in many fields of medicine and is available for multiple uses. In the article, the current domestic and foreign literature on the use and possibilities of the medical thermography technique in different fields of medicine are analysed. Possibilities and prospects for medical thermovision in the realities of modern medical practice are assessed.

Case Study on Amoxicillin Induced Hypersensitivity Reactions

When compared to other Beta-lactam congeners, amoxicillin is considered to be the mainstay of treatment in the treatment of community-acquired bacterial infections (CABI) in infants. It is frequently prescribed and considered to be the best drug of choice due to its superior absorptive nature, followed by the oral route when treating CABI in infants. Drug hypersensitivity reactions are immune-mediated responses to drugs that cause a hypersensitivity reaction. Depending on when symptoms first arise, the World Allergy Organization advises defining hypersensitivity reactions as either immediate (symptoms appear within one hour of drug exposure) or delayed-type (symptoms appear beyond one hour of drug exposure) reactions. In the present study, we represent a case with a hypersensitivity reaction to amoxicillin. On Day 2 of admission, the patient was started on Tablet. Amoxicillin, Immediately after 3 hours of Amoxicillin use, the patient's attender complained of reddish rashes and raised body temperature in the patient. In our patient, ADR was managed by immediate withdrawal of the suspect drug Amoxicillin. Therapy was continued by another alternative drug available, Tablet Ciprofloxacin, Syrup, disodium hydrogen phosphate, to increase the rate of excretion and thereby prevent drug overdose inpatient.

Lytic cocktail: An effective method to alleviate severe burn induced hyper-metabolism through regulating white adipose tissue browning

BackgroundBrowning of white adipose tissue is associated with elevated resting metabolic rates and is considered to be one of the indispensable causes of hypermetabolism in burn patients. Hypermetabolism means increased resting energy expenditure, raised body temperature and acute-phase proteins. Persistently elevated levels of circulating stress hormones have been reported to induce browning of subcutaneous white adipose tissue. The lytic cocktail is a combination of medicines pethidine, chlorpromazine, and promethazine that has been used clinically in sedation for the management of patients. As reported this sedative treatment can reduce the expression of catecholamines in major burn rats. Thus, in this paper we focused on the effects of lytic cocktail in the regulation of white adipose tissue browning and hypermetabolism and we further investigated the underlying mechanism. MethodsA 30% total body surface area (TBSA) Ⅲ degree scald rat model was used for this study. The rats were randomly divided into a sham scald group, a scalding with immediate resuscitation group, and a group of scalding with immediate resuscitation and lytic cocktail treatment. The levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine in plasma were dynamically detected. Changes of the rat body weight and food intake were recorded and compared as indexes of metabolism responses after post-scalding. For the study of white adipose tissue browning, inguinal adipose tissue was used. Metabolic changes, while indicatives of white fat browning were measured by PET/CT. The expression of white adipose browning related proteins and the changes of mitochondria number were used to assess browning of inguinal adipose. ResultsThe level of plasma catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine in the lytic cocktail-treated group was significantly lower than the other two groups. Morphology and PET/CT showed that the inguinal white adipose browning was inhibited in the lytic cocktail treated group, whereas scalding with immediate resuscitation group showed browning of white adipose. The number of mitochondria, the expressions of white adipose browning related proteins in the lytic cocktail group were also significantly lower than that of the group of scalding with immediate resuscitation. ConclusionBy reducing expression of heat-related proteins, the application of lytic cocktail medicines inhibits the white adipose tissue browning, which suppresses hypermetabolism in scalded rats. The mechanism might be related to decreased expression levels of stress hormones induced by lytic cocktail. This research suggests that lytic cocktails may be an effective treatment for hypermetabolism after severe burn injury.

Covid-19 Detection and Health Monitor

COVID has hit a pause button on this world. The worst part of the disease is that it is so easily spread and hence it is really important to keep a check of the basic symptoms. Our project is going to help us all in this situation. This gadget helps to identify the signs of COVID-19, so as to enable persons confine themselves and exercise social distance. This works by recognizing the virus's most basic symptoms, which include a rise in body temperature and shortness of breath. The Corona virus infects the lungs, resulting in low oxygen levels, or hypoxia. Our device will try to look for the symptoms raised body temperature, and blood oxygen percentage to detect potential suspect, so that they can get a further check-up for confirmation. The basic design of the device is thought as of a wearable and wireless gadget like a wrist band with a small display so it is quite handy for anyone to take it anywhere.

