Rainy Climate Research Articles

Dynamic Modelling and Mutual Coordination of Electricity and Watershed Networks for Spatio-Temporal Operational Flexibility Enhancement Under Rainy Climates

This paper proposes a watershed-electricity nexus model to unlock the flexibility of watershed networks (WSNs) for supporting the operation of power distribution networks (PDNs) under rainy climates. The proposed model exploits the spatio-tem-poral flexibility of geographically dispersed pump clusters to pro-vide reserve services to PDNs, and a hyperbolic partial differential function derived from Saint-Venant hydrodynamic equations is formed to describe the dynamic processes of river stream flows. Be-sides, a flexibility evaluation method based on a composite sensitiv-ity matrix of water levels with respect to power injections is pre-sented to quantify the time-varying adjustable power domain of pump loads. Then, a multi-stage interactive coordinated scheduling strategy is developed for the mutual operation of WSNs and PDNs, where drainage pumps are jointly optimized to provide flexible power reserves, while an optimal PDN economic dispatch is per-formed to improve the power supply voltage of pump loads. Fur-thermore, an equivalent mixed-integer linear programming refor-mulation method is derived to cope with the original nonlinear par-tial differential optimization problem for computational tractabil-ity improvements. Comparative results have validated the effective-ness of the proposed strategy in eliminating voltage violations and shaving peak loads.

Evaluation of Fungicides, Botanicals and Bio-control Agents against Sclerotinia Rot of Cauliflower caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary under in-vitro Condition

The present investigation entitled “Evaluation of Fungicides, Botanicals and Bio-control agents against Sclerotinia rot of Cauliflower caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary under in-vitro condition” was carried out at Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali, Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, Bharsar, Pauri Garhwal during year 2021– 22. Cauliflower is important vegetable crop rich in Vitamin A, C, ascorbic acid, potassium, sodium, iron, copper and manganese. Sclerotinia rot is very destructive disease in cauliflower which cause serious problem during rainy and humid climate. The result obtained in the present research study maximum mycelium growth of pathogen was observed on potato dextrose agar media (88.75 mm) at 7th day and the maximum mycelium growth of pathogen was observed at 200C (90.00 mm) at 7th day. The pH 5 shown maximum dry weight of mycelial growth (195.25 mg) at 14th. In vitro effect of different botanicals, fungicides and biocontrol agents were tested against the Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Result revealed that Garlic was effectively inhibited 89.24% mycelial growth of the test pathogen at 15% concentration. The fungicides Carbendazim and Hexaconazole inhibited 100% mycelial growth of the test pathogen at 50 ppm and Propiconazole inhibited 100% mycelial growth of the test pathogen at 200 ppm. The biocontrol agent Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma harzianum were effectively inhibited 72.21 and 63.11% mycelial growth of the test pathogen.

Climate-Related Risk Modeling of Banana Xanthomonas Wilt Disease Incidence in the Cropland Area of Rwanda.

Banana Xanthomonas wilt (BXW) is a major threat to banana production in Rwanda, causing up to 100% yield loss. There are no biological or chemical control measures, and little is known about the potential direction and magnitude of its spread; hence, cultural control efforts are reactive rather than proactive. In this study, we assessed BXW risk under current and projected climates to guide early warning and control by applying the maximum entropy (Maxent) model on 1,022 georeferenced BXW datapoints and 20 environmental variables. We evaluated the significance of variables and mapped potential risk under current and future climates to assess spatial dynamics of the disease distribution. BXW occurrence was reliably predicted (mean validation AUC values ranging from 0.79 to 0.85). Precipitation of the coldest quarter, average maximum monthly temperature, annual precipitation, and elevation were the strongest predictors, which were responsible for 22.1, 13, 12.6, and 9.4% of the observed incidence variability, respectively, while mean temperature of the coldest quarter had the highest gain in isolation. Furthermore, the most susceptible regions (western, northern, and southern Rwanda) were characterized by elevation (1,350 to 2,000 m), annual precipitation (900 to 1,700 mm), and average temperature (14 to 20°C), among other variables, suggesting that a consistent, rainy, and warm climate is more favorable for BXW spread. Under the future climate, the risk was predicted to increase and spread to other regions. We conclude that climate change will likely exacerbate BXW-related losses of banana land area and yield under the influence of temperature and moisture. Our findings support evidence-based targeting of extension service delivery to farmers and national early warning for timely action.

