Rain Formation Research Articles

Theoretical evidence of H-He demixing under Jupiter and Saturn conditions

The immiscibility of hydrogen-helium mixture under the temperature and pressure conditions of planetary interiors is crucial for understanding the structures of gas giant planets (e.g., Jupiter and Saturn). While the experimental probe at such extreme conditions is challenging, theoretical simulation is heavily relied in an effort to unravel the mixing behavior of hydrogen and helium. Here we develop a method via a machine learning accelerated molecular dynamics simulation to quantify the physical separation of hydrogen and helium under the conditions of planetary interiors. The immiscibility line achieved with the developed method yields substantially higher demixing temperatures at pressure above 1.5 Mbar than earlier theoretical data, but matches better to the experimental estimate. Our results suggest a possibility that H-He demixing takes place in a large fraction of the interior radii of Jupiter and Saturn, i.e., 27.5% in Jupiter and 48.3% in Saturn. This indication of an H-He immiscible layer hints at the formation of helium rain and offers a potential explanation for the decrease of helium in the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn.

The Interaction Between Climate Forcing and Feedbacks

AbstractA Perturbed Parameter Ensemble (PPE) with the Community Atmosphere Model version 6 (CAM6) is used to better understand the sensitivity of aerosol forcing and cloud feedbacks to changes in model processes. Aerosol forcing through aerosol‐cloud interactions is mostly negative (a cooling) due to shortwave radiation, while feedbacks are positive or negative in different regions due to contrasting longwave and shortwave effects. Both forcing and feedbacks are related to the mean climate state. Higher magnitude cloud radiative effects generally mean larger magnitude net negative forcing and larger magnitude net positive feedback. Aerosol forcing is broadly related to the susceptibility of clouds to drop number. Feedbacks also related to susceptibility, but to a lesser extent and in different regions to aerosol forcing. Aerosol forcing and cloud feedbacks are anti‐correlated in the CAM6 PPE such that stronger negative forcing is associated with stronger positive feedbacks. Even the processes governing forcing and feedback sensitivity in the PPE are similar. These include the warm rain formation process, ice loss processes and deep convective intensity.

Effects of coronal rain on decayless kink oscillations of coronal loops

Decayless kink oscillations are ubiquitously observed in active region coronal loops with an almost constant amplitude for several cycles. Decayless kink oscillations of coronal loops triggered by coronal rain have been analyzed, but the impact of coronal rain formation in an already oscillating loop is unclear. As kink oscillations can help diagnose the local plasma conditions, it is important to understand how these are affected by coronal rain phenomena. In this study, we present the analysis of an event of coronal rain that occurred on 25 April 2014 and was simultaneously observed by Slit-Jaw Imager (SJI) on board Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) and Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on board the Solar Dynamic Observatory (SDO). We investigated the oscillation properties of the coronal loop in AIA images before and after the appearance of coronal rain as observed by SJI. We find signatures of decayless oscillations before and after coronal rain at similar positions to those found during coronal rain. The individual cases show a greater amplitude and period during coronal rain. The mean period is increased by 1.3 times during coronal rain, while the average amplitude is increased by 2 times during rain, in agreement with the expected density increase from coronal rain. The existence of the oscillations in the same loop at the time of no coronal rain indicates the presence of a footpoint driver. The properties of the observed oscillations during coronal rain can result from the combined contribution of coronal rain and a footpoint driver. The oscillation amplitude associated with coronal rain is approximated to be 0.14 Mm. The properties of decayless oscillations are considerably affected by coronal rain, and without prior knowledge of coronal rain in the loop, a significant discrepancy can arise from coronal seismology with respect to the true values.

Large effects of fine and coarse aerosols on tropical deep convective systems throughout their lifecycle

Previous studies have shown that aerosols invigorate deep convective systems (DCS). However, the magnitude or even the existence of aerosol invigoration of DCS remains controversial. Here, we aimed to observationally quantify the full aerosol effects on DCS by tracking their entire lifecycle and spatial extent in tropical regions. We found that fine aerosols (FA) can invigorate DCS, making them taller and longer lived, and resulting in up to ×5 increase in total area and rainfall amount. In contrast, added coarse sea salt aerosols (CSA) over the ocean can inhibit the vertical development of DCS through enhancing warm rain formation, yet resulting in longer lived and extensive DCSs. Notably, combining FA and CSA generates the strongest aerosol invigoration effect at the concentrations of ~5 and ~80 μg/m³, leading up to ×10 increase in rainfall amount. Our results indicate that aerosols significantly redistribute convective precipitation and climate effects, greatly underestimated in previous studies.

