Radular Formula Research Articles

Radular morphology by using SEM in Pugilina cochlidium (Gastropoda: Melongenidae) populations, from Thondi coast-Palk Bay in Tamil Nadu-South East coast of India.

Radula in all melongeninae species is rather uniform and characterized by bicuspid lateral teeth with strongly curved cusps and sub rectangular rachidians, bearing usually 3 cusps. The aim of the present study was to describe the radula of 2 Pugilina cochlidium populations using SEM. The radula in 2 species proves itself as a rachiglossate type showing the radular formula of 1 + R + 1. The first population hasthe central tooth wide with sharp cusps equal in length, emanate from posterior margin of tooth base. The lateral teeth have 2 cusps and are long, sharp, pointed and bent towards the rachidian tooth. Whereas the second population, the central tooth is narrow with sharp cusps equal in length, emanate from posterior margin of tooth base. The lateral teeth have 2 cusps and are broad, longer, sharp, pointed and bent towards the rachidian tooth. They are typically sickle shaped with broad strong base. In both populations the rachidian tooth is subquadrate with 3 big cusps in the middle, but in the second population the base of the rachidian is concave while in the first population it is straight. In the present study the median rachidian of the second population, has a broad basal region when compared to first. This similar observation has been made in Chicoreus virgineus ponderosus and Siratus virgineus ponderosus. In the present study, since 2 populations exhibit the same generalized rachiglossate pattern it does not offer much scope for systematic diagnosis below generic level.

A report of a new species and new record of Cadlina (Nudibranchia, Cadlinidae) from South Korea.

Of the four species in the genus Cadlina present in the northwestern Pacific region, C. japonica has been the only species recorded from South Korea. For the purpose of investigating Cadlina in Korean waters, specimens were collected from the Korean East Sea (Sea of Japan) by scuba diving. The radula and morphology of these specimens were examined by stereoscopic and scanning electron microscopy. Based on morphology, three species were identified in Korean waters, including the new species, Cadlina koreanasp. nov., C. umiushi (first record in South Korea), and C. japonica. Cadlina koreanasp. nov. somewhat resembles C. umiushi but differs in both its morphology as well as the structure of its radula. The background color of Cadlina koreanasp. nov. is translucent white, tubercles on the dorsum are opaque white and the yellow marginal band is absent. The radular formula of Cadlina koreanasp. nov. is 57 × 23.1.23 with a rectangular rachidian tooth. In addition, mitochondrial cytochrome c subunit 1 (COI), 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA), and nuclear 28S ribosomal RNA (28S rRNA) gene sequences were generated and used for analysis of Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) and reconstruction of the phylogenetic tree. Morphological distinction and genetic analyses confirm that three Cadlina species are present in Korean waters of which Cadlina koreana is a new species.

The return of the clown: pseudocryptic speciation in the North Pacific clown nudibranch, Triopha catalinae (Cooper, 1863) sensu lato identified by integrative taxonomic approaches

The North Pacific nudibranch species Triopha catalinae (Cooper, 1863), also known as the clown nudibranch, includes two distinct morphotypes: the trans-Pacific morphotype, known from South Korea to Southern California, and the eastern Pacific-only morphotype from Southeast Alaska to Baja California. We tested the hypothesis that Triopha catalinae is a species complex by applying an integrative taxonomic approach that included (1) phylogenetic analyses of the mitochondrial 16S and COI, and the nuclear Histone H3 genes; (2) haplotype network analysis based on COI sequences; (3) Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) species delimitation analysis based on 16S and COI sequences; and (4) comparative internal and external morphological studies. Specimens of two morphotypes were found to be genetically distinct; they clustered into two well-supported clades in the phylogenetic analyses and two groups in the TCS haplotype network. Moreover, these two groups displayed morphological differences in the dorsal tubercles and radula structure: the trans-Pacific morphotype specimens possess relatively small and dendritic dorsal tubercles, two rows of arborescent tubercles on the dorso-lateral appendages of larger individuals, and radular formula 19–24 × (9–12.5–10.1.5–10.9–12). Specimens of the eastern Pacific-only morphotype have relatively large, conical or rounded dorsal tubercles, and radular formula 48–79 × (16–18.17–33.1.17–33.16–18). Finally, the ABGD analysis confirmed that these two morphotypes constitute different species. A review of the literature (including original descriptions) and available type material revealed that Triopha modesta Bergh, 1880 and T. catalinae are the valid names for the trans-Pacific and eastern Pacific-only morphotype, respectively.

