Rainwater Drainage System Research Articles

Performance Assessment Framework for Reinforced Concrete Pipes in Rainwater Drainage System Using a Combined Weights-Fuzzy Theory

AbstractDue to the current deterioration of the environment, the performance degradation of reinforced concrete rainwater drainage pipes (RCRDPs) has become increasingly serious. Aiming at these pr...

Study on the Whole Process Simulation and Regulation Mechanism of Urban Green Ecological Rainwater Drainage System

In view of the frequent waterlogging caused by rapid urbanization and the public’s dissatisfaction with the drainage system, the article based on the concept of the green ecological drainage system, constructed the urban gr... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on Tech Science Press

Analysis of the Flood Performance of Stormwater Drainage Systems for Different Return Periods

Precipitation regimes and behaviours change depending on the climate change. As the duration of precipitation decreases its intensity increases. On the other hand, the density of buildings increases in urban areas, and drainage systems remain inadequate as a result of deterioration in the structure of natural streams and irregular structures. Due to the change in precipitation behaviour and the decrease in permeable surfaces in urban areas, urban floods lead to serious damage. In this study, it is aimed to analyse the flood performance of rainwater drainage systems currently serving in urban areas for precipitation with different repetition periods. For this purpose, the drainage line in Malatya provincial centre has been selected as the pilot application area. Considering the rainfall records observed in the past, a model was created for 15 minutes of precipitation and 2, 5 and 10 years repetition periods. In addition, the digital elevation model, drainage line and characteristic information and building layouts were taken into consideration in the application area. As a result of the analysis, flood spread maps were created. It has been observed that as the repetition period increases, rainwater drainage line is insufficient in some areas and may cause loss of property and life.

Characteristics Analysis of the Bottom Pressure Distribution by Depth of Plunge Pool in Shinwol Rainwater Storage and Drainage System

Characteristics Analysis of the Bottom Pressure Distribution by Depth of Plunge Pool in Shinwol Rainwater Storage and Drainage System

Mathematical model for the duration of runoff formation determined from the road surface

IntroductionMany scientists were engaged in the problems of studying the runoff formation conditions from the water-intake basins area and studying the operation of rainwater drainage systems and its calculations. Among them: Alekseev M. I., Belov М. М., Dykarevskyi V. S., Kurganov А. М., Zhuk V. M., Tkachuk S. G., Salchuk V. L., Tkatchuk O. A., Shevchuk O. V., Dziopak J., James W., Horton R., Huber W., Mays L. W., Rossman L. A., Weitman D. [1–9] and others. The drainage systems calculation is implemented based on empirical or semi-empirical studies for pipes or open water bodies. Unlike the generally accepted conditions for the urban city areas drainage elements calculation, highways have the features of runoff and the formation of maximum runoff. Artificial surfaces of surface runoff are characterized by low water absorption, significant longitudinal and transverse slopes. According to State Building Norms DBN V.2.3–4:2015 «Highways. Part I. Design. Part II. Construction», the largest longitudinal slope for a category I road is 40 %, the carriageway transverse slope on straight sections is 25 %. In the world of engineering practice there is no single generally accepted approach to the construction of hydrographs of rainwater inflow to surface drainage structures. Therefore, the question remains open in terms of establishing the estimated rain duration and the surface runoff volume from the roads surface in particular. Goal and problemTo explore and establish the main factors and their parameters for the surface runoff formation from road surfaces. Research methodsIn engineering practice, forecasting the estimated rain duration is defined as the time from its beginning to the time of collection by the drainage system. This research is based on the prediction method and analysis of the factors, which influence the effluents movement on the coating surface of the linear in the plan water-intake basins. Conducting research with the forecasted natural meteorological phenomenon and at the minimum estimated rain intensity values according to climatic conditions of Ukraine. ResultsThe analysis of known methods for duration of surface runoff formation determining performed. For its determination, it is suggested to take into account the surface wetting duration and the influence of the viscous component of the friction force between the runoff layers. An analytical dependence for the surface runoff formation duration determining for highways with asphalt concrete pavement and variable longitudinal slope in the range from 0‰ to 30‰ is obtained. The influence of wastewater viscoelastic properties is determined. The influence of the calculated precipitation intensity on the surface runoff formation duration for linear water-intake basins is determined. ConclusionsA mathematical model for determining the surface runoff formation duration for linear water-intake basin, namely highways, taking into account the estimated highway slope, the width of the carriageway, the estimated rainfall. A comparative analysis with existing methods is performed.