Evolutionary Aspects of Infections: Inflammation and Sickness Behaviors.

Sickness behavior was conceptualized initially as the behavioral counterpart of the fever response to infectious pathogens. It helps to raise body temperature to its higher setpoint and to maintain it at this new level and it has the additional benefit of enabling a weakened organism to protect itself from other dangers. The discovery of the behavioral effects of proinflammatory cytokines produced by activated immune cells provided a cellular and molecular basis to this phenomenon. The administration of cytokines or cytokine inducers like lipopolysaccharide to healthy rodents allowed to reveal the similarities and differences between inflammation-induced sickness behavior and the fever response. It also led to the understanding of how the inflammatory response that is triggered at the periphery can propagate into the brain and induce the behavioral manifestations of sickness. At the behavioral level, the demonstration that sickness behavior is the expression of a motivational state that reorganizes perception and action in face of a microbial pathogen just like fear in face of a predator appeared at first glance to strengthen the adaptive value of this behavior. However, all aspects of sickness behavior are not always favorable for the organism. This is the case for anorexia that is beneficial in the context of bacterial infection but detrimental in the context of viral infection. In addition, studies of sickness behavior in natural conditions revealed that like any other defensive behavior, sickness behavior requires trade-offs between its survival benefits for the sick individual and the costs incurred especially in the context of gregarious groups. Thanks to these studies, evidence is emerging that sickness behavior is much more variable in its expression than initially thought, and that part of this variability depends not only on the pathogen and the social context in which the infection develops but also on individual factors including species, sex, age, nutrition, and physiological status.

Comparison of low-concentration carbon dioxide-enriched and tap water immersion on body temperature after passive heating

BackgroundBecause carbon dioxide (CO2)-enriched water causes cutaneous vasodilation, immersion in CO2-enriched water facilitates heat transfer from the body to the water or from the water to the body. Consequently, immersion in CO2-enriched water raises or reduces body temperature faster than immersion in fresh water. However, it takes time to dissolve CO2 in tap water and because the dissolved CO2 concentration decreases over time, the actual CO2 concentration is likely lower than the stated target concentration. However, it is unclear whether water containing a lower CO2 concentration would also cool the body faster than fresh water after body temperature had been increased.MethodsTen healthy males (mean age = 20 ± 1 years) participated in the study. Participants were first immersed for 15 min in a tap water bath at 40 °C to raise body temperature. They then moved to a tap water or CO2-enriched water bath at 30 °C to reduce body temperature. The CO2 concentration was set at 500 ppm. The present study measured cooling time and cooling rate (slope of the regression line relating auditory canal temperature (Tac) to cooling time) to assess the cooling effect of CO2-enriched water immersion.ResultsImmersion in 40 °C tap water caused Tac to rise 0.64 ± 0.25 °C in the tap water session and 0.62 ± 0.27 °C in the CO2-enriched water session (P > 0.05). During the 30 °C water immersion, Tac declined to the baseline within 13 ± 6 min in tap water and 10 ± 6 min in CO2-enriched water (P > 0.05). Cooling rates were 0.08 ± 0.06 °C/min in tap water and 0.08 ± 0.04 °C/min in CO2-enriched water (P > 0.05).ConclusionsCO2-enriched water containing 500 ppm CO2 did not cool faster than tap water immersion. This suggests that when the water temperature is 30 °C, a CO2 concentration of 500 ppm is insufficient to obtain the advantageous cooling effect during water immersion after body temperature has been increased.

Association of the first biochemical parameters taken in the emergency department in Covid-19 patients with the outcome

First the world did not anticipate the depth of the disease but as days passes on, it was realised that it was highly contagious and the mortality was also reported. The patients presented with a plethora of signs and symptoms including raised body temperature, cough, headache, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, dyspnea, multiple organ dysfunctions. Majority of the patients reported only mild infections and were all right after a week or two. But in a minor number of cases patients progressively develop serious complications, including sepsis, acute respiratory failure, metabolic acidosis, heart failure, kidney injury, hypoxic encephalopathy and eventually die of the illness. The study retrospectively reviewed the Case files of patients with COVID-19 and compared the hematological and biochemical characteristics between survivors and non-survivors.