Not all nudibranchs are carnivorous: trophic ecology of Polycerella emertoni in the Ebro Delta

Nudibranchs have always been regarded as a group of specialized predators. In Alfacs Bay (Ebro Delta, Spain), the cryptic nudibranch Polycerella emertoni is found associated with the pseudo-indigenous bryozoan Amathia verticillata, which has been thought to be its target prey. Here, we assessed the trophic ecology of P. emertoni using a combination of methods, including stable isotope analyses coupled with Bayesian mixing models, examination of stomach contents, and video recording of feeding activities. A morphological analysis of the radula was also conducted to explore a possible relationship with feeding behavior. Finally, we investigated the seasonal abundance of both species throughout an entire year in order to assess the nature and strength of their association. Contrary to current belief, our results show that P. emertoni is a micro-herbivore that feeds on the periphyton covering A. verticillata (up to 99% of the diet, according to mixing models). In particular, a diverse diatom community was observed on A. verticillata, and several of these taxa were found within the stomach contents of P. emertoni. Our results evidence a distinctive radular formula and morphology compared to other species and suggest the presence of multiple feeding strategies in nudibranchs. The high seasonal association observed between P. emertoni and A. verticillata may be attributed to mimicking habitat features as a mechanism to avoid predation. The possible effects of periphyton removal in the survival of detached fragments of A. verticillata may have implications for the dispersal of fouling species and functioning of ecosystems.

A new species of stygobitic snail in the genus Antrorbis Hershler & Thompson, 1990 (Gastropoda, Cochliopidae) from the Appalachian Valley and Ridge of eastern Tennessee, USA.

A new species of cave snail (Littorinimorpha: Cochliopidae) in the genus Antrorbis is described from the dark zone of two caves in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge province in eastern Tennessee, United States. The Tennessee Cavesnail, Antrorbis tennesseensis Perez, Shoobs, Gladstone, & Niemiller, sp. nov. is distinguished from its only known congener, Antrorbis breweri, by the absence of raised tubercles on its finely spirally striate protoconch, and its unique radular formula. Moreover, A. tennesseensis is genetically distinct from A. breweri based on substantial divergence at the mitochondrial CO1 locus. This is the first cavesnail to be described from the Appalachian Valley and Ridge (AVR) physiographic province in the state of Tennessee, which previously represented a substantial gap in the distribution of stygobitic (i.e., aquatic, subterranean-obligate) gastropods.

Primer registro del género Carminodoris Bergh, 1889 (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia: Nudibranchia: Doridoidea: Discodorididae) en el Caribe colombiano

In the Atlantic Ocean, there are only two records of nudibranchs belonging to the genus Carminodoris Bergh, 1889 (Discodorididae). This work describes and illustrates the first record of a nudibranch belonging to this genus in the Colombian Caribbean, upon a sample collected in San Martin de Pajarales Island, Rosario Islands, Cartagena, Colombia. Morphological and anatomical attributes of the studied specimen were compared with those of Atlantic (Carminodoris hansrosaorum and C. madibenthos), also with those reported for the Pacific (C. nodulosa, C. grandiflora, C. bramale, C. flammea, C. bifurcata, C. armata and C. estrelyado). The studied sample differs from the other species by its size (74 mm), distinctive morphological patterns (foot, tubercles, branchial plume, mantle, jaw and radular formula). This is the first report of this genus in the Western Caribbean and it might be a new species, yet to be confirmed, with additional anatomical and molecular studies.

Histological Investigation of the Digestive System and SEM Study of Radula in Fusinus nicobaricus (Gastropoda: Fasciolariidae)

In the present study, histological studies of the digestive system and SEM study of radula of Fusinus nicobaricus was evaluated. The digestive system contains proboscis, oesophagus, stomach, hepatopancreas, intestine, rectum and anus. The digestive tract of Fusinus nicobaricus encloses a buccal mass at the anterior region which contains a chitinous radula. The oesophagus leaved the buccal mass dorsally and passed the food into an extensible stomach. A pair of salivary gland lied with mid-oesophagus region. Digestive gland secreted digestive enzymes into the lumen of the stomach into mid region. Intestine was thin walled, usually long and possess loop through the digestive gland tissue and leaves as short rectum. Hepatopancreas was also implicated in storage and excretion of inorganic reserves, lipids and carbohydrate metabolites. Radula, a specific character and part of the appendices of digestive system of majority of molluscs. It was observed that the type of radula in F.n is rachiglossate with radular formula of 1+R+1.

