Rainfall Flood Research Articles

Numerical simulation and validation of heavy rainfall flood inundation in small watersheds in undocumented mountainous areas

ABSTRACT With global warming and the increase in extreme precipitation events, floods are becoming more frequent in mountainous areas, and the safety of lives and property of people is seriously threatened. However, understanding of the flooding process in uninformative mountainous areas is limited due to the lack of high-quality hydrometeorological data. Hence, this study adopts the MIKE21 model to simulate flood inundation in the Shadai River basin in the Qilian Mountain region of the northern Tibetan Plateau as an example. This validates the model-simulated flow and inundation extent using the flow data obtained from the calculation of the flood trace points, extent of inundation, and high-resolution remote sensing images. The results show that the flash flood inundation mainly occurs at 12:00–01:00 AM on 18 August 2022, and the simulated and actual maximum inundation areas are 7.9 and 9.5 km2, respectively. The fitted F-statistic value is 0.81, and the relative error between the calculated flow rate of the flood trace point and the model-simulated flow rate is 8%, indicating good consistency. Furthermore, an in-depth exploration of the model parameter sensitivity reveals that the use of distributed Manning's roughness coefficient value has higher simulation accuracy.

Simulation study on the clogging process of suspended matter in recharge of anti-filtration recharge well

ABSTRACT Anti-filtration recharge wells are a class of recharge facilities in groundwater reservoirs with their own anti-filtration function, and aquifer clogging is a key issue in recharge. In this paper, the process of recharging groundwater by rainfall flood water recharge from an anti-filtration recharge well was simulated by indoor sand column test, and the change of permeability coefficient, turbidity at the outlet, and the distribution of suspended particulate matter at the end of the experiment were measured and computed, so as to analyze and study the effect of filtration in anti-filtration recharge wells and carry out the contrast test with ordinary recharge wells without a recharge pool. Compared with ordinary recharge wells, the anti-filter layer in the recharge pool of anti-filtration recharge wells can largely remove suspended matter in recharge water and intercept suspended matter at the surface, thus preventing aquifer clogging, and it is recommended that the anti-filter layer should be cleaned up and replaced regularly according to the experimental results, and this study provides a reference for the practical application of anti-filtration recharge wells.

STORMWATER MANAGEMENT DIRECTIVES AND STRATEGIES IN TEH EUROPEAN UNION

The paper provides an overview of legal regulations, that is, directives and strategies related to new approaches to stormwater management. The goals, recommendations and guidelines for the implementation/application of new approaches are also listed in order to reduce and mitigate the negative consequences of increasingly frequent urban floods. The development of green infrastructure and solutions related to it are emphasized with the aim of reducing rainfall floods in urban areas and mitigating their consequences. Previous examples from practice in the European Union have shown that for the implementation of green infrastructure in urban areas, it is necessary to have appropriate legal regulations as a basis. In the Canton of Sarajevo and the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in order to establish new approaches to stormwater management, it is necessary to monitor and harmonize laws and regulations with the Directives and Strategies of the European Union with the ultimate goal of protecting the environment and improving the quality of life and living conditions. This presupposes a contribution to sustainable social economic and environmental improvement.

Accurate simulation of extreme rainfall–flood events via an improved distributed hydrological model

Recently, the high incidence of extreme rainfall and flood events worldwide has severely harmed regional economies and societies. Therefore, flood simulations and forecasts, which can provide key technical support for regional flood control and disaster reduction, are urgently needed. The Liuxihe model, as a fully distributed, physically based hydrological model, was improved in this study to simulate extreme rainfall flood events in the Beijiang River Basin. This basin is a famous rainstorm centre in Guangxi Province, China. In this work, the Liuxihe model is improved in two aspects: first, its structure and runoff generation and confluence algorithm are improved, and second, the parameter calibration method is optimised. These two adjustments improve the flood simulation performance of the model and reduce the uncertainty of the simulation results. The results revealed that the flood simulated by the improved Liuxihe model was strongly consistent with the measured values, and the index values of the Nash coefficient, correlation coefficient, process relative error, and flood peak flow error performed very well in the scheme evaluation; in particular, the mean process relative error, flood peak error, and peak time difference decreased by 62%, 63%, and 80%, respectively, after model improvement. The error indicators of the simulation were within the allowable error range from the Standard for Hydrological Information and Hydrological Forecasting (GB/T-22482–2008), which meets the accuracy requirements of flood forecasting in the local hydrological department and can be used as a practical operational plan for flood forecasting. These satisfactory flood simulation results showed that the model and algorithm were improved; thus, the improved Liuxihe model can provide important theoretical guidance for regional flood forecasting and flood disaster mitigation.

