Rainwater Utilization System Research Articles

The idea of "sponge city"—green roof rainwater collection and utilization system

This article proposes a plan that takes the original building roof of colleges and universities as an example. The "green roof rainwater collection and utilization system" is converted to achieve the "green roof" landscaping environment, insulation and insulation, and collecting water sources. It is mainly composed of two parts: "Green Roof" and "Rainwater Collection and Utilization System". Pingling waterproof layer, flexible protective layer), drainage water storage layer, filtering layer, light -quality synthetic planting soil, vegetation layer. The "rainwater collection and utilization system" section is to collect, treat and use rainwater in the process of purifying water quality, and use a unique "double -flow diameter, dual filtration, dual collection" to store rainwater. The rainwater of the indoor water storage tank is used to flush the toilet. The water tank is equipped with a water level sensor, which realizes the automatic switching of water tank water supply and municipal water supply to ensure continuous water supply. The water in the underground pond is used on ground irrigation vegetation and moist road surface.

The Optimal Operation Mode of Rainwater Utilization and Detention System for Building Raft-Foundation

台灣因降雨時空分配不均之緣故，時常面臨乾季缺水、雨季淹水等問題，又因不透水鋪面增加，使得地表逕流增加及洪峰時間提前。因應防洪抗旱相關法令規範之修訂，國內多數建築已將筏基空間列入雨水利用與滯洪空間規畫評估，但由於都市高層建築雨水利用效益普遍偏低，以及建築雨水利用系統在儲存雨水和防洪功能與運作時機有衝突之處，因此需要適切之雨水利用及滯洪系統運作模式才能發揮防洪亢旱之整體效益。本研究針對建築雨水儲存槽和滯洪池設置模式進行歸納及分類，並設定結合雨水利用及滯洪系統在雨季時啟動之滯洪機制，模擬雨水利用系統循環計算與滯洪操作，根據合理集雨面積和最佳儲水量，建立整合雨水利用系統與滯洪機制之筏基操作模式，利用儲水槽容積效率及雨水回收之效益計算，評估不同儲水空間、滯洪機制及替代用水比例下的雨水利用效益。同時，模擬解析雨水利用系統中延長降雨概率基準及儲水天數，探討提升集水量和雨水利用效益之合理基準。都市建築透過增加集雨面積和儲水量提升雨水利用效益，利用筏基空間作為有效利用城市建築之雨水回收利用策略，可大幅減少洪水及乾旱所造成的都市水資源危機。According to the relevant research and regulation in Taiwan, most constructions have incorporated building raft foundation into the flood detention spaces for evaluation to comply with the present regulations. However, due to the principles of flood detention and rainwater use operations are in conflict with each other, it is necessary to consider the distribution of the dry season and the rainy season throughout the year from the site location. This study summarizes and categorizes rainwater storage spaces and detention pools, sets up a detention mechanism that combines rainwater utilization and detention systems in the rainy season, simulates the cycle calculation of rainwater utilization systems, and evaluates different water storage spaces, detention mechanism, and alternative water use rainwater utilization benefit in proportion. In addition, it also simulates the rainwater utilization system to appropriately extend the probability of rainfall and the number of days of water storage, so that the water storage space increases its proportion in the raft foundation space to increase water collection and enhance rainwater utilization efficiency. This research would summarize the results of the optimal operation model, the effectiveness of rainwater alternative can be improved through the increase of rain collection area and storage volume. In addition, it can be effectively used of the rainwater recycling strategies for urban buildings by utilizing the raft foundation to store rainwater and flood detention, to reduce the urban water crisis due to flood and drought.

Discussion on Rainwater Collection and Utilization in Urban Landscape Design

With the transformation of urban development mode to ecological city,urban landscape becomes an important part in city construction; and its design conception and function are highlighted increasingly. The characteristics and application of rainwater collection and utilization measures were introduced,and the landscape design in three main places including residential area,road and public space was studied. The design methods and suggestions on the application of the rainwater collection and utilization system to landscape design were proposed.

Investigation of migration rule of rainwater for sponge city roads under different rainfall intensities.

