Radon Gas Concentration Research Articles

Measurement of the radiation pollution of radon in selected locations from Saladin Governorate by using the nuclear track detector

The aim of present paper to find the contamination selected area in Salahdin governorate where the radon gas concentration elevated and they are :Al-Qadasaia quarter ,Hamad Shahab village (communication center in past),Al-douloyea town –Youths center, Dijala town ,samara city (in house garden) and finally in Beji city (communication tower) .In this study ,we had employed the trace detector of CR-39, the obtained results shows the radon concentration exceeds the permissible limits which issues by ICRP which is about 200 – 800 Bq/m3 while the concentration in Salah din governorate is - which refers to the high ratio of depleted Uranium all over the gubernator

Indoor radon monitoring in various ventilation degree in some schools of Duhok City, Iraq

Radon is a radioactive noble gas, recognized as a carcinogenic agent, being affected by degree of ventilation. The aim of this preliminary study was to determine the concentration of indoor radon gas in schools, to estimate the main factors affecting their radon concentration levels and to analyze the effective dose received by students in Duhok schools. Therefore, the concentrations of radon were measured in 28 classrooms, from 13 schools located in Duhok city, using both RAD7 and Corentium monitor, from January 15-30, 2021. In all schools indoor radon was measured in four different scenarios of closed, natural and mechanical ventilation then, radon reduction rate between each case was calculated. In addition to that, exposure to annual effective dose of radon, for each different degree of ventilation, was evaluated. Furthermore, effects of building floors were studied. Results showed that maximum radon concentration, 121 Bqm-3, was recorded in closed ventilation, while minimum, 15 Bqm-3, was recorded in mechanical ventilation. Radon reduction rate in a mechanical ventilation is relatively large 81%. Also, results demonstrate that indoor radon levels at first floor, in all schools under study, were considerably greater than those at second and third floor (p < 0.05). The annual effective dose of all studied schools at 4 different cases of ventilation were found less than the worldwide average radiation dose of 3-10 mSv. So, it is not required to take any action to minimize the level of radon in schools under study.

Measurement of radon gas concentration and effective dose in water from the Midelt region of Morocco, Using nuclear track detectors (LR-115)

The article's objective is to evaluate the concentration of radon in different water samples, with levels ranging from 0.31 Bq/L to2.24 Bq/L, the annual effective dose ranged from 2.09 to 8.83 (mSv/y). Radon (222Rn), a radioactive gas originating from the decay of 238U in the 226Ra decay series, is commonly found in rocks, soil, natural gas, and groundwater. Exposure to radon in both air and water can lead to human radiation exposure, potentially increasing the risk of specific types of cancer. The primary goal of this study is to measure radon levels in water samples from various locations in Morocco, specifically in the Midelt province and Daraa-Tafilalt region (located at 32° 40' 48″ North, 4° 44' 24″ West), using Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors of LR-115 type, It's important to mention that all the analyzed water samples recorded annual effective doses that fall within the global average recommended levels for ingestion exposure dose values set by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Based on these findings, there appear to be no radiation risks associated with radon gas in the study area.

Measurement the concentrations of the Radon for drinking water samples in Kut city

In this research ten samples of Drinking water from AL-Kut city, were possess to measure the concentration of radon gas using Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTD) LR-115 type II .The result marks obtained are different from 213.2-760.3 Bq/m3, and these values are within the allowed limits, and exhalation dose from drinking water has been calculated which was different from 6.03-19.18 mSv/y with an average of 11.22 mSv/y.