Analysis of short – term heavy rains in eastern Slovakia in the period 2003 - 2018

Abstract Short-term heavy rains are one the most important rains from a meteorological, hydrological, and also technical point of view. When designing rainwater drainage systems or rainwater management systems, the intensity of short-term rains is used as a design parameter, because of short-term rains usually reach the highest intensity. This paper is focused on analysis of short-term heavy rains occurrence in the last 15 years in 3 rainfall stations in eastern Slovakia. The data used in analysis are automatically collected 10-minute precipitation totals at rainfall stations Poprad, Kamenica nad Cirochou and Košice.

Hydrogeological assumptions for stormwater management in Tallinn

Most cities in temperate climate zones, including Tallinn, face the threat of torrential rains and resultant floods, which cause extensive damage to city economies. The main causes of floods are climatic; however, unreasonable building activity and insufficiently developed and maintained drainage systems also contribute to this problem. The percentage of impervious pavement has increased with the consolidation of buildings and road networks. Rainwater drainage is an important issue in a number of different areas of human activity ranging from town planning and environmental protection to building, maintenance and operation of rainwater drainage systems. Hence, to deal with the rainwater drainage issue, it is necessary to develop an integrated and scientifically justified strategy. The present study represents a constituent part of the relevant strategy development process. The authors pay special attention to options for increasing rainwater percolation in different environmental conditions, including geological setting, topography and different soil filtration properties.

Degradation of the macro-drainage water quality of an urban basin in Northeastern Brazil

The growth of cities allied to the lack of investment in urban infrastructure has caused the deterioration of the environment and natural resources. In this context, illegal connections of sewage in rainwater drainage systems has become increasingly frequent, thus compromising the water quality of the same. Campina Grande, located in the state of Paraiba, northeastern Brazil, has been affected by this problem and, therefore, this work aims to evaluate the pollution in its macro-drainage system, within the urban basin of the Prado creek. For that, were analyzed quality indicators of water samples collected at eight points distributed along the Prado creek. In addition, a study was carried out regarding the canal’s self-purification capacity in front of the entire wastewater discharge. Through the laboratory analyzes, it was proven that the drainage water of the Prado canal presents typical concentrations of sanitary sewage with high polluting potential. The points that presented critical quality were: two and four, these being the places with priorities for interventions in the short term. It was noted that, across of the dissolved oxygen profile along the canal, it was verified that the self-purification capacity of the canal was largely exceeded.

Evaluation of Vulnerability to Heavy Precipitation of the Roofs of Historic Chilean Buildings with Wooden Structure. A Methodology to Apply at an Early Stage

Deck areas prone to leaking rainwater can be identified at an early stage, even before the filtration process begins to occur. The identification of the factors that determine the degree of roof vulnerability to rainfall and their rainwater drainage system and the elaboration of a diagnostic procedure to be applied is fundamental, above all, for the preventive maintenance of historic buildings. In the absence of Chilean regulations on the sizing of the roof rainwater drainage system, the European standard BS EN 12056-3, the Manual for the Design of Roof Drainage Systems, the Chilean road study procedure manuals and other documents were reviewed, and the principles, concepts, dimensioning parameters, constructive recommendations, etc., were transformed into graphically represented processes to facilitate the evaluation of the safety and vulnerability of the various constructive elements to the filtration of rainwater. The factors that determine the degree of vulnerability of the roof to the filtration of rainwater are given by its conformation, its materiality, its dimensioning and its environment, primarily affecting elements such as the roof, gutters and outlets. The result that the evaluator can expect from the proposed methodology is the identification of the aspects that make both the roof and the rainwater drainage system vulnerable, distributed in space, providing him or her with the basis for designing an intervention plan and preventive actions, and this practice should be implemented for sustainable heritage conservation.