Description of a new species of Marionia (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Tritoniidae) from the Gulf of Guinea (eastern Atlantic Ocean)

A new species of dendronotid nudibranch, Marionia abrahamorum sp. nov., is described here. This species was found on Principe Island (Gulf of Guinea, eastern Atlantic Ocean), and its description is based on its morphological characteristics as well as molecular data from two mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and 16S rRNA) markers and one nuclear (histone-3) marker. This species differs from all known Tritoniidae in terms of its size, color pattern, notum pattern, number of velar processes, number of gills, presence of stomach plates, and radular formula. The phylogenetic results support the results of the morphological analysis, confirming its placement within the genus Marionia.

A rare new species of Corambe Bergh, 1869 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from the Caribbean Sea, with a review of the taxonomical history of the Corambidae Bergh, 1871

The taxonomic history of the family Corambidae Bergh, 1871 is extremely complex, in part due to the rarity of some of the taxa within the family, but also because of their unusual morphology. Some species, particularly in the Atlantic, seem to be very rare, while others are abundant, widely distributed, and having large lists of synonyms. Corambe obscura (A. E. Verril, 1870) is one of these species that has been considered to have many synonyms, which conferred it a vast range of distribution. The recent re-capture and reinstatement of Corambe carambola (Marcus, 1955) meant a severe restriction of the distribution of C. obscura and a reminder that a lot of questions are still to be answered regarding the Atlantic species of the genus. In this work, a rare species of Corambe Bergh, 1869 is described using a single specimen from Guadeloupe, Caribbean Sea. Corambe osculabundus Ortea & Caballer sp. nov. was collected during the expedition KARUBENTHOS coordinated by the Museum national d’Histoire naturelle, in Paris. It is characterized by a pattern of red lipstick-shaped stains that cover the mantle, hemispherical spiculous tubercles, a posterior notch on the mantle, rhinophores with anterolateral expansions, a dorsal buccal pump, 14 gill leafs (central gill leaf absent), and a radular formula 42 × 1.1-2P.2.1.0.1.2.1-2P.1., with one or two smooth plates interspersed before the outermost lateral teeth. The taxonomic history of the nudibranch family Corambidae is synthesized in an attempt to assess the identity of potential rare species that may have been synonymized in the absence of fresh material.

A morphological description of Onchidium reevesii (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Systellommatophora)

ABSTRACTThis morphological description of Onchidium reevesii (J.E. Gray, 1850), a common species on the coast of China, previously called Onchidium struma (Qiu, 1991), includes the external features and the digestive, nervous and reproductive systems. The radula and the penis are illustrated using electron microscopy. The surface of the notum is granular and hundreds of dorsal papillae are present, each with an eye. The position of the pneumostome is mid posterior on the hyponotum. The radular formula varies from 62:1:62 to 110:1:110. A convolute tubular rectal gland is present. Unusual features of the reproductive system include the penis having a proximal long, spiral stalk followed by a distal region covered with hooks, and the flagellum of the penial gland being long and heavily coiled.

Expect the unexpected: a new large species of Marionia (Heterobranchia : Nudibranchia : Tritoniidae) from western Europe

The target species of this work is a large tritonid nudibranch, relatively common in Galician waters (north-western Spain), where it has been regularly observed since the year 2000. To date, this species has been misidentified as Tritonia hombergii, a species from northern latitudes, because of its remarkable size. On the other hand, the external anatomy of the specimens from north-western Spain resembles that of Marionia blainvillea, a species common in the Mediterranean. To untangle the real taxonomic identity of the species, a detailed anatomical study was performed, revealing several morphological differences that has led us to consider the Galician specimen as new to science. A phylogenetic analysis was conducted for both 16S and COI genes to try to establish its systematic position in relation with other taxa. Marionia gemmii, sp. nov. differs from all known Tritoniidae in the size, colour pattern, number of velar processes, presence of stomach plates, radular formula, the shape of spawning masses and even in its feeding habits. The phylogenetic results support the comprehensive morphological analysis and also make it clear that most tritoniid genera currently recognised are not monophyletic and that a major systematic revision of the family is needed. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:91332872-9020-4D06-8B1C-2E7654D54E1A