Geological and Geostatistical Modeling of Geogenic Radon Potential of Minarets in Muğla Province (SW Turkey)

Radon (222Rn), derived from the Uranium (238U) series and emitted from Geological Formation (soil, rock) (Qg), Fault (Qf) and Construction Material (Qm), which cannot be detected by the five senses, is an inert radioactive gas. Radon negatively affects people's health (such as lung cancer) as a result of excessive (>200 Bq/m3) accumulation in buildings. The aim of this study is to measure the radon emission concentrations of the components (Qg, Qf, Qm) that make up the Total Radon Gas Concentration (Qt) in the building (for the purpose of this study, mosque minarets) close to the fault or the possible fault in Muğla province (SW Turkey) and order their sizes. The Indoor Radon Concentration (IRC) of 841 minarets in Muğla province was measured with a portable RadonEye device (made in South Korea). At least 5 Soil Radon Concentration (SRC) measurements were made perpendicular to the fault lines near 14 minarets with a portable Markus 10 device (made in Sweden). About 10% of the 841 minarets were found to be above the European Indoor Radon Reference Value (EIRRV) (200 Bq/m3). When evaluated according to the 13 districts, it is seen that the district with the highest IRC in the 841 minarets is Marmaris (Çetibeli town, 2809 Bq/m3), and the district with the lowest is Ula (Armutçuk town, 217 Bq/m3). The highest IRC was measured inside a minaret made of volcanic rocks in the Marmaris district (Çetibeli town, 2809 Bq/m3). The lowest SRC was obtained in Datça district (Kızlan town, 5830 Bq/m3) where serpentinites outcropped, and the highest SRC was found in Bodrum district (Gürece town, 120000 Bq/m3) where volcanic rocks outcropped. It has been determined that there is a Qf>Qg>Qm relationship between the magnitudes of the factors (Qg, Qf, Qm) affecting Qt in the minarets close to the fault and possible faults. As a result, IRC measurements in all buildings where people live should be done periodically and regularly by the relevant institutions.

RADIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY IN A URANIUM DEPOSIT AREA: KÖPRÜBAŞI, TÜRKIYE.

In this study, the results of environmental radioactivity studies conducted in Köprübaşı, Manisa district, where Türkiye's uranium mineral exploration and processing studies were carried out, are shared. Because this is a populated area, there is a need for radio ecological dosimetry assessment to investigate the possible risk to the population. The region where radiological monitoring is carried out is discussed in two parts as the areas where uranium mineral exploration is performed and the settlements close to these areas. It was observed that 714-4714 nGy/h values were obtained in the outdoor absorbed dose rate in air measurements taken in the areas where mineral exploration was performed and this value reached up to 22857 nGy/h in open field mining areas. In the residential areas, it was recorded that the outdoor absorbed dose rate in air values ranged between 142 and 242 nGy/h and the indoor values ranged between 171 and 400 nGy/h. The world absorbed dose rate in air average values is 57 nGy/h (outdoor) and 75 nGy/h (indoor). The high 226Ra values in the radioactivity analyses of the soil samples draw attention. The mean values of the activity concentrations of the radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in the soil samples are 3169, 55 and 802Bq/kg and the world averages of these values are 35, 30 and 400Bq/kg, respectively. It was determined that high 226Ra value in the soil in the areas close to the open field uranium mining area was passed on to the agricultural products. Radioactivity measurement results of drinking water samples did not exceed World Health Organization guidelines. According to the radon gas measurement results of 44 houses in Köprübaşı villages, the average radon concentrations in winter, spring, summer and autumn seasons were 72, 61, 50 and 55Bq/m3, and the annual average value was 60Bq/m3, respectively. Although these values are greater than the world average of 46Bq/m3, they are below the recommended limit value (100Bq/m3). By evaluating the data obtained, the total annual effective equivalent dose values (originating from outdoor-indoor absorbed dose in air, drinking water and indoor radon gas concentration) to which the people in the region are exposed were calculated as a 3.12mSv.

