Radius Of Area Research Articles

Simulated African Swine Fever (ASF) virus detection in Italy: average numbers of farms and pigs under restriction.

African swine fever is a devastating contagious viral disease of kept and wild porcine animals that will challenge the Veterinary Services involved in its eradication. Nowadays, ASF represents one of the biggest challenges for the pig sector at a global level. Following a number of simulated virus random introductions, the paper estimates the average number of farms (including their type) and animals that will be under restriction, and finally the average distance of infected farms from the nearest rendering plant. The study includes data referring to 101,032 farms with 9,322,819 pigs which are available in the Italian National Database (BDN). The simulations consider 5 different biogeographic regions with their own domestic pig distribution, breeding systems, and wild boar presence. Following an index case in a farm, and in the worst‑case scenario, in the 10 km radius of the restriction area, there will be: 2,636 farms in South Italy; 470,216 animals in Po Valley; 147 km in Central Italy is the longest mean distance from the infected farm to the nearest rendering plant.

Sistem Penentuan Lokasi Menara Base Transceiver Station dengan Algoritma AHP-TOPSIS

Cellular telecommunication technology has now become an inseparable part of the increasingly mobile pattern of human life, this of course has an impact on the number of uses of cellular telecommunication technology which is increasing every day. This increase has encouraged cellular telecommunications technology vendors to continuously improve the quantity and quality of their telecommunications networks by establishing telecommunications equipment such as Base Transceiver Station (BTS) towers at strategic points. This study aims to build a system for determining the location of BTS towers that can provide visualization of information on the distribution of existing BTS towers and their coverage area radius. Analysis and location determination using a combination of AHP and TOPSIS methods. The AHP method is used to determine the objectivity of the weight and importance of the BTS tower location criteria. Furthermore, the results of the comparison of criteria will be used in the TOPSIS method to assess the rating of each candidate location. The results of the study obtained that the criteria for the location of BTS towers were population density with a weight of 0.42, the distance of the existing tower was 0.2, location access was 0.31, and the installation cost was 0.08. Meanwhile, the candidate locations were measured using linguistic variables with a weight of 0.67 for very good criteria, 0.23 for good, and 0.10 for good enough. System testing was carried out on determining the location of the BTS tower in Sinjai Borong District by analyzing three candidate locations and the results obtained that the Samaenre location was the best candidate with a rating value of 0.74.

Microcurvature Controllable Metal-Organic Framework Nanoagents Capable of Ice-Lattice Matching for Cellular Cryopreservation.

Ice-binding proteins (IBPs) produced by psychrophilic organisms to adapt for the survival of psychrophiles in subzero conditions have received illustrious interest as a cryopreservation agent required for cells and tissues to completely recover after freezing/thawing. Depressing water-freezing point and avoiding ice-crystal growth affect their activities which are closely related to the presence of ice crystal well-matched binding moiety. The interaction of IBPs with ice and water is critical in enhancing their freeze avoidance against cell or tissue damage. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with a controllable lattice at the molecular level and a size at the nanometer scale can offer periodically ordered ice-binding sites by modifying organic linkers and controlling microcurvature at the ice surface. Herein, zirconium (Zr)-based MOF-801 nanoparticles (NPs) with good biocompatibility were used as a cryoprotectant that is well dispersed and colloidal-stable in an aqueous solution. The MOF NP size was precisely controlled, and 10, 35, 100, and 250 nm NPs were prepared. The specific IBPs-mimicking pendants (valine and threonine) were simply introduced into the MOF NP-surface through the acrylate-based functionalization to endow with hydrophilic and hydrophobic dualities. When small-sized MOF-801 NPs were attached to ice, they confined ice growth in high curvature between the adsorption sites because of the decreased radius of the convex area of the growth region, leading to highly enhanced ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI). Surface-functionalized MOF NPs could increase the number of anchored clathrate water molecules with hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance of the ice-binding moiety, effectively inhibiting ice growth. The MOF-801 NPs were biocompatible with various cell lines regardless of concentration or NP surface-functionalization, whereas the smaller-sized surface-functionalized NPs showed a good cell recovery rate after freezing/thawing by induction of IRI. This study provides a strategy for the fabrication of low-cost, high-volume antifreeze nanoagents that can extend useful applications to organ transplantation, cord blood storage, and vaccines/drugs.