Radioactive Contamination due to 241Am Lightning Rod Failure

It is estimated that until 1978 about 200000 lightning conductor rods with -a emitting sources attached to their end were installed worldwide. The sources were supposed to increase the lighting collection efficiency of these rods through the ionization of the surrounding air. Nevertheless, this improvement has never been established conclusively. Such devices are, in most cases, not accessible by the pub- lic; therefore, the dose to the population is considered insignificant. However, the possibility of radioactive material leakage, due to the source attachment failure, and the subsequent contamination of the surroundings that could lead to possible health risk of the public cannot be excluded. In this work, the case of 241Am contamination due to a lightning rod conductor failure is investigated. This contamination was accidentally detected on the surface soil around a laboratory building in the National Technical University of Athens Campus, during a routine in-situ gamma-ray measurement campaign that took place in 2003. A detailed survey revealed that this 241Am contamination was due to the leakage from two lightning rods on the building roof. Consequently the rods were removed from the building and the contamination pattern on the roof and on the surface soil around the building was examined in detail. From the results obtained so far it may be concluded that there exists well localized contamination on the roof and also around the building. It was established that the pathway through which contamination reached the ground was the rainwater drainage system of the building. The gamma ray dose rate due to 241Am contamination found on the roof and on the surface soil is low compared to that due to its natural radioactivity and does not seem to pose any health risk to the people working in the building or to the public.

The model and simulation of low impact development of the sponge airport, China

Abstract Recently urban waterlogging problems have become more and more serious, and the construction of an airport runway makes the impervious area of the airport high, which leads to the deterioration of the water environment and frequent waterlogging disasters. It is of great significance to design and construct the sponge airport with low impact development (LID) facilities. In this paper, we take catchment N1 of Beijing Daxing International Airport as a case study. The LID facilities are designed and the runoff process of a heavy rainfall in catchment N1 is simulated before and after the implementation of LID facilities. The results show that the total amount of surface runoff, the number of overflow junctions and full-flow conduits of the rainwater drainage system in catchment N1 of Beijing Daxing International Airport are significantly reduced after the implementation of the LID facilities. Therefore, the application of LID facilities has greatly improved the ability of the airport to remove rainwater and effectively alleviated the risk of waterlogging in the airport flight area. This study provides theoretical support for airport designers and managers to solve flood control and rainwater drainage problems and has vital practical significance.

24-hour nutrient mass balance of small storage reservoir included in municipal rainwater drainage system

The paper presents the results of research, which aimed at tracing the quantitative and qualitative effect of the ”Tomaszowska” urban retention reservoir (located in the Łódź city) on the Olechówka River flowing through it over a period of one day. For this purpose, two measurement-control points were established located directly above the inflow of river to the reservoir, and below the weir. Hydrological and hydrochemical measurements were performed every two hours. Results obtained in this research present the reservoir as an object that in terms of the inflowing river, among others, in a daily balance of pollutants retains mineral and biogenic compounds, and releases dissolved and suspended organic compounds, and also changes the structure of pollution (in the case of total dissolved solids and total nitrogen, increasing the contribution of their organic forms).

Flood risk assessment and mapping using AHP in arid and semiarid regions

Identifying flood risk-prone areas in the regions of extreme aridity conditions is essential for mitigating flood risk and rainwater harvesting. Accordingly, the present work is addressed to the assessment of the flood risk depending on spatial analytic hierarchy process of the integration between both Remote Sensing Techniques (RST) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). This integration results in enhancing the analysis with the savings of time and efforts. There are several remote sensing-based data used in conducting this research, including a digital elevation model with an accuracy of 30 m, spatial soil and geologic maps, historical daily rainfall records, and data on rainwater drainage systems. Five return periods (REPs) (2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 years) corresponding to flood hazards and vulnerability developments maps were applied via the weighted overlay technique. Although the results indicate lower rates of annual rainfall (53–71 mm from the southeast to the northwest), the city has been exposed to destructive flash floods. The flood risk categories for a 100-year REP were very high, high, medium, low, and very low with 17%, 41%, 33%, 8%, and 1% of total area, respectively. These classes correspond to residential zones and principal roads, which lead to catastrophic flash floods. These floods have caused socioeconomic losses, soil erosion, infrastructure damage, land degradation, vegetation loss, and submergence of cities, as well life loss. The results prove the GIS and RST effectiveness in mitigating flood risks and in helping decision makers in flood risk mitigation and rainwater harvesting.