Studying the Possibility of using Paint to Reduce the Amount of Radon Gas Emitted from Cement

In the present work, it had been measured the concentration of radon gas (CRn) for (10) samples of cement used in constructions before and after painting them using enamel paint, purchased from the local markets, to see the extent of its ability to reduce emissions of Rn-222 in the air. These samples were obtained from different sources available in the local markets in Baghdad and other provinces. The measurements were done by the American-made detector (RAD7). The results showed that the highest CRn in the air emitted from cement samples after coating was in the cement sample (Iranian origin) where the concentration was (58.27 Bq/m3) while the lowest CRn was found in building material samples in the white cement sample (Turkish origin) was (15.74 Bq/m3). In view of the present results, it has been confirmed that the concentration of Rn-222 emitted into the air in all building material samples is below the agency's permissible limit (ICRP).

Estimation Hazard of Lung Cancer Due to Radiate Radon Gas in Diyala Governorate Schools

In this research, the concentration of radon gas has been calculated in the classrooms of schools in Diyala Governorate by using the nuclear track detector (CR-39), which was one of the organic solid-state nuclear detectors (SSNTDs). After calculating the radon gas concentration, the lung cancer cases were calculated. The results showed that the lowest value was found in (Alshumue) school (4.753) people. In contrast, the highest value was found in (Habhib) school (20.421). The average values of lung cancer cases in Diyala governorate were equal to (9.319) per person. The results showed that the number of lung cancer cases per year per million persons in Diyala Governorate schools was below the allowed limit from (ICRP) agency (170-230) people.

Estimation of radon-gas, uranium-238 concentrations in the surface soil samples and alpha risk index at many Northern Iraqi Refineries

Radon gas concentrations and uranium-238 concentration in soil samples at the surface (depth = 15 cm) were determined for fifteen samples in three refineries (Al-Kasak, Al-Qayarah, Baiji) using “sealed can technique”. CR-39 solid-state nuclear pathway detectors. The concentration of radon in surface samples at the Al-kasak refinery ranged from (1509 to 8323.2 Bq/m3) with an average of (4916.1 Bq/m3), and the surface exhalation rate in surface soil samples ranged from (1110.3 to 612.7 Bq/m3) with an average (861.5 Bq/m3). The effective activity of radon (ARn222) are (15.82 to 8.84 Bq/kg) with an average (12.33 Bq/kg).In a Al-Qayara refinery, the radon concentration in surface samples ranged from (11709.6 to 10281 Bq/m3) with an average of (10995.3 Bq/m3), and the surface exhalation rate in surface soil samples ranged from (861.5 to 756.3 Bq/m3) with an average of (808.9 Bq/m3), the effective activity of radon gas (ARn222) are (12.28 to 10.756 Bq/kg) averaged (11.518 Bq/kg).In the Baiji refinery, the radon concentration in surface samples ranged from (13501 to 5062 Bq/m3) with an average of (9281.5 Bq/m3), and the surface exhalation rate in the surface soil samples ranged from (992 to 372 Bq/m3) with an average of (682 Bq/m3),...

Evaluation of radon gas concentration in indoor air of spas and in spring water in the central Anatolia region of Turkey.

The present study aimed to determine the concentration of radon (222Rn) levels of indoor air of spas and of spring water sites in the Turkish cities of Nigde and Aksaray, both located in Cappadocia, Anatolia, which is a well-known tourist area. In this area there are a lot of spring water and thermal water sites providing both drinking water and water for spas, which are used for therapeutic treatments of diseases and for health services. Therefore, it is necessary to quantify radon gas concentrations in the air of sites that use geothermal waters and spring water. Consequently, radon measurements were carried out using CR-39 detectors placed at different locations within each investigated thermal spa and spring water site. The results obtained indicate that, in the air of spring water at Helvadere, there is a high radon concentration. The average radon concentrations obtained for the air of Ciftehan and Ziga thermal spas were 12.5 ± 1.4Bq/m3 and 15.5 ± 2.1Bq/m3, respectively, while in the air of Kemerhisar, Helvadere, and Okcu village spring water sites the average radon concentrations were 32 ± 4.2Bq/m3, 265 ± 37.9Bq/m3, and 35 ± 5.1Bq/m3, respectively. The corresponding average effective doses were calculated both for patients and workers for Ciftehan and Ziga thermal spas, and for workers 0.09 and 0.11mSv/year for Ciftehan and Ziga, respectively, were obtained. Doses for patients were 0.0007 and 0.0008mSv/year for Ciftehan and Ziga, respectively. It is concluded that based on the measured radon concentrations and corresponding effective doses no radiation protection measures must be implemented.