Efficient decolorization and detoxification of triarylmethane and azo dyes by porous-cross-linked enzyme aggregates of Pleurotus ostreatus laccase

In this preset study, porous-cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) of Pleurotus ostreatus laccase were utilized for the spontaneous decolorization and detoxification of triarylmethane and azo dyes, reactive blue 2 (RB) and malachite green (MG). The specific surface area and pore radius of the porous-CLEAs are 136.3 m2/g and 19.47 Ao, and the higher specific surface indicated greater biocatalytic efficiency, as increased mass transfer and dye interaction with the CLEAs laccase. CLEAs laccase decolorized 500 ppm of MG and RB with 98.12–58.33% efficiency after 120 min, at pH 5.0 and 50°C, without a mediator. Furthermore, the biotransformation of the MG and RB with immobilized laccase was confirmed with the help of UV–visible spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The reusability potential of CLEAs was assessed in batch mode for 10 cycles of dye decolorization. The decolorization activities for the immobilized laccase were 89% and 12% at the 6th cycle for MG and RB, respectively. This immobilized enzyme could effectively remove dyes from aqueous solution, and demonstrated significant detoxification in experimental plants (Triticum aestivum and Phaseolus mungo) and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (Azospirillum brasilense, Bacillus megaterium, Rhizobium leguminosarum, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas fluorescens). In conclusion, porous CLEAs laccase could be useful as a potential bioremediation tool for the detoxification and decolorization of dyeing wastewater in future.

Effects of Cardiac Contractility Modulation Electrodes on Tricuspid Regurgitation in Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Pilot Study.

Cardiac contractility modulation (CCM) is an innovative therapy for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction delivered by a cardiac implantable device (Optimizer Smart®). One of the most prominent periprocedural complications common to all cardiac implantable devices (CIDs) is tricuspid regurgitation (TR) due to the placement of the right ventricular endocardial leads. To date, no published studies have assessed the changes in the TR degree in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) who received an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) after the implantation of cardiac contractility modulation therapy devices. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the implantation of the trans-tricuspid leads required to deliver CCM therapy on the severity of TR in patients with HFrEF who previously underwent ICD implantation. We enrolled 30 HFrEF patients who underwent CCM therapy between November 2020 and October 2021. For all the patients, echocardiographic evaluations of TR were performed according to current guidelines 24 h before and six months after the Optimizer Smart® implant was applied. At the 6-month follow-up, the grade of TR remained unchanged compared to the preimplant grade. The value of the vena contracta (VC) of TR was 0.40 ± 0.19 cm in the preimplant period and 0.45 ± 0.21 cm at the 6-month follow-up (p = 0.33). Similarly, the TR proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA) radius value was unchanged at follow-up (0.54 ± 0.22 cm vs. 0.62 ± 0.20 cm; p = 0.18). No statistically significant difference existed between the preimplant VC and PISA radius values, irrespective of the device type. The implantation of right ventricular electrodes for the delivery of CCM therapy did not worsen tricuspid regurgitation in patients with HFrEF and ICD.

