Railway Cars Research Articles

Estimation of railway car flow fluctuation characteristics using prediction mathematical models based on time series

Estimation of railway car flow fluctuation characteristics using prediction mathematical models based on time series

Пропозиції щодо розробки єдиних підходів оцінювання функціональних властивостей підмітально-прибиральних машин вітчизняного виробництва

Maintenance of city streets and roads is an integral part of the road infrastructure operation. The main task of summer roads cleaning is to remove all types of pollution that accumulate on a roadway surface, sidewalks, public transport stops, which are a source of dusty air and littering urban areas. Regulatory documents are introduced in different countries with the roads maintenance requirements. First of all, the mechanized sweeping quality depends on the machines sweeping efficiency indicators level. Analysis of information resources showed the lack of a unified approach to determining the quality indicators of mechanized street sweeping. This makes it impossible for consumers to compare and choose new street sweepers. This paper proposes a methodology for testing street sweepers. To simulate the most common types of garbage on the road, it was proposed to use sand, crushed stone and sawdust from wood production as a typical test material. The developed technique was tested during testing of a new sweeping machine КВСЗ-4002 produced by “Kryukovsky Railway Car Building Works”. The carried out tests have shown the possibility of using this technique to determine the cleaning efficiency coefficient (cleaning efficiency) and other indicators of a sweeping machines work quality. The proposed sweepers testing method can be considered as a solution of the problem of typing different street pollution types.

Supression of the Flexural Vibration of the Railway Car Body Floor

In this paper, the railway vehicle is modeled by a seventeenth-degrees-of freedom full vehicle model to investigate the elastic vibrations of the railway vehicles’s car body subjected to the excitations from vertical track irregularities. These irregularities are represented by the power spectral density functions which are authenticated for the stochastic real track data collected from the Konya-Polatli railway line in Turkey. The car body floor is modelled as a structure consisting of a plate and its connecting components by introducing artificial springs at the joint points. The model can express the complicated elastic vibrations with fewer degrees of freedom and at a lower computational cost than the detailed finite element model. To suppress the vertical vibration of the flexible-bodied railway vehicle secondary suspension control design based on affine parameter dependent model has been built with a single objective function and the solutions are obtained via H ∞ optimization. The numerical results show that the complicated mode shapes can successfully be expressed analytically and the simulation studies illustrate that the active system is effective in reducing both the flexible and rigid modes of the car body and improving the ride comfort.

ВИСОКОШВИДКІСНИЙ РУХОМИЙ СКЛАД УКРАЇНИ

A brief history of the development of high-speed passenger traffic in the countries of the world is shown, it is shown that the length of high-speed highways (SMM) in the world is 44 thousand km. Despite the fact that Ukraine is not included in the list of 28 countries with the SMM, a two-system electric train ECR1 "Tarpan" was created on the basis of the PUBLIC JOINT STOCK COMPANY "KRYUKOVSKY RAILWAY CAR BUILDING WORKS" (PJSC "KVBZ") for the speed of movement of more than 200 km / h. A description of the electric train and the peculiarities of the brake system are given. It is shown that the brake system corresponds to world counterparts for high-speed trains about what evidence test results, which, due to the lack of ATS, were carried out for a speed of 160 km / h. The results of the settlement research, using the mathematical model and the results of the driving brake tests, showed that the braking pathway of the electric train at a speed of 200 km / h is 1539 m, and at a speed of 300 km / h - 3172 m. The obtained brake path values comply with the technical requirements of the European Union TSI . Studies confirm that Ukraine has high-speed rolling stock for speeds up to 300 km / h. Key words: high-speed rolling stock, electric train, brake system, brake path, speed

Четырехосный полувагон грузоподъемностью 60 тонн с деревянной обшивой кузова 1947 года, модель 12-37

The authors of the article continue to publish materials on the development and design of car structures and their elements at the Ural railway car building plant. The results of the work for the period from 1936 to 1941, during which the design-engineering bureau of the Ural railway car building plant (Uralvagonzavod) developed more than 30 freight car projects, are presented. The device of a gondola car with a wooden covering with a new numbering of schematic drawings, with the assignment of the model number according to the type 37.00.000-0 is given. The elements of the gondola car that differ from the previous design are considered in detail: the overall size, side walls, ridge beam and its elements, bogie, automatic coupling and brakes, and others. The technical characteristics of the gondola car are given