Effects of Drying–Wetting Cycle and Fines Content on Hysteresis and Dynamic Properties of Granite Residual Soil under Cyclic Loading

In southern China, granite residual soil (GRS) is widely used as road base material. Thus, it is important to study the effects of hot and rainy climates and cyclic loads generated by trains on the dynamic properties of GRS. In this work, by means of dynamic triaxial tests, the effects of the number of drying and wetting (D–W) cycles, fines content and number of load cycles on the hysteresis curve, dynamic shear modulus Gd and damping ratio λ of GRS are systematically investigated. The experimental results illustrate the changes in the morphology of the hysteresis curve and dynamic parameters with the numbers of load and D–W cycles, as well as the fines content. Namely, the area S, center offset d, and residual strain εsp of the hysteresis curve decrease with the increase of load cycle number, increase with the growth of fines content, and first decrease with the increase of D–W cycle number, then slowly increase to stabilized values. However, the major axis gradient k exhibits exactly the opposite relationships. Meanwhile, the dynamic shear modulus Gd increases with the growing load cycles and decreases with the addition of fines content, and the damping ratio λ shows the opposite behavior. It is also shown that Gd and λ vary linearly with respect to logN, where N is the number of D–W cycles. The dynamic properties of GRS are mostly affected by the number of load cycles, which is followed by the fines content and then the number of D–W cycles. The influence of the latter two factors on the dynamic properties of GRS may be primarily due to contact form changes between soil particles.

Climate Change Impacts on the Potential Distribution Pattern of Osphya (Coleoptera: Melandryidae), an Old but Small Beetle Group Distributed in the Northern Hemisphere.

Exploring the development of species distribution patterns under climate change is the basis of biogeography and macroecology. However, under the background of global climate change, few studies focus on how the distribution pattern and the range of insects have or will change in response to long-term climate change. An old but small, Northern-Hemisphere-distributed beetle group Osphya is an ideal subject to conduct the study in this aspect. Here, based on a comprehensive geographic dataset, we analyzed the global distribution pattern of Osphya using ArcGIS techniques, which declared a discontinuous and uneven distribution pattern across the USA, Europe, and Asia. Furthermore, we predicted the suitable habitats of Osphya under different climate scenarios via the MaxEnt model. The results showed that the high suitability areas were always concentrated in the European Mediterranean and the western coast of USA, while a low suitability exhibited in Asia. Moreover, by integrating the analyses of biogeography and habitat suitability, we inferred that the Osphya species conservatively prefer a warm, stable, and rainy climate, and they tend to expand towards higher latitude in response to the climate warming from the past to future. These results are helpful in exploring the species diversity and protection of Osphya.

The ongoing surge of dengue amidst a multidemic era in Pakistan

Dengue fever has been one of the unresolved problems around the globe since the 1950s. Recently, it has become endemic in more than 100 countries, resulting in more than 390 million cases causing up to 36,000 deaths annually around the globe. About half of the world’s population is at risk due to the sharp increase in dengue incidence worldwide1. The causative agent of this disease is a virus belonging to a family of Flaviviridae (single-strand RNA viruses), transmitted by the female Aedes mosquito that breeds in water. The disease is more common in humid, rainy climates, with stagnant water, and crowded urban populations. It has 4 serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4), and 1 or more serotypes can cause this illness. However, infection with any serotype will give lifelong immunity to that particular serotype2. Every year, Pakistan faces the dengue surge mostly in or after the heavy monsoon, from July to October. Dengue virus (DENV) has been endemic since 2011 throughout the country and has caused many deaths during the last decade. The disease has significantly expanded during the last few years in the country, reporting 22,938 cases in 2017 and 48,906 cases in 20213. This year monsoon rains in Pakistan were catastrophic due to a lack of proper infrastructure, and a substandard health care system. Currently, Pakistan is facing yet another surge in dengue cases along with various other infectious diseases secondary to flood catastrophes. The stagnant and contaminated flood water in the country is flourishing the vector activity4. The infected patients present with high-grade fever, vomiting, headache, body pain, and rashes. These patients are often misdiagnosed due to some similar other common illnesses like malaria and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)1,5. In addition, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is resulting in a divergence of attention6. According to the latest reports, Pakistan in 2022 has reported 7951 cases in Sindh, 4921 in Punjab, 6625 in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and 1991 cases in the national capital Islamabad with peak cases reported in September alone. More than 75% of the patients presenting to the hospital are reported to have dengue7. In addition, the disease is putting an enormous economic burden on patients being treated in government setups, nearing 10,000 tks (22,864 pkr) ~US$94, too high for a low-middle income country like Pakistan, where the minimum wage is as less as US$103 as of 20228. Also, a few reports on a general public survey stated that people are trying to cure their dengue illness with papaya leaves, which often worsens the disease as papaya leaves cause diarrhea9. Although it is a difficult time for Pakistan to handle this multidemic era and catastrophic conditions due to floods. With World Health Organization (WHO) aid, the Pakistan government and health authorities should implement strategic and effective measures to counter this dengue surge. Various preventive measures for dengue prevention, that is, removing stagnant water from ponds and lakes, application of spray for killing the mosquito larvae, providing mosquito nets to the general public, and availability of common medicines. Also, community education and awareness on vector control interventions like maintaining proper living hygiene, and the use of repellents are strongly recommended. Ethical approval None. Sources of funding None. Author contributions Sidhant O.: conceptualization and literature search. Sidhant O., Simaran O. A.O., and K.O.: wrote the manuscript. Sidhant O., A.A., and K.U.: review the editing. A.A.: formatting and referencing. Conflict of interest disclosures The authors declare that they have no financial conflict of interest with regard to the content of this report. Research registration unique identifying number (UIN) None. Guarantor Sidhant Ochani.