Assessing Stormwater Nutrient and Heavy Metal Plant Uptake in an Experimental Bioretention Pond

With the purpose to study a solution based on Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) to reduce and treat stormwater runoff in urban areas, a bioretention pond (BP) was realized in the Agripolis campus of the University of Padova, Italy. The BP collected overflow water volumes of the rainwater drainage system of a 2270 m2 drainage area consisting almost entirely of impervious surfaces. Sixty-six Tech-IA® floating elements, supporting four plants each, were laid on the water surface. Eleven species of herbaceous perennial helophyte plants, with ornamental features, were used and tested. The early growth results of the BP functioning showed that nearly 50% of the total inflow water volume was stored or evapotranspirated, reducing the peak discharge on the urban drainage system. Among plants, Alisma parviflora, Caltha palustris, Iris ‘Black Gamecock’, Lysimachia punctata ‘Alexander’, Oenanthe javanica ‘Flamingo’, Mentha aquatica, Phalaris arundinacea ‘Picta’, and Typha laxmannii had the best survival and growth performances. A. parviflora and M. aquatica appeared interesting also for pollutant reduction in runoff water.

Epidemiological study evaluating the impact of front door duct slot of a combined domestic sewer–rainwater drainage system on children health in Kirkuk, 2017

Abstracts Total of eight districts within Kirkuk city were selected for investigating the effect of combined sewer–rainwater streams on children health during the period from August 2017 to the end of January 2018. Selected districts were sub-divided into two study cohorts (A and B) according to their sewer drainage systems and the total of (160) children living at the study cohorts at the age of (1–5) years were volunteered as the study population and were monitored for infections by subjecting them to a specific questionnaire. Analysis of the results obtained after six months of surveillance showed a significant increase (p

Viability of Green Roofs as a Flood Mitigation Element in the Central Region of Chile

Population increase and urban development over the last 20 years in Chile have outgrown most rainwater drainage and evacuation systems. Many cities located in the central region suffer from frequent floods in some of their sectors during winter rainfall events. In addition, the lack of green spaces in these cities leads to biodiversity loss, increasing temperatures, greater energy demands, etc. Green roofs offer a solution that can mitigate climate change by reducing the runoff in cities with extensive, highly impermeable areas. This work analyses the installation of green roofs as a potential solution to the sectorial floods suffered by many cities in central Chile. The methodology includes the identification of conflictive sectors in the city of Curicó, hydrological modelling with the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) software, the consideration of different distributions and types of green roof surfaces, and computational simulations to determine the feasibility of green roofs for preventing floods. The results show that, for moderate rainfall events, all studied sectors could avoid flooding if at least 50% of the surrounding area had green roofs (irrespective of the type of green roof). In contrast, in the presence of strong rainfall events, only some semi-extensive and extensive green roofs covering 60% to 95% of the surrounding area, respectively, could prevent flooding.