Assessment of Radon gas concentration in Tap water supply of Haditha Town / west Al-Anbar Governorate / Iraq

The current study was performed to estimate Radon concentration in the tap water and annual effective dose in 22 water samples from three districts in Haditha city (Haditha center, Haqlaniyah and Barowana) in addition to Euphrates river. the results show that overall concentration of radon 226 in drinking water in Haditha city was ranged (0.0091 – 0.031 Bq L−1). Also, the annual effective dose of radon 226 was calculated, The highest was 0.113166 μSv/y, while the lowest was 0.03322 μSv/y. The rank order of drinking water resources in Haditha region based on the concentration of radon 226 was Euphrates river > Haditha > Barwana > Haglanyah. The overall concentration of radon 226 in drinking water in Haditha city was lower than WHO and EPA standard limits.

Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Ahmet Necdet Sezer Kampüsü Bina içi Radon Konsantrasyonlarının ve Yıllık Etkin Doz Eşdeğerlerinin Belirlenmesi

People generally spend more than 90% of their time indoors. Exposure to radon in indoor environments can be a significant health problem. In this study, radon concentrations were measured to evaluate the health risks of employees and students in 6 faculty buildings in Afyon Kocatepe University Ahmet Necdet Sezer Campus and to calculate annual effective dose equivalents. Measurements were carried out in the Genitron AlphaGUARD PQ2000 PRO Radon Detector System which measures with active measurement method. The radon concentration values of the faculty buildings are 4.48-82.00 Bqm-3; mean radon concentrations were determined in the range of 20.64-30.91 Bqm-3. The average radon concentration of all buildings was calculated as 24.79 Bqm-3. The annual effective dose equivalents of 6 faculty buildings were determined in the range of 0.16-0.24 mSvy-1, and the average annual effective dose equivalent was calculated as 0.20 mSvy-1. The results were compared with the limit values recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and the Turkish Atomic Energy Authority (TAEK) for radon gas concentrations in indoor environments. The measurement results of the radon concentrations and annual effective dose equivalents of the 6 faculty buildings on the ANS Campus were determined below the limit values allowed by the institutions.

A study on the differences in radon exhalation of different lithologies at various depths and the factors influencing its distribution in northern Shaanxi, China

The inhalation of a high concentration of radon gas increases the risk of cancer. Therefore, it is of utmost necessity to pay due attention to the problem of environmental radon pollution. The high radioactivity above the coal slab causes serious radon radiation contamination on the mining grounds in coal mining areas such as the northern part of China and the western part of the United States. At present, there is a lack of research on radon exhalation in different lithologies. In this study, the differences in the radon exhalation of different lithologies at various depths and their controlling factors were studied by NMR and radon measurement. The results highlighted that the radon exhalation rates in different rocks varied from 0.3 to 0.6 Bq/m2·s. The average radon exhalation rate of the soil was 0.7 Bq/m2·s, and the radon exhalation rates of different lithologies followed the pattern red clay > loess > sandstone > mudstone > coal. The radon exhalation rate increased initially, followed by a decrease, and the radon exhalation rate was the highest at the boundary between the soil and rock layers. The radon exhalation rates of different lithologies have a strong correlation with the small pores (<0.1 μm), which govern the changes in the porous structure with depth. The results of this study are important from the perspective evaluation of environmental radon pollution.