Influence of galactic cosmic ray flux on extreme rainfall events in Greece and Libya

The Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) flux can contribute to the formation of condensation nuclei (CN), radionuclides, and other particles, which in turn influence the formation of rain and extreme weather events. The aim of this analysis was to investigate the possible influence of GCR flux on the extreme rainfall events that occurred in Greece and Libya in September 2023. We used time series data for GCR, rainfall estimates from ERA5, and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) for the period between September 1, 2023, and September 11, 2023. The results revealed a negative correlation between GCR and SST of −0.807 (Greece) and −0.828 (Libya), and a positive correlation between precipitation and SST of +0.972 (Greece) and +0.998 (Libya). The GCR flux and SST accounted for approximately 60.52% and 34.53% of the extreme event in Greece, and 33.71% and 65.96% in Libya, respectively. These statistical results indicate that GCR flux contributed to the formation of the extreme precipitation event that caused significant destruction in Greece and Libya in September 2023.

Are turbulence effects on droplet collision–coalescence a key to understanding observed rain formation in clouds?

Rain formation is a critical factor governing the lifecycle and radiative forcing of clouds and therefore it is a key element of weather and climate. Cloud microphysics-turbulence interactions occur across a wide range of scales and are challenging to represent in atmospheric models with limited resolution. Based on past experiments and idealized numerical simulations, it has been postulated that cloud turbulence accelerates rain formation by enhancing drop collision-coalescence. We provide substantial evidence for significant impacts of turbulence on the evolution of cloud droplet size distributions and rain formation by comparing high-resolution observations of cumulus congestus clouds with state-of-the-art large-eddy simulations coupled with a Lagrangian particle-based microphysics scheme. Turbulent coalescence must be included in the model to accurately represent the observed drop size distributions, especially for drizzle drop sizes at lower heights in the cloud. Turbulence causes earlier rain formation and greater rain accumulation compared to simulations with gravitational coalescence only. The observed rain size distribution tail just above cloud base follows a power law scaling that deviates from theoretical scalings considering either a purely gravitation collision kernel or a turbulent kernel neglecting droplet inertial effects, providing additional evidence for turbulent coalescence in clouds. In contrast, large aerosols acting as cloud condensation nuclei ("giant CCN") do not significantly impact rain formation owing to their long timescale to reach equilibrium wet size relative to the lifetime of rising cumulus thermals. Overall, turbulent drop coalescence exerts a dominant influence on rain initiation in warm cumulus clouds, with limited impacts of giant CCN.

Mathematical Modeling of the Process of Acid Rain Formation in Case of Emissions from Thermal Power Plants

Purpose. It is known that acid rain has a negative impact on the environment. The formation of acid precipitation in the atmosphere occurs as a result of the chemical interaction of fuel combustion products and atmospheric humidity. Acid rain leads to crop losses, deterioration of soil fertility, and acidification of water in reservoirs. The development of scientifically based methods for studying the intensity of such acidic pollution of the air and soil surface in regions with significant emissions from thermal power plants remains an urgent problem. To solve this problem, it is important to use mathematical modeling, since it is impossible to determine the impact of emissions from thermal power plants on the formation of acid rain experimentally. Therefore, the main goal of the work is to create a mathematical model for predicting the formation of acid rain in the event of emissions from thermal power plants. Methodology. To predict the process of acid rain formation, a three-dimensional equation of convective diffusion transport of a pollutant is used, which takes into account the wind speed profile, atmospheric stratification, emission intensity of an impurity, and wind direction. This equation is also used to describe the process of water vapor transport in atmospheric air. To describe the process of acid formation in atmospheric air, a stoichiometric relationship is used. The numerical integration of the modeling equation of transfer was carried out using the splitting method. Findings. A multifactorial numerical model was built that allows determining the zones where acid rain is formed. The problem of predicting the formation of acid rain in the case of emissions from thermal power plants on the basis of the constructed numerical model is considered. Originality. A numerical model is proposed to predict the occurrence of acid rain due to emissions from thermal power plants. The model is multifactorial and takes into account convection, atmospheric diffusion, and an uneven wind profile. A computer code has been created that allows for rapid assessment of acid pollution zones. Practical value. The developed computer code for analyzing the zones of acidic pollution of the environment in the case of industrial emissions makes it possible to predict the intensity of such pollution in various meteorological conditions.