On the genus Armina (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Nudibranchia) in Thailand

The marine sea slug heterobranch fauna from Thailand is composed of a total of 240 species, and Armina semperi is the only representative of the genus Armina recorded in the country. This species, described in the Philippines in the nineteenth century, has an uneasy taxonomic history and appears to be part of a complex of morphologically similar species, which has made its real identity difficult to determine. Comparison of samples of the genus Armina from Thailand with the original description of A. semperi showed that they were different. Furthermore, additional sampling allowed the discovery of a second species of the genus, similar to the so-called A. semperi and living in sympatry with it. In this paper, the taxonomic history of A. semperi is summarized and both species from Thailand are described as new to science. Armina scotti n. sp. is characterized by its black dorsum with pale yellowish notal ridges, widened forming three rounded blotches, not divergent posteriorly, not bifurcated; oral veil white, with a pale blue submarginal band and yellow edge; white rhinophores with a black subterminal band, which is pale blue on the inner-front sides, orange tips, and a black stripe running to the sides of the oral veil. The cutting edge of the jaws with up to four rows of denticles; radular formula 28 x 20.1.1.1.20; rachidian tooth with 5–6 strong denticles on each side of the median cusp; lateral teeth denticulate to smooth. Hermaphrodite duct very thin. Ampulla very long and wide; bursa copulatrix absent; prostate not differentiated; and penis proportionally very large and unarmed. Armina occulta n. sp. is characterized by its black dorsum with white notum narrowed forming two transverse dark bands, divergent and bifurcated posteriorly; orange mantle edge; black foot with a thick marginal band of deep blue; rhinophores deep blue with yellow tips, and a black subterminal band. The radular formula is 50 x 29.1.1.29; broad rachidian teeth, bearing 4–6 strong denticles only on the left side of the median cusp; a very thin hermaphrodite duct; very long and wide ampulla; undifferentiated prostate; large bursa copulatrix; and a penis bearing a stylet.

Radular morphology of Zidona dufresnei (Neogastropoda: Volutidae) and an analysis of its variability along the distributional range

ABSTRACTThe radular morphology of Zidona dufresnei was studied by optical and scanning electron microscopy. We analysed the variability among and within three populations distributed along the southwestern Atlantic Ocean coast, considering the hypothesis that the isolation among populations favours adaptive phenotypic variation, which is also expressed at the radular level. Populations selected for this study differ in their maximum individual size, growth rate, size and age at maturity, and fecundity. This study provides the first analysis of the interpopulational variability of the radula of Zidona dufresnei and the first description of its morphology. Zidonia dufresnei exhibited a rachiglossate radulae composed of rows of tricuspid teeth (radular formula: 0+R+0). No differences in tooth shape among populations and sexes were observed. However, significant interpopulational differences in the height of the rachidian cusp and total length of the radula were detected. Specimens from San Antonio Bay showed the lowest values for all radular variables. Positive significant relationships between total shell length and the height of the rachidian cusp and total length of the radula were found, while the number of rows remained relatively constant regardless of size. The larger morphotypes had a longer radula because of an increase in the height of the rachidian cusp. No sexual dimorphism was observed in any morphometric variables of the radula. The results suggest that populations distributed along the Argentine Sea are homogeneous for radular morphology, despite the differences in life history traits, which may be linked to a similarity in feeding habits across populations.