Colored shade nets and different harvest times alter the growth, antioxidant status, and quantitative attributes of glandular trichomes and essential oil of Thymus vulgaris L.

Its popularity in Mediterranean cuisine and gastronomy in general, as well as its medicinal and aromatic value, contributes to the high demand for Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme). Light is the source of energy, a signaling agent for growth, and a modulator of physiological responses in plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of cultivating T. vulgaris in tropical conditions under differently colored shade nets on vegetative growth, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant activity, and quantitative and qualitative characteristics of its essential oil (EO) in two seasons. The treatments were cultivation in sunlight and under blue, black, and red nets in tropical conditions in the fall and spring seasons. The plants were harvested 100 days after transplanting. Leaf, stem, root, and total dry weight were evaluated; photosynthetic pigments and nonenzymatic antioxidant activities were quantified; and parameters related to the production of EO were determined. With the exception of chlorophyll a, carotenoids, and some EO chemical compounds, the cultivation of thyme in the spring brought significant gains to the plants regardless of the light conditions. The cultivation of T. vulgaris under sunlight produced an increase of up to 82.2 % in dry weight and 639 % in EO yield compared to cultivation under nets. It also supported the highest antioxidant activity, regardless of the growing season. On the other hand, cultivation under sunlight provided the lowest chlorophyll a and b and thymol contents. Thus, cultivation in the warmer seasons and under full-sun conditions are the best options for cultivating T. vulgaris in a region with a tropical temperate rainy climate (mesothermal).

Effect of Wet Condition and Aggregates Type Used in Cement-Based Blocks on Mechanical Behavior of Masonry

Water penetration into masonry walls can occur in the masonry structures during the rainy climate. Water penetration not only causes discoloration or efflorescence but also can be damaging to material property. Eventhough several studies from past literature focus on wet conditions effect on brick masonry, but there is limited study on cement block masonry. The present research aimed to evaluate the effect of wet conditions on the mechanical characteristic of cement block, binder mortar and masonry. Where three types of fine aggregates, namely river sand, lateritic soil and manufactured sand were used for masonry block production. For binding mortar, two mortar classes M2 and M6 according to British Standard European Norm were used. Compression, flexural bending, and splitting tensile tests for blocks and binding mortar were performed in dry and wet conditions. Also, compression, direct shear and bond test were performed on masonry prisms in dry and wet conditions. The results demonstrate that a considerable amount of strength reduction was observed in wet conditions. In wet conditions, cement-soil block masonry showed a higher reduction in compression strength and bond strength, but showed lesser shear strength reduction when compared with the other two masonry types. Overall, cement-river sand block masonry has shown better performance in wet conditions.

