Deep rolling is an efficient technique to increase the fatigue life of railway axles. The application introduces compressive residual stresses into the area near the surface, which are the most effective positive influence on fatigue behaviour and remaining service life in presence of a crack. This paper investigates the remaining service life of deep rolled railway axles. Previous research studies are used as basis for this work whereas, firstly, an elaborated crack growth model for common railway axle steels was developed. This model is based on experimental crack propagation results and can consider crack closure as well as load sequence effects and local residual stress conditions. Secondly, a numerical deep rolling simulation model validated with experimental residual stress measurements to determine the introduced residual stress state and to investigate the influence of various process parameters. In this study, the comprehensive outcome of both studies is connected in order to evaluate and compare the residual life of railway axles with the presence of different deep rolling-induced residual stress distributions in-depth. The crack growth study involves combinations of the deep rolling force as one of the most influencing process parameters, load scenarios as well as initial crack sizes and finally discusses the comprehensive results.