Flood Forecasting through Spatiotemporal Rainfall in Hilly Watersheds

Flood prediction in hilly regions, characterized by rapid flow rates and high destructive potential, remains a significant challenge. This study addresses this problem by introducing a novel machine learning-based approach to enhance flood forecast accuracy and lead time in small watersheds within hilly terrain. The study area encompasses small watersheds of approximately 600 km2. The proposed method analyzes spatiotemporal characteristics in rainfall dynamics to identify historical rainfall–flood events that closely resemble current patterns, effectively “learning from the past to predict the present”. The approach demonstrates notable precision, with an average error of 8.33% for peak flow prediction, 14.27% for total volume prediction, and a lead time error of just 1 h for peak occurrence. These results meet the stringent accuracy requirements for flood forecasting, offering a targeted and effective solution for flood forecasting in challenging hilly terrains. This innovative methodology deviates from conventional techniques by adopting a holistic view of rainfall trends, representing a significant advancement in addressing the complexities of flood prediction in these regions.

Incorporating historical flood events in type-based statistics

Flood statistics form the basis of many hydrologic designs. However, short observation periods can lead to a high degree of uncertainty in the quantile estimates, especially for extreme floods. One way to expand the information used in the statistics and, in particular, to include other exceptional floods in the sample is to take historical floods into account. The use of these floods, which are usually reconstructed from chronicles or flood marks, has long been established for classic flood frequency analysis. However, the fact that historical floods can also have different origins and are therefore not statistically identically distributed has so far been ignored. To avoid this violation of the statistical assumptions, we show how historical floods, subdivided according to their genesis, can be taken into account in type-based flood statistics. For this purpose, the classical partial probability weighted moment (PPWM) method is extended for the type-based mixture model of partial duration series (TMPS). The result is compared to a Markov chain Monte Carlo method in order to compare the differences between the two methods. Type-based statistics can also be used to attribute the different influences of historical floods on the quantile estimate. An example shows that floods associated with long-lasting precipitation in particular are overestimated in short samples, while heavy rainfall floods are comparatively well represented. The results show that the consideration of historical events in type-based statistics not only allows a more balanced view of extreme floods, but also enables the influences of these to be attributed.

Applicability of Simulated Precipitation for the Rainfall Flood Forecasting in the Amur Basin

Applicability of Simulated Precipitation for the Rainfall Flood Forecasting in the Amur Basin

A combined stability function to quantify flood risks to pedestrians and vehicle occupants

With the increase of the frequency and severity of flooding events, coupled with population growth, the risks posed to people from flooding is ever more apparent. This paper proposes a methodology to examine the risks posed to vehicles' occupants and pedestrians simultaneously in an urban context. Through considering stability functions of a range of vehicle types and pedestrian, a risk assessment profile for a vehicle occupant was derived. Using a historical 1-in-20-year rainfall flood event that took place in the city of Exeter (UK) in 2014, and a synthetic 1 in 100-year rainfall flood event, the potential risks posed to vehicle occupants were analysed. The results showed that for these events the potential risks posed to people travelling by car and caught in flood waters were likely to be more severe if they were to remain within their vehicles than if they were to exit said vehicles. Analysis of the changes in risk over time further revealed that if a vehicle was to become immobilised in flood water, they would only have a short timeframe (~10 min) before the level of risk increases. This is a critical finding, highlighting that remaining inside an immobilised vehicle during flood event and waiting for assistance may increase the level the risk the individual is exposed to, with the results showing the significance of such studies in reducing the risk of flooding to people.