한국산 전복과 6종의 치설 연구

한국산 전복과 2속 2종 및 4아종 (N. gigantea, N. madaka, N. discus discus, N. discus hannai, S. diversicolor diversicolor, S. diversicolor supertexta)을 대상으로 주사전자현미경 (SEM)을 이용하여 치설 관찰을 하였다. 그 결과 전복과 패류의 치설형은 비대칭적인 선설형 (Rhipidoglossate form)이며, 치식 (Radular formula)은 >50-5-1-5-50< 으로 중앙에 1열의 중치와 3열의 측치 그리고 50열 이상의 연치로 구성되어 있다. 이러한 치설 구조는 실험 대상종 모두 공통적인 결과로 종 또는 속 간 치설 구조의 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 각 종별 세부적인 치설 형태의 차이점은 인지되어, 이를 규명하기 위한 정밀하고 세밀한 관찰이 요구되었다. These studies were conducted to compare the radulae of six species (Nordotis madaka, N. gigantea, N. discus discus, N. discus hannai, Sulculus diversicolor diversicolor, and S. diversicolor supertexta) of the family Haliotidae in Korea using the scanning electron microscope. As a result, teeth of all species has asymmetry rhipidoglossate form and basic tooth formula of six Haliotids was >50-5-1-5-50< (one central tooth, five lateral teeth, and over the 50 marginal teeth on each side). Therefore it is difficult that all of the species can be detected sharply the difference of interspecies by comparisons of radulae.

A new species ofTritonia(Opisthobranchia: Nudibranchia: Tritoniidae) from the tropical South Atlantic Ocean

A new species of the family Tritoniidae is described from the tropical South Atlantic Ocean. The animal was found off north-east Brazil.Tritonia khaleesisp. nov. is up to 12 mm long, with a slender white body, of which the notum is covered with one broad white band extending from between the eyes and veil to the tail; veil with 4 velar appendages; retractable white rhinophores; rhinophoral sheath with fleshy extension; seven pairs of branchial plumes; the anus is located between the 3rd and 4th gills on the right side, and the genital opening is under the 2nd gill. Internally,T. khaleesisp. nov. is distinguished from other tritoniids by jaws with 10–14 rows of denticles on the inner lips, absence of stomach plates and the radular formula 32 × 2–5.1.1.1.2–5 teeth.Tritonia khaleesisp. nov. is the onlyTritoniathat possesses a unicuspid rachidian tooth as an adult.

A new species ofMarionia(Opisthobranchia: Nudibranchia: Tritoniidae) from the tropical South Atlantic Ocean

A new species of the family Tritoniidae is described for the tropical South Atlantic Ocean. The animal was found off north-east Brazil.Marionia limceanasp. nov. is up to 31 mm long, with a sturdy white body, of which the notum is covered with two rows of red polygons running from the rhinophores to the tail; notum with tubers; bi-lobed veil with 16 velar papillae; retractable white rhinophores; 11–14 pairs of branchial plumes; the anus is located below the 4th gill on the right side, and the genital opening is under the 3rd gill. Internally,M. limceanasp. nov. is distinguished from other tritoniids by jaws with three or four rows of denticles on the inner lips, a belt of 18 stomach plates; and the radular formula 26 × 26–32.1.1.1.26–32 teeth. The animal was found feeding on octocorals of a species of the new genusStragulum, and is the first reported nudibranch to feed on this genus.

Morphological and molecular evidence for cryptic species of springsnails [genus Pseudamnicola (Corrosella) (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Hydrobiidae)

Several Pseudamnicola (Corrosella) populations of the central and eastern Iberian Peninsula have been ascribed to Pseudamnicola (Corrosella) astieri (Dupuy, 1851), though recent evidence demonstrates the species could be endemic to the departments of Var and Alpes-Maritimes in France. Through the identification of cryptic species using a combined morphological and phylogenetic approach, this paper provides a detailed morphological description of Pseudamnicola (Corrosella) astieri, clarifying its taxonomic boundaries and confirming it as a French endemic. In parallel, by comparing Pseudamnicola (Corrosella) populations from the provinces of Castellón and Valencia in Eastern Spain, it was observed that rather than Pseudamnicola (Corrosella) astieri they represented a new species here described as Pseudamnicola (Corrosella) hauffei sp. n. Among other characters, the two species show marked differences in shell shape, male and female genital systems, radular formula and concentration of the nervous system. Pseudamnicola (Corrosella) hauffei sp. n. was also compared morphologically to another two Pseudamnicola (Corrosella) species living in nearby areas [Pseudamnicola (Corrosella) hinzi Boeters, 1986 and Pseudamnicola (Corrosella) navasiana (Fagot, 1907)], molecularly to Pseudamnicola (Corrosella) falkneri (Boeters, 1970), the type species of the subgenus, and to the rest of the Pseudamnicola (Corrosella) species described so far. Morphological differentiation between the species is supported by a genetic divergence of 7.4% inferred from a partial sequence (658 bp) of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI). On the basis of an average 8% (5.39 to 11.15%) divergence estimated for the COI gene in other Pseudamnicola (Corrosella) species reported in GenBank, the existence of two specific entities is here proposed, which will have impact on conservation policies both in France and in Spain.