Prominence and coronal rain formation by steady versus stochastic heating and how we can relate it to observations

Prominences and coronal rain are two forms of coronal condensations for which we still lack satisfactory details on the formation pathways and conditions under which the two come to exist. Even more so, it is unclear why prominences and filaments appear in so many different shapes and sizes, with a vertical rather than a horizontal structure or vice-versa. It is also not clear why coronal rain is present in some cases and not in others. Our aim is to understand the formation process of prominences and coronal rain in more detail by exploring what influence two specific heating prescriptions can have on the resulting formation and evolution, using simulations. We try to determine why we see prominences with such a variety in their properties, particularly by looking at the large-scale topology and dynamics. We attempted to recreate some of these aspects by simulating different types of localised heating. Besides the differences we see on a large scale, we also attempted to determine what the smaller-scale phenomena are, such as reconnection, the influence of resistivity (or lack thereof), the influence of flows and oscillations. We compared prominences that formed via a steady versus stochastic type of heating. We performed 2.5D simulations using the open-source MPI-AMRVAC code. To further extend the work and allow for future direct comparison with observations, we used Lightweaver to form spectra of the filament view of our steady case prominence. With that, we analysed a reconnection event that shares certain characteristics with nanojets. We show how different forms of localised heating that induce thermal instability result in prominences with different properties. The steady form of heating results in prominence with a clear vertical structure stretching across the magnetic field lines. On the other hand, stochastic heating produces many threads that predominantly have a horizontal motion along the field lines. Furthermore, the specific type of heating also influences the small-scale dynamics. In the steady heating case, the prominence is relatively static; however, there is evidence of reconnection happening almost the entire time the prominence is present. In the case of stochastic heating, the threads are highly dynamic, with them also exhibiting a form of transverse oscillation (strongly resembling the decayless type) similar to the vertically polarised oscillations previously found in observations. The fact that the threads in the stochastic heating case are constantly moving along the field lines suppresses any conditions for reconnection. It, therefore, appears that, to first order, the choice of heating prescription defines whether the prominence-internal dynamics are oriented vertically or horizontally. We closely inspected a sample reconnection event and computed the synthetic optically thick radiation using the open-source Lightweaver radiative transfer framework. We find the associated dynamics to imprint clear signatures, both in Doppler and emission, on the resulting spectra that should be testable with state-of-the-art instrumentation such as DKIST.

Hourly near-ground NO2 concentration retrieval from geostationary satellite observations

Abstract. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is an important contributor to the formation of acid rain, photochemical smog and aerosol particles, which seriously endangers public health. At present, remote sensing of polar-orbiting satellites is a conventional means to obtain large-scale NO2 distribution, but it cannot capture the rapid change because of long revisit periods. The Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) on the Himawari-8 geostationary satellite has the advantage of high time resolution, which makes it possible to realize near-real-time atmospheric monitoring. Here, based on the absorption characteristics of NO2 in infrared radiation, hourly near-surface NO2 concentrations are retrieved based on the brightness temperature from AHI and auxiliary information such as meteorology and aerosol. The results of 10-fold cross-validation show that NO2 estimations from satellite are in good agreement with in-situ measurements, and their determination coefficient (R2) can reach 0.79. Due to different emission and atmospheric diffusion conditions at different time, the model performance presents a diurnal variation of high accuracy in the noon and afternoon but low accuracy in the morning. Based on the retrieval dataset, it is found that high NO2 concentrations are mainly concentrated in the densely populated and industrial areas such as the North China area. In addition, NO2 pollution mainly occurs in autumn and winter, and the average NO2 concentration in winter is about 1.63 times that in summer in 2021. This study provides a new insight for satellite retrieval of NO2, which is of great significance for real-time pollution monitoring and public health protection.

Analysis of the effect of plum rain on Yangtze River Delta

Every year, from June to July, there will be two or three weeks of continuous precipitation at Yangtze River Region. This precipitation is called Plum Rain. This paper is mainly about the Plum rain front, and its effect on the Yangtze River Delta. While the Yangtze River Delta is a large area, and considering that the data has to be easy to access, this paper specifics the topic to the most representable region-Shanghai. This paper is divided into 4 parts, the first part is the introduction, including the naming and formation of the plum rain. The second part is mainly about several types of anomalous plum rain and how they occurred. The third part analyzes the effects of the plum rain on the Yangtze River Delta region, and how to prevent these effects. The fourth part is conclusion. This paper believes that the prediction and alarming of anomalous plum rain should be focused on, and the prediction can let the government to advance layout, and decrease the economic loss when anomalous plum rain strikes.