An Analysis of Rainfall Characteristics and Rainfall Flood Relationships in Cities along the Yangtze River Based on Machine Learning: A Case Study of Luzhou

Cities along rivers are threatened by floods and waterlogging, and the relationship between rainstorms and floods is complex. The temporal and spatial distributions of rainstorms directly affect flood characteristics. The location of the rainstorm center determines the flood peaks, volumes, and processes. In this study, machine learning algorithms were introduced to analyze the rain–flood relationship in Luzhou City, Sichuan Province, China. The spatial and temporal patterns of rainstorms in the region were classified and extracted, and flood characteristics generated by various types of rainstorms were analyzed. In the first type, the center of the rainstorm was in the upper reaches of the Tuojiang River, and the resulting flood caused negligible damage to Luzhou. In the second type, the center of the rainstorm occurred in the Yangtze River Basin. Continuously high water levels in the Yangtze River, combined with local rainfall, supported urban drainage. In the third type, the rainstorm center occurred in the upper reaches of the Yangtze and Tuojiang rivers. During the flooding, rainfall from Yangtze River and Tuojiang River moved towards Luzhou together. The movement of the rainstorm center was consistent with the flood routing direction of the Yangtze and Tuojiang rivers, both of which continued to have high water levels. The flood risk is extremely high in this case, making it the riskiest rainfall process requiring prevention.

New evidence of high-magnitude Holocene floods in the Purlung Tsangpo River, southeastern Tibetan Plateau

Catastrophic flood events are the most devastating natural hazard in the world, and direct human observation or instrumental/systematic measurement cannot capture the full range of their frequency-magnitudes. It is essential to reconstruct large-magnitude, rare floods that are recorded in landforms and sediments. Recently, palaeohydrology studies associated with Holocene palaeofloods in Himalayan rivers have been gaining attention. Exceptional Holocene outburst floods have been invoked as a highly efficient erosion agent contributing to the rapid incision of the Tsangpo Gorge. Despite its significance, palaeoflood records upstream of Tsangpo Gorge have rarely been explored. This study presents a series of flood deposits consisting of laminated silt and sand or repeated cross-bedding sets, which points to high-magnitude flood. Inverse hydraulic modelling of the step-backwater method based on HEC-RAS software was applied to acquire the water surface profile under varying peak discharge scenarios. The discharges of palaeofloods were estimated by relating elevations of flood features to water surface profiles calculated for the reach. The result provides a minimum estimate of the peak discharge of approximately 3.70 × 104 m3/s with a maximal depth of up to 47 m. The overestimation of the peak discharge due to post-event channel incision is up to 3000 m3/s. Seven charcoal 14C dates give a narrow age range between 2.2 and 2.6 ka cal BP. This flood occurred only a few hundred years after a period of climate transition at ∼ 3 ka BP, which was prone to hydrological extremes. Since the reconstructed palaeodischarge is significantly beyond the scope of either rainfall floods or glacial lake outburst floods, it can be inferred that the breaching of an upstream landslide dam is the most reasonable origin.

ПОВТОРЯЕМОСТЬ ЗАСУХ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ БЕЛАРУСИ В СВЯЗИ С АТМОСФЕРНОЙ ЦИРКУЛЯЦИЕЙ В АТЛАНТИКО-ЕВРОПЕЙСКОМ СЕКТОРЕ

In the paper, the frequency and spatial distribution of atmospheric and hydrological droughts over the territory of Belarus in 1945-2020 is assessed. Aridity is evaluated using the standardized precipitation and streamflow indices (SPI and SSFI). Trends in monthly total precipitation are determined, the features of the streamflow formation during the open-channel period are revealed. The frequency of anticyclones that determines hydrometeorological conditions on the territory of Belarus is calculated. The statistically significant increase in the number of the days with anticyclonic weather over the country during the warm season is found. The increasing frequency of dry conditions in summer months against the background of a rise in the precipitation intensity is highlighted. A simultaneous increase in the frequency of very-low-flow periods on rivers and an increase in the height of warm rainfall floods in some river basins are revealed.

Research on the Impact of Heavy Rainfall Flooding on Urban Traffic Network Based on Road Topology: A Case Study of Xi’an City, China

In recent years, the frequent occurrence of extreme emergencies represented by heavy rainfall has posed a significant impact on urban transportation networks and caused great inconvenience to people’s production and life. This paper examines the impact of heavy rainfall on the urban transportation network in Xi’an’s main urban area, models the map of urban road network in the main urban area of Xi’an by applying complex network theory, quantifies and analyzes the topological and geographic structural characteristics of the affected sections (interrupted by heavy rainfall) due to heavy rainfall, as well as the impact of heavy rainfall on the functional indexes of the road network such as access efficiency and accessibility, and, finally, analyzes its formation causes and proposes targeted management countermeasures. The findings of this study serve as a valuable reference for enhancing urban traffic emergency management capabilities and fostering sustainable urban development.