Resource-saving steel hopper for loading of railway cars

The article is devoted to the study of geometric characteristics of corrugated sheets of railway grain hopper. In particular, the problem of finding the optimal parameters of a corrugated sheet of a given length, such as the height and width of the corrugation shelves, is solved. The optimality condition in this problem is determined by the minimum mass of the corrugated sheet. Because of analytical calculations, it was found that, regardless of the angle of tip of the corrugation wall, there will always be such a value of optimum height at which the corrugation area will be the smallest. For the analysis of this parameter, a series of curves of dependence of the corrugation cross-section area on the height for different angles of tip were constructed. The study also provided concise and engineering-friendly equations to determine the optimum height and width of corrugation shelves for wall angles up to 60º. These expressions can be applied to the case of corrugated sheet with a limited number of erection joints. For other cases of jointing of the corrugated sheets with each other (complete or partial overlapping of the lower part), additional studies should be performed similar to the procedure presented.

Development of a method for optimizing a product quality inspection plan by the risk of non-conformity slippage

Risk-based approaches are a feature of the modern quality management system. A method of optimization of product quality inspection plan by the risk of non-conformity slippage is proposed. The method is based on a risk ranking matrix, criteria of the failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA), block classification of inspection plans, approaches to non-conformity prediction, and probability multiplication theorem for independent events.The risk of non-conformity slippage was defined as a criterion of inspection plan optimization. The proposed method allows determining the acceptability of the risk, with 100 % quality inspection, in case of abandoning the inspection operation, the possibility of applying sampling and minimum sampling volumes necessary to ensure an acceptable risk level. Relationships were derived to determine the minimum required number of inspected units out of 1,000, with an acceptable risk level in product quality inspection. The initial data for the calculation are the main characteristics of the inspection plan: the probability of the object conformity with the requirements for the controlled quality characteristic, the probability of not detecting non-conformity with the provided inspection method, the rate of non-conformity slippage, which ensures an acceptable risk level. The formula allows calculating the minimum sampling volume that provides an acceptable level of non-conformity slippage risk during the implementation of the product quality inspection plan (QIP).The proposed method was tested on the inspection plan for welds of air tanks of the railway car braking system. It is possible to abandon the original 100 % inspection plan and apply sampling, which provides an acceptable level of non-conformity slippage risk. This allows reducing the volume and costs of inspection by 18 %

Effect of truck shear pads on the dynamic behaviour of heavy haul railway cars

Shear pads are devices used to improve vehicle dynamics performance on heavy haul railways wagons. In this work, we present a method to determine the elastic properties of such components using experimental/numerical approach. The final goal is to provide adequate input to multi-body analysis software commonly applied to study and design railroad vehicles. We also considered the effect of side frame compliance to primary suspension performance, a influence that is often neglected on this type of study. Our results show that the application of shear pads can indeed promote a significant reduction of wheel and rail wear by decreasing the total frictional energy . We also show that, under the simulated conditions, the most important stiffness coefficient to wear is the longitudinal one.

A high-efficiency energy regeneration shock absorber based on twin slider-crank mechanisms for self-powered sensors in railway cars

In recent years, with the rapid increase of railway freight, various types of self-powered sensors have been widely used in intelligent electronic monitoring equipment and on-board electric equipment in order to improve the safety and transportation efficiency of railway freight during operation. In this paper, a type of energy regeneration shock absorber based on twin slider-crank mechanisms is developed to install on the auxiliary suspensions of railway cars parallel to the coil springs. The energy regeneration shock absorber is divided into four components, as follows: a suspension vibration energy input module, a transmission module, a generator module, and an energy storage module. The suspension vibration energy input module captures the vibration energy generated by the railway car suspension. The transmission module converts the linear motion of the shock absorber into the one-way rotation motion of the generator input shaft to generate electrical energy. The energy storage module stores the electricity in the super capacitor to supply energy to self-powered sensors in railway cars. According to the bench test of the MTS® fatigue testing system, the peak efficiency of the shock absorber is 56.4%, and the average efficiency is 42.9%. Under harmonic excitation with a frequency of 3 Hz and an amplitude of 12.5 mm, the peak phase power is 24.6 W and the average power is 4.8 W, showing that the proposed new energy regeneration shock absorber is effective and practical to apply to self-powered sensors in railway cars.