Turbulence-induced droplet grouping and augmented rain formation in cumulus clouds

This paper provides the first observational analysis of how droplet separation is impacted by the flinging action of microscale vortices in turbulent clouds over a select radii range and how they vary over cloud cores and along the peripheral edges. It is premised that this mechanism initiates droplet separation within a cloud volume soon after condensational growth, largely in the cloud core, and operates until the cloud droplet radii exceed 20–30 µm when this effect fades rapidly. New observations are presented showing how microscale vortices also impact the settling rates of droplets over a critical size range (6–18 µm) causing them to sediment faster than in still air affecting swept volumes and thereby impacting the rain initiation and formation. Large-scale atmospheric models ignore these microscale effects linked to rapid droplet growth during the early stages of cloud conversion. Previous studies on droplet spatial organization along the cloud edges and inside the deep core have shown that homogeneous Poisson statistics, indicative of the presence of a vigorous in-cloud mixing process at small scales obtained, in contrast to an inhomogeneous distribution along the edges. In this paper, it is established that this marked core region, homogeneity can be linked to microscale vortical activity which flings cloud droplets in the range of 6–18 µm outward. The typical radius of the droplet trajectories or the droplet flung radii around the vortices correlates with the interparticle distance strongly. The correlation starts to diminish as one proceeds from the central core to the cloud fringes because of the added entrainment of cloud-free air. These first results imply that droplet growth in the core is first augmented with this small-scale interaction prior to other more large-scale processes involving entrainment mixing. This first study, combining these amplified velocities are included in a Weather Research and Forecasting- LES case study. Not only are significant differences observed in the cloud morphology when compared to a baseline case, but the ‘enhanced’ case also shows early commencement of rainfall along with intense precipitation activity compared to the ‘standard’ baseline case. It is also shown that the modelled equilibrium raindrop spectrum agrees better with observations when the enhanced droplet sedimentation rates mediated by microscale vortices are included in the calculations compared to the case where only still-air terminal velocities are used.

Augmented Reality in Early Childhood Education: The Effect of Quiver Application on Science Learning

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Quiver application on science learning in preschool period. The study was organized in an experimental design from the nice research type. The sample of the study consisted of a total of 40 children in two kindergartens in the same school determined by random assignment. Five different checklists determined by the researchers were used as data collection tools. Pre-test and post-test were conducted just before and just after the interventions with the pre-prepared checklists. The data were analyzed using the nonparametric Mann Whitney U test used in the analysis of quantitative data. As a general result of the research, it was concluded that the activity processes planned with augmented reality application created a significant difference compared to the activity processes planned with traditional methods and provided higher learning. Looking at the themes separately, there was a significant difference in favor of the experimental groups in the themes of the cycle of water and rain formation, the life cycle of plants and the food chain, while there was no significant difference between the knowledge levels of the experimental and control groups in the themes of the life cycle of the frog and sea creatures.

Exploring the excess of cloud condensation nuclei and rain suppression using a minimal three-dimensional Boussinesq model with bulk cloud microphysics

Over the years, there have been discussions about the possibility of air pollution affecting the process of rain formation. In this study, we have developed a simplified model that represents the atmospheric dynamics and cloud microphysics to explore the impact of pollution on rain formation. We used an existing three-dimensional minimal model consisting of five equations, for which we added a simple bulk parametrization that represents the role of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in cloud formation processes. We conducted numerical tests using two CCN profiles, with either one or two accumulation layers and modified their abundance to explore the effects of different CCN concentrations and distributions. We conducted four numerical tests corresponding to the two aforementioned profiles with polluted and low-polluted scenarios. The numerical simulations suggested that a layer with high CCN concentration close to the surface tends to suppress precipitation, while the same concentration distributed over two layers tends to enhance the efficiency of rain formation. The simulations also showed that CCN particles far from the surface produced higher cloud tops and longer events, consistent with previous research. Although the model includes a stable representation of precipitating turbulent convection with bulk cloud microphysics, we expect its simplicity and conservation properties to allow for deeper theoretical analyses that can help us better understand the physical processes involved in the studied phenomenon. We hope this model will serve as a tool to explore different aerosol-related scenarios within the context of minimal models.