Coloured concrete produced from low-carbon cements: Mechanical properties, chromatic stability and sustainability

The global construction industry is responsible for 39% of CO2 emissions and for more than 50% of the extracted natural resources. Dematerialization and the use of low-carbon materials would be mitigating actions in the current scenario. In developing countries, where the housing deficit is high, a short-term and novel solution could come from the construction of social housing using multipurpose coloured concrete casings, which have no rendering of mortars and paints and are produced from low-carbon cements. In the Amazon, the wide availability of light and kaolinite-rich waste would enable the production of low-carbon cements (LCC) from ternary mixtures of clinker, calcined kaolin waste and limestone. The objective was evaluated the performance of coloured concretes from LCC against the weathering of the rainy equatorial climate of the Amazon, environment which favours the formation of biofilm films, impairing the aesthetic quality of the facades. The LCC provided coloured concretes with good pigmentation capacity and a significant reduction in CO2 emissions. On the other hand, its use compromised the surface quality of concrete due to the low chromatic stability. The climate conditions of the Amazon and low alkalinity of the LCC favoured the growth of microorganisms, leading the concrete surfaces to become prematurely blackened, decreasing their albedo and, consequently, raising the surface temperature of the substrate, which compromises the thermos-energetic performance of the building. Nevertheless, the results are promising and justify the continuity of research using new compositions of limestone calcined clay cement associated with the use of more efficient surface protection systems.

Taberistan Bölgesinin Fetih Sürecinde Karşılaşılan Zorluklara Dair Bir İnceleme

The Islamic conquests, which started under the leadership of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), have been continued throughout history with the efforts of the Companions and other Muslims later on. The military campaigns carried out by the Islamic army could result in conquest as well as defeats. Internal and external factors had a decisive position in obtaining these results. As a result of the conquests that continued from the time of the Rashidun Caliphate, many regions and cities came under the rule of Islam in a short time. One exception was the Taberistan region on the southern shores of the Caspian Sea. The region, which has a harsh and difficult geography surrounded by steep mountains, was ruled by local dynasties during the Sassanid period. The existence of many dynasties, with the convenience of the topography, also allowed the region to act independently from the political point of view. Gavbare was the most important of these dynasties and continued to exist in the region after the fall of the Sassanids. Due to its topography and political structure, the region had been a shelter for those who belonged to opposition movements during the Sassanid period. This geopolitical situation of the region continued in the post-Islamic period. Although each geography, where the wars of conquest were carried out, had its own advantages and disadvantages, Tabaristan, in the conquest movements of the Muslims, was one of the regions where the furthest difficulties were experienced due to its both topography and human nature. The fact that the region could not be fully conquered for a long time and the problems experienced in this process require the subject to be examined from a different perspective. For this purpose, in the first part of the study, information about the naming and geography of the Taberistan region takes place. In the second part, the military campaigns to the region were handled chronologically. In the third part, the problems experienced during the conquest process were evaluated that lasted for about two centuries. Geographic conditions and climate were the most important factors that the Islamic conquests could not be permanent in the region. The rainy climate and the muddy terrain resulting from it, that Muslims were unaccustomed to, and the montainous terrain were the main promlems. In addition to the difficulty of the geographical conditions, Muslims who were foreign to the region, suffered serious defeats by falling in various war traps. Another reason for the failure was the negative consequences of some decisions taken by the Muslim commanders. The fact that the people of the region had a warlike character was one of the reasons for their long struggle with the Muslims. Long-term conflicts, which also had devastating consequences for Muslims, resulted in agreements made at various times. Despite the agreements made, it is seen that the people of Taberistan break the agreements whenever they find the opportunity. Additionaly, local administrators organized the people of the region and led various rebellions. Failure to comply with the agreements and the rebellions caused military campaigns over the region. The organization of these military campaigns were not easy, the distance of the region and the problems experienced in the settlement of Muslims to the region created problems in terms of logistics. When the conflicts between the Muslims were added over all the problems, the seizure of the region by the Muslims spread over a long period of time. These problems identified in the study aimed to look at the Islamic conquests from different perspectives and to present an example of analysis at the regional level.

How a Rainy Climate has Shaped the Artifacts and Communities of Fındıklı and Rize in Türkiye

Steep slopes, rivers, a rainy climate, and rich vegetation: the region of Fındıklı and the city of Rize (Türkiye) have been shaped by humans living with water. To understand the region’s traditional settlements, vernacular buildings and local culture, it is crucial to analyze its geomorphological setting. Yet, despite the importance of climate and geomorphology for understanding how living with water has shaped everyday artifacts, water-related heritage in this region is not well documented. This article makes a case for seeing cultural and natural heritage as connected and to protect already sustainable practices and use them for future development.