Influence of transportation in railway cars of foundry coke on its quality

The granulometric composition of the bulk density of foundry coke is one of the most important characteristics that determine its consumer properties [1]. In the process of melting cast iron in a cupola, foundry coke has to provide sufficient temperature and drainage capacity. The latter is determined by the size of the foundry coke, the uniformity of its particle size distribution, as well as both “hot” (CSR, %) and “cold” (M40, I40, etc.) strength. The dependence of the strength of coke on the carbon structure, the parameters of the porous structure, size, amount and composition of ash is established [2]. There is data [3] indicating a decrease in the “hot” strength of coke with an increase in the content of basic oxides in the ash: an increase in the SO3 content by 1% reduces the CSR by 20-24%.

Reliability analysis of railway freight car wheelset based on Birnbaunm-Saunders fatigue life distribution

Among the running faults of railway freight cars, wheelset faults still occupy a very large proportion in all operation faults. These faults seriously affect and threaten the operation safety of railway freight cars. Focusing on the data of the operating mileage of C80 wheelset, application of the two-parameter Birnbaunm-Saunders (BS) fatigue life distribution and the Weibull distribution are introduced and reviewed for analyzing the data of three high-risk wheelset faults, namely the wheel diameter difference, the circumferential wear of the tread and the location depression of tread. The analysis results show that the application of BS fatigue life distribution in the prediction of wheelset reliability is feasible.

Effect of Transportation on the Quality of Foundry Coke

The indicator values of foundry coke quality are determined by means of testing at coke plants. As a rule, the consumers of foundry coke and foundry enterprises are located at a distance from coke plants. Foundry coke is transported in bulk in the open railroad cars. In this regard, the aim of this work is to reveal the effect of transportation on the quality of foundry coke. To determine the effect of transportation distance, the destruction index PT (%) was introduced. The experimental results have shown that the destruction degree of foundry coke is not the same at different transportation intervals. When transporting over distances up to 300 km, the coke with the minimum value of M40 durability index undergoes destruction. With an increase in the transportation distance from 900 to 2500 km, the destruction rate of foundry coke increases by 2.08–3.02% depending on the batch. For all batches, the formation of a fraction less than 40 mm was observed depending on the value of M40 durability index from 0.25 to 1.41%. For foundry coke characterized by high values ​​of the durability index, the fraction of 80 mm or larger is kept during transportation. With an increase in the ambient air humidity during transportation by 40%, the moisture content in coke samples with a fraction of 40–60, 60–80, and 80 mm and larger increases more than in 24, 17, and 10 times, respectively. With a decrease in the air humidity by 34%, the amount of moisture in a gram of coke with a fraction of 40–60, 60–80, and 80 mm or larger decreases in 2 times, 1.26 times, and 1.45 times, respectively. Compared with coke with a fraction of 60–80 and 80 mm and larger, the moisture content of coke with a fraction of 40–60 mm increases at a higher rate with an increase in the ambient air humidity.

The results of brake tests of the DPKr-3 diesel train

JSC “Ukrzaliznytsia” purchased the first of three planned regional three-car (two main motor cars and one intermediate) diesel train DPKr-3 manufactured by PJSC “Kryukovsky railway car building works”. To confirm the declared characteristics and safety indicators of the DPKr-3 diesel train, specialists department of Cars of Dnipro National University of Railway Transport named after Academician V. Lazaryan conducted complex certification tests, which confirmed the compliance of the stated parameters. One of the points of the Terms of Reference was to determine the brake pressure of the linings per 100 weight of the train in terms of cast iron brake pads. For this purpose, according to the methodology adopted in the territory of the former CIS, force sensors, which were installed in the tick mechanisms instead of the brake linings, measured the magnitudes of the forces of pressing the brake linings on the disks. However, during the tests it was found out that the current standards for calculating the provision of train brakes cannot be applied to modern rolling stock. It is recommended for rolling stock where the use of brake pads, and even more cast iron, is not provided by the design, to develop normative documents that would determine the standards for brakes by the results of calculations and tests.