Urban Flood Dynamic Risk Assessment Based on Typhoon Rainfall Process: A Case Study of Typhoon “Lupit” (2109) in Fuzhou, China

Flood disasters caused by typhoon rainfall seriously threaten regional social and economic development. Accurately assessing the risk of typhoons and their secondary disasters is a great challenge in disaster prevention and reduction. To address this, the city of Fuzhou, Fujian Province, which was severely affected by Typhoon “Lupit” (2109), was selected as a case study. A typhoon rainfall flood disaster system including four components (the disaster-causing factor, disaster-pregnant environment, disaster-bearing body, and disaster prevention and reduction capacity) was constructed. A typhoon-rainfall process comprehensive intensity index (TPCI) based on different time scales within the typhoon process was developed to accurately evaluate the flood risk. The TPCI represented the disaster-causing factors of rainfall intensity, duration, and concentration features. Geographical similarity and random forest (RF) were applied to screen 23 typical indices for an urban flood disaster risk assessment model. The results indicated that the TPCI based on a 6 h precipitation simulation at a 24 h time scale was highly effective in highlighting the role of short-term precipitation in the typhoon process. A total of 66.5% of the floodplain area had a medium-grade or higher TPCI value, while 32.5% of the area had a low-grade TPCI. Only 1% of the flooded areas were not identified, which indicated that the TPCI could accurately capture the risk of typhoon rainfall. The urban flood disaster risk assessment model comprehensively considered socioeconomic and natural environment conditions. High-risk areas were identified as regions with extreme precipitation and dense populations. The dynamic evaluation results accurately described the spatiotemporal differences in the flood disaster risk. A period of extreme precipitation lagged the landfall time of Typhoon “Lupit”, causing the proportion of areas above the medium–high-risk threshold of flood disasters to rapidly increase from 8.29% before the landfall of the typhoon to 23.57% before its demise. The high-risk areas of flood disasters were mainly distributed in the towns of Shangjie, Nanyu, and Gaishan, which was consistent with the observed disasters. These study findings could contribute to the development of effective measures for disaster prevention and reduction, and improve the resilience of urban areas to typhoon disasters.

Evolution of the Chenglingji–Datong Channel in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River and Its Drivers

In recent years, the water–sand composition of the Yangtze River channel has changed due to the influence of human factors, especially the construction of water reservoirs such as the Three Gorges Project. Changing water–sand conditions have a long-term impact on the shaping of the river channel morphology in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and the erosion retreat of local river sections has caused great harm to embankment projects. This paper focuses on the river evolution mechanism of the river channel from Chenglingji to Datong in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River over the past 31 years. Landsat remote sensing images from 1989–2019 were used to extract and interpret water bodies, river shorelines, and central bars in the study area using the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) combined with visual interpretation. We used near analysis to study the morphological evolution characteristics of the river, the channel, and selected typical river reaches for comparative analysis. We found out that the overall change in river morphology between 1989 and 2019 was small in the horizontal direction, but the local area changed significantly. Considerable scouring occurred in the vertical direction. Combining hydrological and meteorological data, we investigated the effects of the Three Gorges Dam, instream sand mining, boundary conditions, vegetation cover on both sides of the riverbanks, and aspects of storm flooding in the watershed on the evolution of the river. The study indicated that the geological conditions on both sides of the river, the implementation of the bank protection project, and the improvement of vegetation cover on both sides of the river have made the riverbanks more resistant to scouring. However, heavy rainfall floods, the operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir, and sand mining activities in the river channel make the river channel more susceptible to scouring. Based on the calculation of the slope change rate of the accumulated volume, it was found that the runoff is mainly influenced by precipitations, while the sand transport is mainly affected by human activities. This study shows that natural and anthropogenic activities affect the equilibrium state of the river’s water and sediment to varying degree.