Global prevalence and risk factors of Cryptosporidium infection in Equus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Cryptosporidiosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Cryptosporidium infection with the main symptom of diarrhea. The present study performed a metaanalysis to determine the global prevalence of Cryptosporidium in Equus animals. Data collection was carried out using Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP Chinese journal database (VIP), WanFang Data, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases, with 35 articles published before 2021 being included in this systematic analysis. This study analyzed the research data through subgroup analysis and univariate regression analysis to reveal the factors leading to high prevalence. We applied a random effects model (REM) to the metadata. The total prevalence rate of Cryptosporidium in Equus was estimated to be 7.59% from the selected articles. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium in female Equus was 2.60%. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium in Equus under 1-year-old was 11.06%, which was higher than that of Equus over 1-year-old (2.52%). In the experimental method groups, the positive rate detected by microscopy was the highest (10.52%). The highest Cryptosporidium prevalence was found in scale breeding Equus (7.86%). The horses had the lowest Cryptosporidium prevalence (7.32%) among host groups. C. muris was the most frequently detected genotype in the samples (53.55%). In the groups of geographical factors, the prevalence rate of Cryptosporidium in Equus was higher in regions with low altitude (6.88%), rainy (15.63%), humid (22.69%), and tropical climates (16.46%). The search strategy use of five databases might have caused the omission of some researches. This metaanalysis systematically presented the global prevalence and potential risk factors of Cryptosporidium infection in Equus. The farmers should strengthen the management of young and female Equus animals, improve water filtration systems, reduce stocking densities, and harmless treatment of livestock manure.

A simplified model for analyzing rainwater retention performance and irrigation management of green roofs with an inclusion of water storage layer

Rainwater retention and water content in green roofs are primarily influenced by structural configurations (i.e., soil layer, vegetation layer, and water storage layer) and climatic factors (i.e., rainfall and evapotranspiration (ET)). Based on the principle of water balance, this study proposes a conceptual model for simulating water flow in green roofs with water storage layers. Three green roof model experiments were conducted from August 1st, 2020 to July 31st, 2021 for calibrating and verifying the conceptual model. The proposed model was solved iteratively using a newly developed program in Visual Basic. The results showed that the conceptual model can capture the dynamic variations in the rainwater retention and water content of green roofs well. The average Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient is 0.65 and the average error is 6%. The annual rainwater retention capacity (RRC) of green roofs in the perennial rainy climate model was on average 28% higher than that in the seasonal rainy climate model. At the expense of water stress, high ET plants significantly increased the annual RRC of green roofs at a low level. As the water storage layer depth increased from zero to 150 mm, the annual RRC of green roofs increased by 41%, and the water stress decreased by 49%. Compared with an increase in water holding capacity and soil depth, the response of the annual RRC and water stress of green roofs for increasing water storage layer depth is much greater. As per climate of Southern China region, the water storage layer depth of 100 mm is found to obtain optimal rainwater retention and irrigation management in green roof with similar soil thickness (100 mm).

Ultra‐Robust Joule‐Heated Superhydrophobic Smart Window: Dually‐Switching Droplets Adhesion and Transparency via In Situ Electric‐Actuated Reconfigurable Shape‐Memory Shutters

AbstractSlippery liquid‐impregnated porous surfaces (SLIPS) based smart windows (SWs) that dynamically fine‐tune the solar energy gain are promising candidates for alleviating the global energy crisis, especially for dim rainy climates. Unfortunately, the inferior durability arising from viscous dissipation over SLIPS‐based SWs remains a great challenge that needs to be addressed. Here, an ultra‐robust all‐solid‐state superhydrophobic SW is reported namely electric‐actuated reconfigurable shape memory shutter (EA‐RSMS) via a hybrid approach of laser ablation and soft transfer. Thanks to electrothermal effect of underlying silver nanowires heater, EA‐RSMS can be dynamically glazing by switching the surface shutters between bent mode (the transmittance of 10.8%) and erect one (the transmittance of 56.6%) within 60 s in situ. Synergistically, EA‐RSMS motivates the reversible transition between sticky state (sliding angle of 24°) and slippery one (sliding angle of 8°) by alternate Joule‐heating/pressing operation. Fundamental physics renders to clarify the effect of shutters topography on the hysteresis and light performance. Last but not the least, by utilizing the optimized EA‐RSMS shelter, indoor thermal‐comfort regulation, visibility encoding together with angle‐variable display are deployed. Current superhydrophobic EA‐RSMS with robust durability, novel tuning modulation, fast electric‐sensitivity, and optical angle‐dependence holds promising potential in self‐cleaning smart windows, energy‐saving buildings, anti‐voyeurism, etc.