PHYLOGENY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE ATLANTIC AND EASTERN PACIFIC HYPSELODORIS STIMPSON, 1855 (NUDIBRANCHIA, CHROMODORIDIDAE) WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES FROM THE CARIBBEAN SEA

A new species, based on two specimens from Guana Island, British Virgin Islands, is described. The new species agrees with the genus Hypselodoris in having a high body profile, a large vestibular gland and mantle glands. It differs from other members of the genus in the Atlantic Ocean by having a reddish background body colour. In addition, dorsal colour patterns such as a broad central white line with lateral extensions and the lack of yellow lines or spots further differentiate this species. The radular formula of 52 x 41.0.41 and a smaller seminal receptacle are also distinctive. The phylogenetic relationships of 34 species and subspecies of Hypselodoris from the eastern Pacific and Atlantic are examined using morphological characters. With the exception of the new species, these are characterized by a dark blue background body colour. The phylogenetic analysis of the data matrix resulted in eight most-parsimonious trees. The resulting consensus tree shows that eastern Pacific and Atlantic species of Hypselodoris constitute a monophyletic group that is basally split into two sister clades. One clade contains the eastern Pacific species and most of the Caribbean species, whereas the other clade contains the eastern Atlantic species. The new species is the sister to the rest of the Caribbean species, which also form a monophyletic group. This phylogenetic hypothesis suggests that two consecutive vicariant events have affected the biogeography of Hypselodoris: (1) the closure of communication between the tropical Indo-Pacific region and the Atlantic and eastern Pacific, completed with the formation of the East Pacific Barrier; and (2) the rise of the Panama isthmus.

A new species of Trapania (Nudibranchia: Goniodorididae) from Western Australia with comparisons to other Indo-West Pacific Trapania

A new species of Trapania Pruvot-Fol, 1931 is described from near Rottnest Island, Western Australia. The new species Trapania safracornia shares several characteristics with other species of Indo-West Pacific Trapania. Those characters include a soft elongate body, no distinct mantle edge, two sets of curved dorsal lateral processes, non-retractile gill and rhinophores with no pockets, a radular formula of N x 1.0.1, a long tubular prostate and both a bursa copulatrix and a receptaculum seminis on the exogenous sperm duct. Characters that distinguish this as a new species include external red-brown coloration without any white spots, symmetrical white patches overlaid with yellow pigment, a yellow-tipped tail and lateral processes and a translucent red rhinophore club. Trapania safracornia also differs from the most externally similar species T. brunnea Rudman, 1987 in the radular morphology. Trapania safracornia has 10-14 main denticles per lateral tooth and up to eight additional small denticles between these. There is one small triangular denticle on the outside of the largest cusp at the base. The jaw rodlets of this new species are straight and pointed. A comparison between Trapania safracornia and other Indo-Pacific species of Trapania is presented.

A review of the prosobranch family Velutinidae in cold and temperate waters of the Northern Hemisphere. I. Capulacmaeinae

Abstract The family Velutinidae Gray, 1842 includes velutinid-like gastropods having a radular formula of 2 1 1 1 2 and a rectangular rachidian tooth. The family comprises three subfamilies: Capulacmaeinae Golikov & Gulbin, 1990. Velutininae Gray, 1842 and Onchidiopsinae Golikov & Gulbin, 1990 and includes 39 species and subspecies belonging to 17 genera and subgenera. This first paper deals with the subfamily Capulacmaeinae consisting of the two genera Piliscus Loven, 1859 including the species P. commodus (Middendorff), P. radiatus M. Sars, P. rostratus (Golikov & Gulbin), P. undulatus (Golikov & Gulbin) and Cilifera Golikov & Gulbin, 1990 with the species C. ciliata Golikov & Gulbin.