Urban development and climate change have led to severe waterlogging in cities. To study the degree of mitigation of urban waterlogging using the design of sponge city roads, this study employed No. 9 Road in the Sino-German Eco-park. By establishing the scaled physical model, the pavement structure of the sponge city road was optimized. Furthermore, water migration (seepage, impoundment, and drainage) rule was obtained under different rainfall intensities using the optimal pavement scheme. The following conclusions were drawn from the studies. Good permeability of the sidewalk surface structure is conducive for rainwater collection. The sponge urban road rainwater collection and utilization system could absorb up to 88% of rainwater under the rainfall intensity of 173mm (extra heavy rain), and could absorb up to 100% of rainwater under heavy rain conditions. The seepage volume increased exponentially with the rise in rainfall intensity, and the amount of water storage increased linearly with the rainfall intensity. These results can provide guidance for safety early warning of urban waterlogging on No. 9 Road in the Sino-German Eco-park and deeper insights in the design of sponge city roads.

Environmental Optimization Design of Rainwater Utilization System in Large Sports Venues under the Influence of Ocean Climate

Xu, H.Z., 2020. Environmental optimization design of rainwater utilization system in large sports venues under the influence of ocean climate. In: Guido Aldana, P.A. and Kantamaneni, K. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources, Coastal Management, and Marine Science Technology. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 104, pp. 887–890. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.With the development of modern society, the scarcity of water resources is becoming more and more obvious. In order to improve the utilization rate of water, rainwater utilization system is gradually being built, and with the development of the city and constantly improve. In this paper, large-scale sports venues are selected as research objects, several typical stadium rainwater utilization systems are analyzed in general, and the design examples of China National Stadium and Japan Dome Stadium are combined to put forward the corresponding optimization design.

ACEITABILIDADE DO USO DE ÁGUA DA CHUVA POR MORADORES DE CONJUNTOS HABITACIONAIS DA REGIÃO METROPOLITANA DE BELÉM

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a aceitabilidade do uso de água da chuva por moradores de conjuntos habitacionais de Belém e Ananindeua, Pará, Brasil, e ainda verificar a existência de Sistema de Aproveitamento de Água da Chuva – SAAC, nesses locais. A pesquisa foi realizada com 160 moradores dos conjuntos habitacionais Gleba 1, Jardim Tropical e Residencial Jardim Universitário e a maioria declarou que utilizaria água da chuva em suas residências, destinando-a, principalmente, para usos mais gerais. Apenas 23,1% deles relataram que poderiam utilizar para consumo humano. Em nenhum dos conjuntos estudados havia SAAC para uso coletivo, mas no Jardim Tropical identificou-se em uma residência um SAAC de uso familiar. Considera-se que a boa aceitabilidade dos moradores de condomínios residenciais de Belém e Ananindeua para uso da água da chuva um fator preponderante à implantação de SAAC nestes tipos de empreendimento, tanto para uso familiar quanto coletivo.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Água da chuva, Fonte alternativa de água, Região Metropolitana de Belém.

Analysis and Evaluation of the Urban Rainwater Harvesting System in Green Buildings

In the present study, urbanization provides residents with superior material and cultural living conditions, but also brings series of problems such as environmental pollution and water supply and drainage issues. Urban rainwater utilization is one of the method to solve urban water shortage and reduce waterlogging disaster.Taking an office building in Wuhan as an example, based on the analysis of rainfall characteristics in Wuhan, this thesis demonstrates a rainwater utilization system by rational use of the structural form of buildings, and analyzes and evaluates the function of the system with actual data. It is feasible and necessary to prove its comprehensive benefit according to the input and revenue. And the system is economic and reasonable for the project and the society as a whole. Based on the specific project, the author summarizes experiences and put forward effective suggestions.

KAJIAN PENDAHULUAN SISTEM PEMANFAATAN AIR HUJAN

Rainwater is an abundant source of water, especially during the rainy season. But otherwise if it is not managed properly, it can lead to disasters, such as floods or landslides. Therefore it is very important to harness rainwater by doing the best way, ie by the rain harvesting and then infiltrating the water back into the ground. Many countries have shown good results in the use of rainwater for various purposes. Dominican Republic, Singapore, Japan, China, Thailand and Indonesia are 7 countries which have a lot of implementing rainwater utilization system very well. Rainwater can be used as a source of clean water to meet the drinking water needs. Artificial recharge for rain water lets the water goes to infiltrate back into the soil is a powerful effort to maintain and preserve the ground water potential. Besides, infiltration of rainwater into the soil also can prevent land subsidence. Because of the importance of rainwater management system, it should be included in the educational curriculum both for elementary to upper secondary level. Similarly, the obligation for proper implementation must also be supported by adequate rules or regulations. Keywords : Rainwater management, artificial recharge.