Measuring the Concentration of Radon Gas in Book Stores in Primary Schools in Diyala Governorate

In this research, the concentration of radon gas was calculated in the book store rooms of schools in Diyala Governorate, it was calculated by Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTDS) when the detector (CR-39) was used, the detector was placed and suspended at a distance of 160 cm from the surface of the earth, and the detector was exposed for 30 days to record alpha tracks. The results of radon concentration showed that the highest concentration percentage was found in (Eishtar) school, which was equal to (84.896) Bq/m3, while the lowest value was recorded in (Habhib) school, which was equal to (11.242) Bq/m3, where the concentration rate was equal to (28.158) Bq/m3. When we compared our results with the global results, we found that the calculated radon concentrations are much less than the internationally permissible limits recorded by (ICRP), which were in the range of (200-300) Bq/m3.

Origin and transport of radon in a dry and in a wet mofette of COVASNA, Romania

The appearances of significant efflux of carbon dioxide through soil surfaces is a frequent natural phenomena in the wider vicinity of relatively young volcanic fields. These mofettes are often utilised as dry carbon dioxide spas to treat patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases. The carbon dioxide always carries some naturally occurring radioactive radon gas with it. On the one hand this radon gas might pose some radiation risk for the patients and staff of such carbon dioxide spas, on the other hand it may be used as a natural tracer for the study of transport of its carrier gas in the subsurface and in the pools. In this work we have measured the spatial variation of radon activity concentration in the gas phase of the carbon dioxide gas pool of the Cardiology Hospital and in the gas and water phases of the Hell-Mud, which is a wet open pit mofette in the city of Covasna. We have developed a hydro- and gas-geological conceptual and mathematical model with which we were able to describe the measured spatial and temporal behaviour of radon gas concentration. We have found that the relatively low radon concentrations at the bottom of these pools can be explained by removing the radon content of water by intense bubbling degassing of the oversaturated carbonated waters.

Pengukuran Konsentrasi Gas Radon (222Rn) dan Thoron (220Rn) Menggunakan Detektor CR-39 Pada Rumah Penduduk Di Nagari Alam Pauh Duo, Solok Selatan

Telah dilakukan pengukuran konsentrasi gas radon (222Rn) dan gas thoron (220Rn) menggunakan metode pasif CR-39 pada rumah penduduk di Nagari Alam Pauh Duo, Kabupaten Solok Selatan. Pengukuran bertujuan untuk mengetahui dosis efektif yang diterima oleh penduduk di daerah tersebut. Pengukuran gas radon dan gas thoron dilakukan menggunakan 50 buah detektor CR-39 yang dipasang pada 3 lokasi selama 3 bulan. Hasil pengukuran konsentrasi gas radon terkecil yaitu 7 ± 0,50 Bq/m3 sampai dengan yang terbesar yaitu 37 ± 2,65 Bq/m3 dengan rata-rata 14 ± 0,99 Bq/m3, sedangkan konsentrasi gas thoron yang terkecil yaitu 3 ± 0,18 Bq/m3 dan yang terbesar yaitu 25 ± 1,78 Bq/m3 dengan rata-rata 6,25 ± 0,45 Bq/m3. Hasil konsentrasi gas radon dan gas thoron yang didapatkan masih di bawah batas yang direkomendasikan oleh UNSCEAR tahun 2008 yaitu 300 Bq/m3. Estimasi dosis efektif yang diterima penduduk akibat paparan gas radon dan gas thoron yaitu 0,94 mSv/tahun dan 0,63 mSv/tahun. Nilai dosis efektif yang didapatkan tidak melebihi ambang batas yang telah direkomendasikan oleh PERKA BAPETEN No. 4 pasal 23 ayat 1 tahun 2013 yaitu 1 mSv/tahun.

A report on radon emission from bauxitic material in Perth, Manchester, Jamaica

Bauxitic soils in Jamaica are enriched with rare earth elements and other heavy minerals/elements by up to two orders of magnitude relative to bedrock. Geochemical evidence supports the origin of Jamaican bauxite as volcanic ash fall-out from Central America and windblown dust from West Africa. Jamaican bauxite, by virtue of its possible igneous origins, is suspected of being a source of radioactive material. The potential concentration and mobility of radon gas from bauxite waste is an environmental health and safety risk. Therefore, this paper investigates the theoretical radon concentrations and exposure rates in the bauxite mining community in Perth, Manchester. Results from the study show that the exposure rates in the Perth community are all below the recommended 1 WLM/yr. Therefore, radon from the bauxite waste is not a concern for radiation exposure and could be a potential recycled material for brick and other low-income housing materials in Jamaica.