The simulation, regulation capacity assessment and coping strategy of rainstorm runoff waterlogging in Zhu pai-chong Basin of Nanning, China

Currently, China is experiencing a phase of rapid urbanization. With the frequent occurrence of extreme rainfall events within the context of climate change, the problem of heavy rainfall and waterlogging in many cities is very prominent. In November 2020, China issued a proposal for the construction of sponge cities across the entire region to significantly enhance the rainfall flood prevention and drainage capacity of cities and effectively improve the resilience of sponge city systems for flooding management. Therefore, this paper selected the Zhu pai-chong watershed in Nanning with frequent waterlogging disasters as an example. Based on underlying surface information, We used a coupled SWMM-LISFOOD model to simulate runoff and waterlogging processes and analyze the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of the basin under 10 designed rainstorm return periods (0.25a-50a). The results confirm the substantial spatial and temporal variabilities of the runoff coefficient in the study area; impermeability was the main factor contributing to high runoff coefficient values. The spatial distribution characteristics of inundation area was general dispersion and local linear aggregation. Furthermore, this study assessed the effect of the control rate of blue‒green‒gray facilities on the actual storms, and the value ranged from only 48.6% (0.25a)-24.05% (50a). This study quantified the two-dimensional distribution of rainfall storage volume thresholds with or without considering the discharged from the pipe network. Quantitative mapping between the elements of “rainfall-storage volume of blue‒green‒gray facilities-runoff-drainage capacity of the pipe network-waterlogging level” was conducted within the study area as an example. Finally, an overall technical process scheme for rainfall and waterlogging management was proposed. The scheme covered the hydrological‒hydraulic mechanism, storage function of sponge facilities, engineering control response, nonengineering measures and intelligent management of rainfall and waterlogging during sponge city construction, which could provide critical scientific support for effective promotion of the construction of sponge cities in China.

РЕАКЦИЯ ВОДНОГО СТОКА МАЛОЙ ГОРОДСКОЙ РЕКИ НА ЭКСТРЕМАЛЬНЫЕ ДОЖДЕВЫЕ ОСАДКИ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ МОСКВЫ В 2020 И 2021 ГГ

An important trend of modern development is the concentration of population in urban agglomerations, where a specific meso- and micro-climate is created under conditions of dramatically transformed natural landscapes. In the present paper, the long-term statistical analysis of intense rainfalls and annual daily precipitation maxima was carried out based on the Moscow region weather stations timeseries for the period of 1966-2021. An increase in the variability of intense precipitation over the Moscow region corresponding to the formation of significant floods was revealed in some years. The COSMO-CLM model simulated extreme precipitation for the basin of the Setun' River (190 km2), the largest right-bank tributary of the Moskva River within the Moscow city, which was recorded over Moscow in May 2020 and June 2021. Maximum precipitation was registered over the Setun' River basin during 45-90 minutes and induced rainfall floods that exceeded the spring flood by two times. The estimated basin travel time was 6-8 hours. Rainfalls form a multistep hydrograph inheriting the shower precipitation structure on small rivers.

Flood Frequency Analysis Using Mixture Distributions in Light of Prior Flood Type Classification in Norway

The fundamental assumption of flood frequency analysis is that flood samples are generated by the same flood generation mechanism (FGM). However, flood events are usually triggered by the interaction of meteorological factors and watershed properties, which results in different FMGs. To solve this problem, researchers have put forward traditional two-component mixture distributions (TCMD-T) without clearly linking each component distribution to an explicit FGM. In order to improve the physical meaning of mixture distributions in seasonal snow-covered areas, the ratio of rainfall to flood volume (referred to as rainfall–flood ratio, RF) method was used to classify distinct FGMs. Thus, the weighting coefficient of each component distribution was determined in advance in the rainfall–flood ratio based TCMD (TCMD-RF). TCMD-RF model was applied to 34 basins in Norway. The results showed that flood types can be clearly divided into rain-on-snow-induced flood, snowmelt-induced flood and rainfall-induced flood. Moreover, the design flood and associated uncertainties were also estimated. It is found that TCMD-RF model can reduce the uncertainties of design flood by 20% compared with TCMD-T. The superiority of TCMD-RF is attributed to its clear classification of FGMs, thus determining the weighting coefficients without optimization and simplifying the parameter estimation procedure of mixture distributions.