A-46 雨水利用システムにおける規模算定法の検討 その2 : システムの評価指標

A-46 雨水利用システムにおける規模算定法の検討 その2 : システムの評価指標

A-4 官庁施設におけるBEMSデータを用いた雨水利用システムの効果検証

A-4 官庁施設におけるBEMSデータを用いた雨水利用システムの効果検証

A-15 雨水利用システムにおける規模算定法の検討 その1 : 雨水貯留槽効率の算定

A-15 雨水利用システムにおける規模算定法の検討 その1 : 雨水貯留槽効率の算定

Financial efficiency of rainwater utilization system in single-family house

Designing of sustainable water systems should be aimed at reducing the consumption of tap water and the use of alternative water sources, such as rainwater and graywater. Therefore, the aim of the researches conducted was to determine the cost-effectiveness of the economic exploitation of rainwater utilization system in single-family house. As a tool for the analysis, the methodology Life Cycle Cost was used. It provides a comparison of different investment options and the opportunity to choose the one that is characterized by the lowest costs over the entire period of exploitation of the object. The research was conducted for four installation variants: the traditional solution and a solution in which rainwater was used for flushing toilets, washing and watering the garden. Variable parameters for calculations applied in the model were, among other things, different number of occupants and different length of exploitation of the installations. Additionally, the study included co-financing for the initial investment, which could be an incentive for residents to undertake this type of installation. The analysis conducted has shown that the systems with the use of rainwater enable significant reductions in the consumption of drinking water, while the variant with the traditional system was a most cost-effective solution only in few cases.

STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF RAINWATER USAGE GREYWATER SYSTEM AND THE RAINWATER STORAGE TANK IN UNIVERSITY LECTURE BUILDING

This Study from the point of view of flood damage reduction and rainwater harvesting was intended to clarify the water use characteristics and the effect of introduced rainwater utilization system in the university lecture building and also was examined the effective rainwater storage tank volume. It was examined the rainwater utilization rate, tap water replacement rate, cost performance and rain stock height of the rainwater usage grey water system from the three years survey. As the results, the amount of annual using water of lecture building from 2011 to 2013 was 16,772-19,269m3/year. The greywater was about 60% of using water in the lecture building, rainwater of the greywater was about 30-40% and the well water was about 60-70% and tap water of greywater was less than 1%. The annual using water for the hand washing-drinking in the lecture building was 38-42% and for the toilet was 35-41% and for the cooling tower was 21-25%, and also the proportion of toilet water in the greywater was about 60%. It was found that lecture building is many used greywater than tap water and the water had been used a lot in the order of the cooling tower and toilet and hand washing. The annual rainwater utilization rate of lecture building was 59-84% and it was high in the order of summer 50-90% and winter 61-95% and interim period 72-97%. It found that more than half of the rainwater collected in each year and in each period was used for the greywater. And the annual tap water replacement rate of rainwater and well water were respectively 28-39% and 60-70%. The annual charge of water and sewerage was reduced by about 40% because the rainwater usage greywater system of lecture building have been used almost 100% of the rain water and well water. The recovery year of the initial cost by reducing the annual water and sewerage charge in consideration of the maintenance inspection cost was about 7.2 years. If only the water and tap water was priority use in cooling towers, the recovery of the initial cost was about 17.2 years. The basic rain stock height of lecture building which is rain stock performance was about 56mm, since the flood control rain stock height and water utilization rain stock height were respestively 20.3mm and 35.4mm. Therefore, it was found that in order to satisfy the basic rain stock height 100mm in lecture building was necessary providing the new storage tank for flood control of about 44mm, or increasing the rainwater storage tank to 2.3 times. Furthermore, according to the results of simulation using the gray water usage data of the lecture building, When the rainwater storage tank be increased to up to 600m3, rainwater utilization rate and tap water replacement rate was respectively increased to about 90% and 40%. It was found that rainwater utilization rate of university lecture building of long holiday period and irregular water use was smaller than the office building and the rainwater utilization rate was difficult to achieve more than 90%.