Investigation on cloud vertical structures based on Ka-band cloud radar observations at Wuhan in Central China

Based on vertically pointing observations of Ka-band frequency-modulated continuous millimeter wave cloud radar (MMCR) in 2020, we investigate cloud vertical structures at Wuhan in central China. Case comparison indicates that the cloud top locations in the MMCR observation are largely consistent with those in satellite data. The precipitation has the occurrence frequency of 9.5% over the year, with the maximum value of 16.3% in July and the submaximal value of 14.7% in January, showing the significant influences of monsoons on precipitation at Wuhan. As the humid, cloudy and rainy climate, the probability of precipitation and non-precipitation clouds increases gradually from 53.9% in January to a large value of 71.5% in July. The non-precipitation clouds have the probability of 44.5% in the year, with two prominent peaks at the reflectivities of −35 to −30 dBZ around 12 km in summer and − 37– −32 dBZ around 10 km in spring. The cloud top can reach the heights of 14.49, 16.62, 13.38 and 11.73 km from spring to winter, respectively. The monthly mean cloud layer thickness is the largest (2.18 km) in May and September, and the smallest (1.36 km) in November. The seasonally averaged base and top heights and thickness of clouds have small diurnal variations. The high cloud is predominant in the warm months from May to September, and in the other cool months, the middle cloud has the most fraction. The quantitative investigation of clouds is helpful in improving the cloud parameterization in climate models.

A Field-Data-Aided Comparison of Three 10 m Land Cover Products in Southeast Asia

To study global and regional environment protection and sustainable development and also to optimize mapping methods, it is of great significance to compare three existing 10 m resolution global land cover products in terms of accuracy: FROM-GLC10, the ESRI 2020 land cover product (ESRI2020), and the European Space Agency world cover 2020 product (ESA2020). However, most previous validations lack field collection points in large regions, especially in Southeast Asia, which has a cloudy and rainy climate, creating many difficulties in land cover mapping. In 2018 and 2019, we conducted a 56-day field investigation in Southeast Asia and collected 3326 points from different places. By combining these points and 14,808 other manual densification points in a stratified random sampling, we assessed the accuracy of the three land cover products in Southeast Asia. We also compared the impacts of the different classification standards, the different sample methods, and the different spatial distributions of the sample points. The results show that in Southeast Asia, (1) the mean overall accuracies of the FROM-GLC10, ESRI2020, and ESA2020 products are 75.43%, 79.99%, and 81.11%, respectively; (2) all three products perform well in croplands, forests, and built-up areas; ESRI2020 and ESA2020 perform well in water, but only ESA2020 performs well in grasslands; and (3) all three products perform badly in shrublands, wetlands, or bare land, as both the PA and the UA are lower than 50%. We recommend ESA2020 as the first choice for Southeast Asia’s land cover because of its high overall accuracy. FROM-GLC10 also has an advantage over the other two in some classes, such as croplands and water in the UA aspect and the built-up area in the PA aspect. Extracting the individual classes from the three products according to the research goals would be the best practice.

Development and Integration of Himawaricast Reception System at Pekayon Ground Station

The vast territory of Indonesia stretches along the equator. Indonesia, which has a dynamic tropical rainy climate, needs fast and accurate weather information for various activities on land, sea, and air. Therefore, it is necessary to have information on the available weather that covers the entire area on an ongoing basis. Weather data information can be obtained quickly from remote sensing satellites. Where the advantage of geostationary satellites has wide enough coverage of the earth’s appearance where weather information can easily be obtained. Since 2015, the Himawari-8 satellite has been used as a weather satellite by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). There are several methods of data distribution, one of which is Himawari Cast that suitable for use by ground stations. Since 2016, the National Institute of Aeronautics and Space of Indonesia (LAPAN) has received Himawari-8 data using the Himawari Cast method via the Pekayon Ground Station. Himawari data sent by the telecommunications satellite JCSAT-2B is carried out every 10 minutes. Therefore, reliable ground station equipment is needed because it works almost all the time. Therefore, a backup reception system was built that functions as a system that is ready if one day the main receiving system fails. This paper contains the design, installation, and integration of devices from a backup system made at Pekayon ground station to receive Himawari data. Not only from the hardware side that was developed but also from the software side that can generate data regarding cloud information from Himawari-8 data.