Rainstorms impacts on water, sediment, and trace elements loads in an urbanized catchment within Moscow city: case study of summer 2020 and 2021

In 2020 and 2021, the city of Moscow, Russia, has experienced two historical rainfall events that had caused major flooding of small rivers. Based on long-term observation datasets from the surrounding weather stations, regional mesoscale COSMO-CLM climate model results, and a detailed hydrological and water quality monitoring data, we performed a pioneer assessment of climate change and urbanization impact on flooding hazard and water quality of the urban Setun River as a case study. Statistically significant rise of some moderate ETCCDI climate change indices (R20mm and R95pTOT) was revealed for the 1966–2020 period, while no significant trends were observed for more extreme indices. The combined impact of climate change and increased urbanization is highly non-linear and results in as much as a fourfold increase in frequency of extreme floods and shift of water regime features which lead to formation of specific seasonal flow patterns. The rainstorm flood wave response time, involving infiltrated and hillslope-routed fraction of rainfall, is accounted as 6 to 11 h, which is more than twice as rapid as compared to the non-urbanized nearby catchments. Based on temporal trends before and after rainfall flood peak, four groups of dissolved chemicals were identified: soluble elements whose concentrations decrease with an increase in water discharge; mostly insoluble and well-sorted elements whose concentrations increase with discharge (Mn, Cs, Cd, Al); elements negatively related to water discharge during flood events (Li, B, Cr, As, Br and Sr); and a wide range of dissolved elements (Cu, Zn, Mo, Sn, Pb, Ba, La, Cs, U) which concentrations remain stable during rainfall floods. Our study identifies that lack of research focused on the combined impacts of climate change and urbanization on flooding and water quality in the Moscow urban area is a key problem in water management advances.

Assessment of compound flooding through seamless linkage of coastal hydrodynamic and inland catchment models

Compound flooding refers to the complex interactions among oceanographic, inland (catchment) hydrological, and meteorological processes with anthropogenic factors such as land use changes due to urbanization. To-wit, the impact of higher tide levels, storm surge, and high intensity rainfall events over the inland catchment collectively may result in more extensive flooding than the individual processes acting separately. In the context of climate change and more frequent extreme weather events, coastal cities, particularly those in the ASEAN region, are increasingly vulnerable to compound flooding, yet there is no convenient and user-friendly modelling approach available that would enable the planning community and decision-makers to envision compound flooding as part of resiliency-oriented urban plan development. We addressed this gap by developing the3D Resiliency Visualisation Platform (3DRVP), within which linked features are established using Python scripts to seamless integrate a 2D mixed land use fluvial/pluvial catchment model (PCSWMM) with a 2D/3Dcoastal hydrodynamic model (Delft3D) to simulate the dynamics ofcompound floods for the assessment of coastal inundation. This platform aims to assist planners, urban design professionals, and engineers with a realistic visualization tool to picture the urban infrastructure planning alternatives as well as to facilitate the real-time operational decision-making and evacuation activation with flood control strategies. The integrated platform theory is developed first and the platform then is trialled for a developing coastal area in south Bangkok, Thailand. Similar to many cities of the global south, data availability to calibrate models is limited and as such we used a mixed methods approach to explore model accuracy. The Delft3D model was calibrated successfully using water level data from a nearby gauge in the Gulf of Thailand for Typhoon Linda. The catchment model (PCSWMM) was validated using observed flood areas as reported by the local municipality. A 100-year design rainstorm was subsequently modelled and linked with the Typhoon Linda surge levels with results indicating the combination of rainfall flooding and storm surge would increase the flooded area by 25.6% over the system components modelled individually.

Research hotspots and trends of urban stormwater management in China based on resilience theory.

Under the context of frequent flood disasters in China, stormwater management practices such as sponge cities can play a role in flood mitigation and improve the 'resilience' of cities to flood. Resilient city is a concept related with adaptation to disasters, which is increasingly applied to stormwater and flood risk management in some countries. Based on the theory of resilience, we used the scientific metrological analysis tool CiteSpace to review the actualities of Chinese research on rainfall flood, analyzed the hot spots and related technologies of stormwater management from three aspects including ecology, engineering and society of stormwater resilience. Results showed the shortcomings in cross-sectoral stormwater management, and water regulation and storage management of land use at different scales from region to block. We proposed that 'ecology-engineering-society' should be set as the core to establish an adaptive and resilient stormwater management system that offers service to 'region-city-block' with the support of multi-technology integration in the future.