Epstein-Barr Virus: An Infrequent Pathogen of Acute Undifferentiated Febrile Illness From a Tertiary Care Hospital in Southern India.

Context: Acute undifferentiated febrile illness (AUFI) is characterized by a sudden onset of raised body temperature and is a common cause of hospital admission though not recognized as a disease state by the World Health Organization. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is reported to account for a significant occurrence of AUFI cases.Aim: To know the role of EBV infection as a cause of acute undifferentiated febrile illness (AUFI).Settings and design: We have used the combination of EBV serological assays to establish the role of the Epstein-Barr virus as the cause of acute undifferentiated febrile illness.Methods and material: A total of 721 suspected cases of acute undifferentiated febrile illness which were tested negative for other common causes of acute febrile illness were selected for the study. Serum samples collected from these cases were tested for the presence of the EBV viral capsid antigen (VCA) IgM antibody. All positive serum samples were tested for the presence of EBV Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen (EBNA) IgG.Statistical analysis used: Statistical analysis was performed with the help of Microsoft Excel software (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, USA). Results: Out of 721 suspected AUFI cases tested for EBV VCA IgM antibodies, 117 samples were positive and 604 were negative. All these 117 samples were tested for EBV EBNA IgG antibodies in which 88 were positive and 29 were negative. In our study, we found that around 4% (positive for VCA IgM and negative for EBNA IgG) of AUFI cases can be attributed to primary acute EBV infection.Conclusions: EBV infection should be considered particularly in AUFI cases of less than five years of age even in those who do not meet the typical presentation of fever, lymphadenopathy and sore throat. Our study should help to raise awareness regarding the possibility of EBV infection particularly in AUFI cases. A high index of suspicion and timely diagnosis will definitely help clinicians to avoid a battery of investigations and misuse of antibiotics in cases of AUFI.

Tiny dose nervous system stimulants Cocaine may cure neurotropic coronavirus

Background: On the afternoon of 11/11/2019 in Beijing, I may get COVID-19, and cured myself by raise body temperature using a neural system stimulant. Methods: In the experiment, I used some aconitum powder, alcohol, water to intragastric administrate 12 mice, then fixed them on the flat surface and took thermal photo for 50000 seconds. Then I used trained U-net deep learning model to annotate mice body parts in visual pictures automatically. Then calculate the average temperatures of annotated parts. Results: Experiments have shown that the temperature of the head, back, and thighs of mice decrease in sequence. Compared with water, aconitum can slightly increase body temperature, and alcohol can significantly reduce body temperature. Conclusions: It is possible to use nervous system stimulants to treat chills.

Predictors for raised body temperature in term healthy neonates during the 1st days of life: A teaching hospital study

Background: Raised body temperature during the neonatal period is considered an alarming sign of systemic infection. However, infection is not the only cause of a raised body temperature in newborns. Elevations in temperature (>37.5°C) are occasionally noted on the 2nd–3rd day of life in infants who are otherwise healthy and asymptomatic. This disturbance is especially likely to occur in breastfed infants or in infants exposed to high environmental temperatures. Objective: The objective of the study was to find out the important predictors for raised body temperature in full-term infants during the 1st days of life and also the rate of neonatal sepsis among these neonates. Study Design: An observational study was conducted on 50 cases and 50 controls (full-term neonates aged 2–7 days) in a single, tertiary institution in East India over a period of 2 years. Results: Inadequate breastfeeding, weight loss, high birth weight, over clothing, inefficient environmental ventilation, and increased ambient environmental temperature were significantly more common in the study group and hence are the most significant predictors for raised body temperature during the 1st days of life. Out of the 50 babies in the study group, only four had positive sepsis screening. Conclusion: Raised body temperature in asymptomatic full-term breastfed babies during the initial days of life (but after the 1st day) is related primarily to dehydration along with factors such as high birth weight, inefficient environmental ventilation, and ambient environmental temperature. Infection is the least common explanation for raised temperature during that period.