Parameter identification approach to represent building thermal dynamics reducing tuning time of control system gains: A case study in a tropical climate

As one of the main consumers of primary energy globally, buildings have been among the main targets for implementing energy efficiency solutions, such as building control strategies that maintain occupant comfort and reduce operating costs. The design of such control schemes relies on a thermal model of the building to predict indoor temperature. The model should be sufficiently accurate to describe building dynamics but simple enough to remain optimal for control purposes. This paper proposes a methodology to identify thermal RC networks to model building thermal dynamics of a residential buildings located in humid and rainy climates, a topic not widely covered in current literature. The candidate models for the methodology are determined through a parameter dispersion study, which consists of training the models multiple times and checking if the parameters converge to a single value regardless of their initial value. Then the effect of the training dataset characteristics on model performance is studied. The methodology is established and then tested in a residential case study in Panama from these conclusions. Results show that a linear model with few parameters and trained with only 10 days of data can successfully represent a system with prominent nonlinear phenomena. The model with the best performance during active operation has a validation root mean square error of 0.36°C, which is satisfactory for controller design purposes. The model is then used to tune a proportional integral derivative controller, successfully employed to maintain the desired indoor temperature. Using the identified model to calibrate the controller avoids tedious trial and error procedures.

The combined influence of rootstock and vintage climate on the grape and wine flavonoids of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon in eastern China.

Rootstocks are commonly utilized owing to their resistance to abiotic and biotic stress in viticulture. This study evaluated the effects of three rootstocks (1103P, SO4, and 5A) on the Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) vine growth, and their berries and wines flavonoids profiles in four consecutive vintages. The results showed that 1103P increased the pruning weight of CS and decreased the anthocyanin concentration in berries and wines, especially in the vintages with more rainy and cloudy days. 5A tended to decrease the pruning weight of CS and increase the anthocyanin concentration in berries and wines. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) showed that the concentrations of total anthocyanins, F3’H-anthocyanins, malvidin-3-O-glucoside (Mv-glu), and malvidin-3-O-acetylglucoside (Mv-acglu) were the key substances affected by the rootstocks in CS berries and were significantly decreased by 1103P. Total anthocyanins, pinotins, Mv-glu, epicatechin, and vitisins were the rootstock-sensitive compounds that commonly differed in wines among the three comparison groups in the two vintages. Furthermore, 1103P brought more brightness to the wine and 5A gave the wine more red tones. In conclusion, rootstock 5A was recommended in the rainy and cloudy climate regions with regard to the berry flavonoids accumulation and the wine color.

Mineralization of ion-adsorption type rare earth deposits in Western Yunnan, China

With the widespread application of heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) in high-tech fields, ion-adsorption type rare earth element (iREE) deposits have attracted much attention as the main output deposit type of HREE metals. In recent years in western Yunnan, southwest China, iREE deposits have made some large discoveries and received a high degree of attention. In this article, we summarize the metallogenic background, distribution, and metallogenic characteristics of iREE deposits in the Tengchong and the Lincang Granite Belt in western Yunnan, and analyzes the roles of ore-forming parent rock, regional metamorphism and alteration, epigenesis, and granite regolith composition in the metallogenesis of the iREE deposit in western Yunnan. It is believed that the high REE content granite parent rocks, metamorphic or magmatic-hydrothermal alteration, hot and humid climate, gentle topography, large and thick granite regolith are all favorable factors for iREE deposit formation. The long-term and multi-stage magmatic evolution formed high REE content granite parent rocks. Strong magmatic-hydrothermal activity and strong metamorphism associated with regional slip movement have contributed to the enrichment of REE elements and the formation of easily dissociated REE-bearing minerals, laying the material foundation for iREE deposits. The humid, hot and rainy climate and the vegetation-rich surface environment are conducive to weathering, which contributes to the formation of granite regolith and clay minerals, and the dissociation of REE-bearing minerals. Favorable topographical areas help to retain large-scale and thicker granite regolith, in which the clay minerals continue to adsorb the REE ions which have been infiltrated and migrated by the aqueous solution downward, leading to the gradual enrichment of REE elements and the formation of iREE deposits.