PROBABLE RAINFALL IN GDAŃSK IN VIEW OF CLIMATE CHANGE

One of the manifestations of climate changes is the occurrence of a greater number of precipitation events, characterized by greater rain intensity that affects the economic stability of cities. Gdansk is an example of a city in which such events have occurred since the beginning of the twenty-first century. Due to the altitude differences in the area of Gdansk city (between –2 m and 180 m a.s.l.), the occurrence of extreme atmospheric precipitation almost immediately causes hydrological effects in the water network consisting of several streams of montane character, which flow eastwards from the plateau of the Kashubian Lakeland. Meteorological stations of the National Meteorological Service (IMGW-PIB) are located in the coastal zone (Port Polnocny/Northern Port, Świbno) and in the highest part of the city (the Rebiechowo airport). Because this is insufficient, the city of Gdansk has been expanding the local rain monitoring network since 2001, currently having reliable 10-year observation data sequences. The said network is operated by the Gdansk Water municipal company. Climate changes resulting in different characteristics of rainfall episodes in Gdansk naturally influence the determination of the probability of their occurrence. According to the rainfall model developed by Bogdanowicz and Stachy at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, at least 4 rainfall events lasting for over 8 hours in the last 17 years should be classified as a 100-year rain event. One of these extended the parameters of a 300-year rain event; whereas we asses the rain in the year 2016, when even 170 mm of rainfall was recorded on July 14, as at least a 500-year rain event. During this period, several-minute events were also recorded, which also exceeded the parameters of a 100-year rain event. The paper presents precipitation models for the region of Gdansk. Based on the maximum annual daily rainfall from Rebiechowo meteorological station from the years 1974–2017, an analysis of changes in precipitation values corresponding to certain probabilities of occurrence was conducted. An assessment was also made of the projected decrease in the value of precipitation in relation to hydro-technical constructions, road-engineering structures, and rainwater drainage systems in view of changing legal regulations, as well as the latest trends related to the management of rainwater.

Analysis of concentration trends and origins of heavy metal loads in stormwater runoff in selected cities: A review

The currently heavy metal pollution in rainwater is a huge problem, especially in industrial areas. Sediment from devices for stormwater runoff treatment, especially those located in city centers, industrial districts and within the area of highways is characterized by a high content of heavy metals and is found to be most contaminated. A significant fraction of these harmful chemicals are deposited on the surface of highways and urban roads and eventually transported into local waterbodies by stormwater runoff that is the primary source of water quality impairments in urban areas. This review analyzes and interprets the collected results of tests for the content of heavy metals in sediments from the urban drainage to determine the actual threat they pose to the environment. As a result of the combustion of liquid fuels, significant amounts of nickel, vanadium, cadmium and zinc get into the aquatic environment. Due to the amount of sediments accumulated in the rainwater drainage system, periodic pollution monitoring should be carried out leading to the determination of the method of management and utilization of sludge. The use of separators contributes to the reduction of the presence of heavy metals in the aquatic environment.

Flood and Waterlogging Disaster Management System in Shenzhen River Basin

In recent years, "see the sea" in the rainy season has become a high frequency event in cities. Urban flood and waterlogging which are increasing day by day has influenced residents' lives seriously especially in large cities with high population aggregation. As a coastal city with low altitude, Shenzhen, where has a high requirement for the urban drainage system, not only has to face abundant in rainfall but also has to cope with the tide. In this paper, the disaster reduction systems such as rainwater collection, drainage system, flood storage and detention basin, reservoirs and pumping station in the Shenzhen River basin are analyzed and the operation effect is studied. In general, the flood management system of overall planning, emergency scheduling, preparation before flood, key area on duty, and post-rain response has achieved a high level and played an active role in disaster prevention and reduction. The conclusions that Shenzhen River basin has a complete and efficient system of urban flood and waterlogging management, the rainwater collecting and discharging system can meet the requirement of the city and modern design concepts of blocking, storaging, draining, pumping, scheduling which have effectively reduced the disaster have been come.

Research on the effectiveness of individual infiltration devices

The increasing urbanization process in Europe has resulted in an increase in the proportion of impervious areas in the development of watersheds. This fact, combined with the more frequent occurrence of volatile rainfall, contributes to the formation of high intensity surface runoff, which results in local flooding of the lowest located areas. Water runoff also causes a large amount of pollution from the catchment to be flushed away and transported to the receiver, which generates many negative effects on the environment. Due to these unfavorable changes in the urban catchment, it is necessary to manage the waters in accordance with the principles of sustainable development. One of the basic tools to protect the quantity and quality of water discharged from the catchment area is to take into account the need to implement technical solutions to increase the retention of rainwater in cities. Such solutions, consisting of designing natural rainwater management systems, could work independently or in cooperation with traditional rainwater drainage systems [1].