Turbulence as a Key Driver of Ice Aggregation and Riming in Arctic Low‐Level Mixed‐Phase Clouds, Revealed by Long‐Term Cloud Radar Observations

AbstractTurbulence in clouds is known to enhance particle collision rates, as widely demonstrated for warm rain formation. A similar impact on ice growth processes is expected but a solid observational basis is missing. A statistical analysis of a 15‐month data set of cloud radar observations allows for the first time to quantify the impact of turbulence on ice aggregation and riming in Arctic low‐level mixed‐phase clouds. Increasing eddy dissipation rate (EDR), from below 10−4 to above 10−3 m2 s−3, yields larger ice aggregates, and higher particle concentration, likely caused by increasing fragmentation. In conditions more favorable to riming, higher EDR is associated with dramatically higher particle fall velocities (by up to 125%), under similar liquid water paths, indicative of markedly higher degrees of riming. Our findings thus reveal the key role of turbulence for cold precipitation formation, and highlight the need for an improved understanding of turbulence‐hydrometeor interactions in cold clouds.

Spectroscopic Observations of Coronal Rain Formation and Evolution Following an X2 Solar Flare

A significant impediment to solving the coronal heating problem is that we currently only observe active region loops in their cooling phase. Previous studies showed that the evolution of cooling loop densities and apex temperatures is insensitive to the magnitude, duration, and location of energy deposition. Still, potential clues to how energy is released are encoded in the properties of the cooling phase. The appearance of coronal rain, one of the most spectacular phenomena of the cooling phase, occurs when plasma has cooled below 1 MK, which sets constraints on the heating frequency, for example. Most observations of coronal rain have been made by imaging instruments. Here we report rare Hinode/EUV Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) observations of a loop arcade where coronal rain forms following an X2.1 limb flare. A bifurcation in plasma composition measurements between photospheric at 1.5 MK and coronal at 3.5 MK suggests that we are observing postflare-driven coronal rain. Increases in nonthermal velocities and densities with decreasing temperature (2.7–0.6 MK) suggest that we are observing the formation and subsequent evolution of the condensations. Doppler velocity measurements imply that a 10% correction of apparent flows in imaging data is reasonable. Emission measure analysis at 0.7 MK shows narrow temperature distributions, indicating coherent behavior reminiscent of that observed in coronal loops. The limitations on spatio-temporal resolution of EIS suggest that we are observing the largest features or rain showers. These observations provide insights into the heating rate, source, turbulence, and collective behavior of coronal rain from observations of the loop cooling phase.

Estimated Sulfur Dioxide Pollutant Concentrations In Medan City Using Ordinary Kriging and Inverse Distance Weighting Approaches

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) pollution is a serious problem that negatively affects air quality and human health. So2 is generated by various human activities, especially the combustion of fossil fuels, as well as from natural sources such as volcanic eruptions. The emission of SO2 in urban areas, including Medan, Indonesia, has raised concerns as it is associated with respiratory diseases and the formation of acid rain. This research aimed to estimate comparative SO2 concentrations in Medan City using geostatistical methods, specifically ordinary kriging and inverse distance weighted (IDW). Air quality monitoring data from the Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Kota Medan were collected during a certain period. The collected data were analyzed and then interpolated using ordinary kriging and IDW methods. Furthermore, the Ordinary Kriging method involves testing the OK assumption, calculation of the experimental semivariogram, calculation of the theoretical semivariogram, structural analysis, and calculation of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). Meanwhile, the Inverse Distance Weighted method involves calculating the Euclidean distance, determining the weights based on the power parameter, calculating the RMSE value, and estimating the SO2 concentration. The comparison results show that the OK method is more accurate in determining SO2 concentration compared to the IDW method in Medan City. In the estimation of sulfur dioxide (SO2) concentration, the OK method used the best theoretical semivariogram model, namely the exponential model, and in the estimation process of the IDW method, the power parameter 1 was used.

Theoretical study on the mechanisms, kinetics and risk assessment of OH radicals and Cl atom initiated transformation of HCFC-235fa in the atmosphere.