ZASTOSOWANIE METODY WYMIAROWANIA NIECEK INFILTRACYJNO-RETENCYJNYCH DO ZAGOSPODAROWANIA WÓD OPADOWYCH

The easiest way to “use” rainwater is its detention in places where it falls, and referral to the ground. Systems of rainwater utilization system can be implemented in different variants. In the simplest configuration it is a tank, with a runoff from the roof. The principle of operation of the tank (basin) is a method for rain water management. The article presents a practical application of methods of dimensioning infiltration basins by performing calculations showing how to alter the dimensions of the basin when changing the ground conditions while maintaining the same filling.

A Smart System Combining Rainwater and Treated Sewage for Use in Sports Complexes in Korea

Existing systems that provide an alternative water supply such as a sewage reuse system (SRS) or a rainwater harvesting system (RWHS) tend to experience a slight loss of efficiency through the separate use of their component systems. A smart system has been introduced that combines the stable water quality of an RWHS and the stable water quantity of an SRS for use in sports complexes in Korea, and selected monitoring results are presented here in terms of the quantity of water used. The system monitors the operating conditions and provides measurement data. It is designed to be remotely operated at each facility in which it is installed. Ninety-eight percent of the treated sewage was used for lawn watering and maintenance of wetlands. The rainwater collection efficiency was higher in summer than winter in the rainwater utilization system. The amount of water produced from the sewage reuse system can be reduced during summer and increased during winter when less rainfall is experienced. A system that combines rainwater and treated sewage is expected to reduce the cost and energy use for treating wastewater.

Investigation on the Purification Efficiency of Rainwater by Green Land

Rainwater utilization system using green technology, not only can reduce the pressure of rainstorm on the city drainage system, and replenish groundwater resources, but also control urban non-point source pollution. At present, rainwater indirect utilization is widely used. This research explored the Kunming urban green space system typical for each pollutant runoff reduction effect, purifying regularity and removal mechanism in order to provide a theoretical basis for its application.

Cost-effectiveness-based multi-criteria optimization for sustainable rainwater utilization: A case study in Shanghai

Shanghai, the economic centre of China, is under increasing pressures of potable water shortage, urban flooding and surface water pollution by urbanization. As one of the best countermeasures, rainwater utilization plays a considerably important role in the alleviation of these issues. A four-step method of cost-effectiveness-based multi-criteria optimization (CEMCO), which integrates the advantages of monitoring data, monetary-based techniques and stakeholder preferences, was proposed for sustainable rainwater utilization. The first rainwater utilization system in the urban residential area of Shanghai was taken as a case study, and eight alternatives to the existing system were proposed. The results of the study showed that the net present value and the dynamic payback period of the optimized system during the 15-year life cycle were 407.4 thousand CNY (ChiNa Yuan) and 8.26 years, respectively. The results also indicated that rainwater utilization can improve the sustainability of cities when different stakeholder preferences and multiple criteria were considered.

Experimental Assessment of a Multi-Effect Solar Desalination System in Southern China

This paper presents the thermal performance of a multi-effect distillation (MED) solar desalination unit located in southern China. The system was designed and installed in April 2011, and has been in operation since that time till now. The seawater desalination system is driven by 60 m2 all-glass vacuum tubes solar collector with an additional rainwater utilization system to produce fresh water on both sunny and rainy days. The preliminary experimental results show that the water production of the system for per unit of solar collector area could reach up to more than 12.5kg/m2·day under the fine weather conditions. Water production of the system was stable in long period and the annual production could reach to 387.5 m3 in southern China. The economic performance of the system is also discussed. The cost of water production is estimated approximately 4.15 $/m3 for the 15-year service life.

Pollutants in Rainwater Runoff in Korea: Their Impacts on Rainwater Utilization

Frequent urban floods and insufficient water supply have led to developing technologies for rainwater utilization in order to buffer extreme runoff situations in the watercourses and to provide an ongoing water supply for non-potable use. However, little information is available on the water qualities and runoff properties of collected rainwater in connection with efficient design and maintenance strategies of rainwater utilization systems. In this work, the characteristics of rainwater were investigated in a full-scale rainwater utilization facility in Korea. Samples of runoff rainwater from various catchment surfaces were analyzed for physico-chemical and microbial determinants including metals, nutrients, pH, turbidity, conductivity, and microorganisms. The pollutant concentrations in rainwater storage tank were also monitored to elucidate the impact of input rainwater quality on stored water property. It is likely that particles and total coliforms are major issues in operating rainwater utilization system. However, further studies will be necessary to address the health effect of rainwater in terms of microbial and ecotoxicological measures.