FEATURES OF SEASONAL DYNAMICS OF HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS IN WASTEWATER FROM COLLIERY SPOIL HEAPS OF NOVOVOLYNSK MINING AREA

Surface run-off is water from rain and snowmelt flowing from the territory of industrial enterprises. The part of surface run-off in the total volume of discharged wastewater from the coal industry is 2%. Their volume depends on the amount of rain and melt water, as well as the size of the sites of industrial enterprises. The objects of surface run-off contaminants in the Novovolynsk mining area are: outdoor coal and concentrate storages, colliery spoil heaps, sludge and tailings, crushing compartments, storages fuels and lubricants, points of railway cars loading and unloading, cable cars, boiler installations, etc. On the territory of the Novovolynsk mining area besides the wastewater a huge amount of mining waste is formed. It is stored on flat heaps, adjacent to the area. Coal also accumulates on flat dumps. The surface run-off from the area of the flat heaps may contain chemical compounds. Surface water from the mine area is not purified, although in terms of quality, it is highly polluted. During investigation period the Novovolynsk mining area the storm run-off from their territory contained more than 15,000 mg / ml of suspended substances and up to 500 mg / ml of petroleum products [4]. Spoil heaps are the main sources of surface run-off contamination by suspended solids, mineral salts and heavy metal ions. Thus, the amount of suspended solids in rainwater reaches 12000 mg / l and in meltwater - up to 50,000 mg / l, the total salt content reaches 8000 mg / l. The maximum amount of iron is more than 7550 mg / l. It is found in the meltwater from the spoil heaps of almost all mines in the Novovolynsk mining area. The composition and concentration of pollutants in coal storage water runoff doesn't differ too much from the spoil heaps water run-off. An extremely important factor of man-made impact on the sanitary status of natural water bodies is the pollution of the water-intake areas around coal and mining enterprises by chemical elements, especially during polymetallic ores development [2].

Treatment of Preserved Fecal Sludge Using Anaerobic Digestion.

Rational ways of treatment of fecal sludge (FS) from environmentally friendly toilet complexes of railway cars preserved with a biocidal agent (BA) based on quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) and polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) are considered. The bacteriostatic effect of BA on different groups (aerobic and anaerobic) of microorganisms in preserved FS was shown. An effective method for reducing the toxic effect of BA in FS by means of pretreatment with acid prior to microbiological processing has been proposed. The conditions for carrying out the process were selected, allowing to increase the efficiency of anaerobic fermentation of FS containing BA.

A testing facility to assess railw ay car infrastructure damage. a conceptual design

A testing facility to assess railw ay car infrastructure damage. a conceptual design

Modeling and optimization of plans for railway freight transport performed by a transport operator

This paper offers one approach for solving a problem that arises for railway transport operators. The task is to manage the fleet of freight railcars optimally in terms of profit maximization. The source data for the transport operator is a list of requests received from customers, as well as the location of railcars at the beginning of the planning period. The request formed by each customer consists of departure station, destination station, name and volume of cargo that the customer would like to transport. The request also contains the rate that the customer has to pay to the transport operator for each loaded wagon transported. Planning is carried out for a month in advance and consists, on the one hand, in selecting the most profitable requests for execution, on the other hand - in building a sequence of cargo and empty runs that will fulfill the selected requests with the greatest efficiency. Direct transportation of loaded and empty railway cars is carried out by Russian Railways with pre-known tariffs and time standards for each of the routes. At the same time, tariffs for driving loaded wagons are additional costs for the customer of the route specified in the request (customers pay both the transport operator for the use of wagons and Russian Railways); transportation of empty wagons is paid by transport operators. To solve this problem, one of the possible ways to reduce it to a large-dimensional linear programming problem is proposed. An algorithm is proposed, the result of which is a problem written in the format of a linear programming problem. To demonstrate the approach clearly, a simplified problem statement is considered that takes into account only the main factors of the modeled process. The paper also shows an example of a numerical solution of the problem based on simple model data.

STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF COVERINGS OF EXTENDED RADIATING PIPES ON THEM HEAT RADIATION, WHEN HEATING LARGE OBJECTS AND HEATING INDUSTRIAL ROOMS

It is shown that for heating rooms and objects large in length and volume, the use of extended emitting pipes is most appropriate. A method for heating extended objects is described, in which the principle of radiation from radiating pipes with a length of more than 30 m is used in a garage-defroster of railway cars. The heating system of the garage-defroster includes a firebox-heat generator, long pipes of 90 m along the wagons, the control and instrumentation system A. The firebox and the control and instrumentation cabinets are installed in a separate room. The defrost system circuit is essentially a large emitter. The entire heat-radiating circuit is a closed system of direct and return pipes through which a low-temperature (300–400 °C) coolant circulates. The industrial operation of such a system at one of the Ukrainian factories has confirmed the advantages in comparison with the known defrosting systems: reliability, easy operation, high efficiency, safety and environmental friendliness, low capital costs, a minimum of instrumentation and automation, minimal thermal inertia. Ways of increasing the uniformity of temperature and heat radiation from pipes are considered: recirculation of the coolant in the working circuit and applying coatings with different emissivity to the pipe surface. So, with a recirculation rate of the coolant in the working circuit of the industrial defrosting system from 3 to 5, the temperature difference between the surface of the emitting pipes at the first and distant cars was 100 or more degrees. Therefore, cars that are closer to the coolant entrance to the system defrosted faster than others. Two new methods for controlling the radiation intensity of long pipes along their length are proposed: coating coatings with different emissivity on the surface of pipes and coating with maximum and minimum emissivity, which alternate between themselves, around the perimeter of the rings. The results of laboratory experiments on the dependence of the heat radiation of pipes on the methods of applying special coatings to them are shown, which showed that coating in a certain order allows you to change the nature of the distribution of temperatures and heat radiation on surrounding surfaces, significantly reducing their decrease along the length of the radiating pipe. Ref. 18, Fig. 4.

Connecting Parking Facilities to the Electric Grid: A Vehicle-to-Grid Feasibility Study in a Railway Station’s Car Park

This study evaluates the impact of energy on the distribution network at the point of connection of an electric plant of a railway car parking facility in which charging points for electric vehicles (EVs) were installed. The objective is to identify a possible load curve of the simulated car park and, based on the principle of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, to develop an appropriate algorithm. Such an algorithm explores the possibility of a two-way energy flow between the connected vehicles and the electricity grid, and performs a peak shaving of the load curve of the plant under examination in order to avoid absorption peaks, which are usually difficult to manage when using the distribution system operator (DSO). The work also presents the coupling with a photovoltaic system designed specifically for the car park. The study results are presented after a summary of the current state of development of electric mobility, describing the various types of EVs, the charging infrastructure, and the possible applications in smart grids (SGs).

Expansion of application range of pneumatic hammers with adjustable impact effect

The author reviews briefly existing machines for trenchless laying of underground utilities and vertical driving of steel elements in soil. For a pneumatic hammer with ring and inertia valves for driving different diameter pipes, arrangement and operating principles are described. Powerful longitudinal forces generated by shocks ensure destruction of solid rocks or compaction of soil in the zone of hole-making. These forces can be used in implementation of other technologies as well. For instance, maintenance and rehabilitation of oil well centrifugal pumps, which requires complete disassembling of the machine. For taking of many parts (impellers and guide vanes) out of a hole (a pipe), a pneumatic hammer with piston weight of 40 kg was tested. Another application area of pneumatic hammers can be stimulation of caking material unloading from railway cars using a vibropercussion plant driven by pneumatic puncher. Replacement of the latter by a pneumatic hammer of the same size and performance can enhance efficiency of the process.