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are important greenhouse gases and ozone-depleting substances. Thus, a thorough understanding of their atmospheric fate is essential for preventing and controlling atmospheric pollution. Herein, the atmospheric transformation mechanism of CF3CH2CClF2 (HCFC-235fa) by the OH radical and the Cl atom was carried out at the dual-level of CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ//M06-2X/6-311+G(d,p). The reaction rate coefficients were calculated using the multistructural canonical variational transition state theory with small curvature tunneling (MS-CVT/SCT) at 200-1000 K. The kMS-CVT/SCT(CF3CH2CClF2 + OH) and kMS-CVT/SCT(CF3CH2CClF2 + Cl) values are 9.05 × 10-15 and 1.95 × 10-17 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at 297 K, respectively. The results show that the role of OH is more important than Cl in the degradation of CF3CH2CClF2. The atmospheric lifetimes (83 days-77.93 years), ozone destruction potential (0.001-0.023), and global warming potentials (GWP100 = 21.06-5157.35) of CF3CH2CClF2 were assessed, and these results indicate that CF3CH2CClF2 is atmospherically persistent and environmentally unfriendly. The evolution mechanisms of CF3C·HCClF2, CF3C(OO˙)HCClF2, and CF3C(O˙)HCClF2 in the presence of O2, HO2˙, and NO were investigated and discussed. The resulting products of CF3CH2CClF2 are mostly highly oxidized multi-functional compounds in the forms of aldehydes, ketones, and organic nitrates. A computational assessment of acute and chronic toxicities was performed at three levels of nutrition in order to improve the understanding of the potential toxicity of CF3CH2CClF2 and its degradation products to the aquatic environment. The acidification potential of CF3CH2CClF2 was calculated to be 1.141 and presumed to contribute to the formation of acid rain. The results may contribute to describing HCFCs' atmospheric fate, persistence, and environmental risks.

Новый подход к оценке выбросов от горных предприятий с учетом углеродного следа

Introduction. Regions with developed mining and mining processing industries are characterized, as a rule, by intense anthropogenic impact on the environment. It is necessary to assess the scale of the environmental impact taking into account a number of factors, such as: geographical location, climatic conditions, quantity and quality of extracted minerals, as well as technological indicators of their development. The negative impact on the environment during the extraction of minerals can be local, regional and global in nature. If local problems may be solved directly within the framework of a mining enterprise by applying environmental measures, then regional and global impacts need to be addressed taking into account many factors. An example of the regional and global scale of the impact of a mining enterprise on the environment is its impact on atmospheric air. Significant amounts of dust and gas emissions can spread beyond the territory of the sanitary protection zone, resulting in the migration of pollutants into water bodies and soils, and chemical transformations in the atmosphere will lead to the formation of acid rain, destruction the ozone layer and the emergence of the greenhouse effect. To ensure environmental safety in mining regions, it is necessary to reduce atmospheric air pollution, the effectiveness of which is assessed taking into account the results of a geoecological assessment, evaluation of the natural potential of the territory, analysis of anthropogenic load, protection of the territory of mining areas. In the geoecological assessment of anthropogenic impact, it is necessary be aware of the scale of the environmental impact of mining enterprises and apply a regional indicator that should take into account the specifics of enterprises and the effectiveness of environmental protection measures. The purpose of the work. Carrying out an assessment of territories subject to geoecological changes in the environment, consider the results of a geoecological assessment, evaluation of the natural potential and protection of the territory, analysis of anthropogenic load and a regional indicator that takes into account the scale of impact, the specifics of the enterprise, technological features of field development and the effectiveness of environmental protection measures. Methodology. The research was conducted on the basis of an analysis of literary data from Russian and foreign sources. Methods of geoecological assessment, patterns of interrelation of gas and dust emissions from mining facilities were considered, patterns of distribution of emissions in the air were evaluated, taking into account the specifics of the relief and climate of the mining region, and technological features of field development. The paper proposes a general concept of geoecological regulation by determining the composition and volume of pollutants from the technological process, taking into account the carbon footprint of the enterprise, assessing the relationship between gas and dust emissions from mining facilities and the patt erns of emissions in the air. The purpose of the research. Assessment of methods for determining the composition and volume of pollutants from the technological process, taking into account the carbon footprint of the enterprise, assessment of the regularity of the spread of emissions in the air, considering the specifics of the relief and climate of the mining region, as well as technological features of the field development. Results and discussion. As a result of the work, patterns of emission of gas and dust emissions into the atmosphere from technological processes at a mining enterprise have been established, taking into account climatic conditions and terrain. It is proposed to conduct a geoecological assessment of a mining enterprise taking into account the natural potential and protection of the territory, to form a structure for estimating specific emissions, which allows further taking into account the carbon footprint for the enterprise. Conclusions. It is proposed to use specific direct and indirect emissions of the enterprise when conducting a geoecological assessment of the impact of mining enterprises on atmospheric air, which will allow further use of data to assess the carbon footprint of the enterprise.