Removal of Radioactive Gas by Zeolite Filter From Nuclear Power Plants

During the normal operation of nuclear power plants, some radioactive wastes are produced in the form of particles or aerosol gas in the reactor building. Particulate radioactive aerosols can be produced in a wide variety of particle sizes, possibly in combination with non-radioactive aerosols. Emission of corrosion products and fission products that are activated by the effect of nuclear rays generate aerosols from two sources. These; are created by the adsorption of gases generated by radioactive decay and volatile radionuclides formed during the fission process on the present suspended material. The most important volatile radionuclides that form the gaseous radioactive waste produced during the normal operation of nuclear power plants are halogens, noble gases, tritium, and carbon-14. The composition and amount of radioactivity present in the various airborne waste streams depend largely on the reactor type and release path. All gaseous waste from nuclear power plants must be treated before discharging into the atmosphere. In this paper, radioactive radon gas was used to represent the radioactive gases generated from nuclear power plants and natural zeolite was used as adsorbent material for radon removal. A series of experiments were conducted to measure the performance of the filter made in the zeolite. First of all, an approximate particle distribution size in the range of 1 to 3 mm was obtained by grinding natural zeolite. The ground material was then compressed in cylindrical adsorbent moulds of 35 mm diameter and 10 mm height. After the moulds were filled with the material, they were dried by heating to 110 ° C for 24 hours. At the end of the heat treatment, the adsorbent beds were cooled and connected to the test apparatus. RAD7 radon test device was used in the experiments. The RAD7 is a portable instrument that uses a solid-state alpha detector to measure radon gas concentrations in the range of 4.0-750,000 Bq / m3. The sampler of the RAD7 device works by drawing an air sample from an inlet filter into a 0.7 L sample cell covered with an electrical conductor. At the centre of the hemisphere, the cell is a planar silicon detector implanted with an ion to measure radioactivity. As result of the experiments, it shows that the zeolite filter absorbs 85% radioactive radon gas and can be used as an air filter in nuclear power plants.

The Measurement of Radon Concentration in the Buildings of the College of Education, Al-Qadisiyah University, Iraq Using CR-39 Detector

This research aims to evaluate the concentration of radon gas and the risks involved as a result of exposure to it. The nuclear track detector CR-39 was used to measure radon gas in the buildings of Al-Qadisiyah University’s College of Education. For a month, 11 buildings in the college of Education at Al-Qadisiyah University were chosen to measure the radon concentration, with CR-39 reagent placed inside the sponge by two detectors for each building. The highest value of radon concentration was recorded in the CH1 model (270.5±32.9 Bq.m-3), at the building of the Department of Chemistry, and the lowest value was recorded in the Li1 model (96.9±27.7 Bq.m-3), which is the college library building with a concentration rate equal to (168). It is below the acceptable and recommended limit by the International Committee for Radiation Protection (200-300 Bq.m-3).

THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE BEST MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR CALCULATING RADON CONCENTRATION IN MINERAL WATER

In this paper, we presented three mathematical models to calculate the amount of radon concentration in water which is considered a poisonous gas. two of these models are established by numerical methods, which are the Neville method and the Spline method. The graph approach is used to create the third model. It is notable that the current study is original and having a novelty as it has created for the first time three mathematical methods to calculate radon gas concentrations in water; as well as it is the first study that has applied the numerical methods to carry out the calculations. the results obtained from these methods are compared with previous studies and then finding the error rates. After that, we have made a comparison between these three models to obtain the best one. Since the error rate is slightly lower than the Neville method so the Spline method is the best of the three methods that we worked with.