ANALYSIS OF WASTE GAS CLEANING METHODS FROM SULFUR DIOXIDE

It is shown that sulfur dioxide is one of the most common components of harmful emissions into the atmosphere.
 It is presented that a large amount of SO2 is emitted into the atmosphere in the production of sulfuric acid, during the combustion of fuel in thermal power plants, in modern production of surfactants.
 Sulfur dioxide has been shown to be responsible for the formation of acid rain, which is one of the most common forms of pollution worldwide.
 The transport of sulfur compounds over long distances leads to the deposition of sulfur dioxide in soils and waterways.
 It is known that all known methods of waste gas purification are divided into three main groups: ammonia methods, SO2 neutralization methods, catalytic methods.
 In the general case, absorption methods are divided into open and circulating cleaning schemes.
 It is shown that ammonia-acid methods are economical, but require the cost of a scarce product – ammonia.
 The ammonia-sulfuric acid method consists in the treatment of ammonium bisulfite with sulfuric acid.
 When using the ammonia-phosphorus-acid method, phosphorus methods and sulfuric acid are formed.
 The soda method is based on the absorption of sulfur dioxide by a suspension of CaO.
 The lime method is based on the absorption of sulfur dioxide by a suspension of CaO.
 It is shown that when using a sodium hydroxide solution as an absorbent, both open-loop and circulating cleaning schemes are used.
 Open circuits are characterized by simple hardware design, as well as low energy for cleaning.
 It has been shown that catalytic methods for cleaning exhaust gases do not require the use of an absorbent. However, it is necessary to use an expensive catalyst. More often, this method is used at the first stage of cleaning, and at the second – the above methods of cleaning.
 A table with comparative technical and economic indicators is given.
 It is shown that for the production of surfactants it is better to use open-loop purification schemes.
 It is suggested that sodium hydroxide solution can be chosen as the absorbent. With the content of small amounts of sodium sulfite in a solution of sodium hydroxide, it can be used as a neutralizing agent in the neutralization of sulfation products.

ANALYSIS OF WASTE GASES CLEANING METHODS FROM SULFUR DIOXIDE

It is shown that sulfur dioxide is one of the most common components of harmful emissions into the atmosphere. It is stated that a large amount of SO2 is emitted into the atmosphere in the production of sulfuric acid, during fuel combustion in thermal power plants, and in modern production of surface-active substances.
 It has been shown that sulfur dioxide is responsible for the formation of acid rain, which is one of the most common forms of pollution around the world.
 It is stated that all known methods of waste gas purification are divided into three main groups: ammonia methods, SO2 neutralization methods, catalytic methods.
 In general, absorption methods are divided into open and circulation cleaning schemes.
 It is shown that ammonia-acid methods are economical, but require consumption of a scarce product - ammonia.
 The ammonia-sulfuric-acid method consists in treating ammonium bisulfite with sulfuric acid.
 When using the ammonia-phosphoric-acid cleaning method, phosphoric fertilizers and SO2 are formed, which can be further processed into sulfuric acid.
 The sodium method is based on the absorption of sulfur dioxide by a CaO suspension.
 It is indicated that when using a solution of sodium hydroxide as an absorbent, both open and circulating cleaning schemes are used.
 It is shown that catalytic methods of waste gas purification do not require the use of an absorbent. However, it is necessary to use an expensive catalyst. Most often, this method is used at the first stage of cleaning, and at the second - the cleaning methods listed above.
 The table with comparative technical and economic indicators is presented, the choice of one or another cleaning method depends on specific production conditions.
 It is shown that for the production of surface-active substances it is better to use open cleaning schemes, which are distinguished by the simplicity of the equipment design, as well as the low consumption of energy for cleaning.
 It is stated that sodium hydroxide solution can be chosen as an absorbent. If the sodium hydroxide solution contains small amounts of sodium sulfite, it can be used as a neutralizing agent in the neutralization of sulfation products.