Molecular docking and dynamics studies for the identification of Nipah virus glycoprotein inhibitors from Indian medicinal plants

The infection by Nipah Virus (NiV), a zoonotic paramyxovirus, is fatal and several outbreaks have been reported in humans in various countries. No effective vaccines or drugs are developed till date to control this infection. The NiV-Glycoprotein (NiV-G) is one of the essential proteins for viral entry by binding to the Ephrin-B receptors. The present study screens the potential phytocompounds that can target NiV-G and thereby inhibit the viral entry to human. Computer-aided virtual screening of 1426 phytocompounds from various medicinal plants was carried out to investigate their efficacy as potential therapeutics. Ribavirin, the currently used drug, was also docked to compare the docking score and intermolecular interactions between ligand and target protein. Further, molecular dynamics simulations and MM-PBSA binding free energy calculations were performed to understand the stability of the docked complexes. Radius of gyrations and Solvent Accessible Surface Area were also performed to evaluate the compactness and solvent behaviour of ligand-receptor complexes during the 100 ns simulation. Our analysis revealed that the alkaloid, Serpentinine, has the highest potency to block NiV-G with favourable binding. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Метод оцінки зв’язності вузлів бездротових епізодичних мереж за умови застосування безпілотних літальних апаратів

The paper considers a method for assessing the connectivity of nodes of wireless episodic networks (WEN) under the condition of using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). It is proposed to perform an evaluation of the connectivity of a pair of nodes according to a method, which is based on: an evaluation of geometric connectivity, which is limited to the maximum range of radio visibility at the physical level and the vulnerability interval of a given multiple access protocol at the channel level; assessment of information connectivity, which takes into account the presence of not only a physical connection of a given reliability, but also the presence of a free channel resource, a given amount of transmission delay at a given traffic limit value; assessment of the duration of connectivity taking into account the mobility of network nodes. On the basis of analytical mathematical models, the duration of connectivity of mobile subscribers (nodes) (MS) of the WEN consisting of MS and UAVs in direct radio visibility conditions and taking into account relaying was investigated. The connectivity of a pair of nodes is determined by the characteristics of different levels of OSI information interaction, such as radio range, channel bandwidth, information transmission delay, etc. It is shown that the duration of connectivity is directly proportional to the size of the coverage zone and inversely proportional to the speed of movement of nodes. The nature (scenario) of node mobility also affects the duration of connectivity. The simulation of the movement of nodes was carried out under 4 scenarios: «march», «skirmish», «random wandering in the field» and «random wandering in the city». The largest values of the duration of connectivity correspond to the third scenario, and the smallest to the second (with a fixed radius of the coverage area and the speed of movement of nodes). Thus, the average connection duration of the UAV-pedestrian connection in the event of a «difference» will be of the order of 36 minutes, and the UAV-car connection of the order of 5 minutes. The obtained results can be used in the UAV network topology control method.

Experimental study on laser peen forming of aluminium alloy 2024-T351 plate

Laser peen forming technology LPF is proposed on the basis of laser peen strengthening technology and mechanical peen forming technology. It is an advanced high-efficiency and long-life manufacturing technology for panels. This forming technology has a wide application prospect in the field of aerospace manufacturing. In the forming process, there are many factors affecting the forming process, such as laser pulse energy, shot peening times, shot peening path, material, structure and so on. At present, there are few studies on the influence of laser peen forming process parameters on the shape of parts, which can not meet the technical requirements of forming process. In this paper, based on the single curvature bending forming of al2024-T351 aluminum alloy, the elastic-plastic deformation of metal surface formed by laser shot peening is investigated. The spot morphology formed by laser shot peening is analyzed. The influence law of different forming process parameters on the forming shape of parts is established. The results show that the thickness is the main influencing factor for the curvature radius of the impact area. The radius of curvature increases with the increase of thickness, and decreases with the increase of pulse energy and coverage. Using the regression analysis method, the mathematical model of laser peen forming curvature radius is established. The predicted results are consistent with the experimental results, and the maximum relative deviation is 2.6%.

DIVERSITY OF ANT FAUNA IN 30 KM RADIUS OF KUDANKULAM NUCLEAR POWER PLANT AREA, TAMIL NADU, INDIA

A detailed study on the ground dwelling ant diversity was carried around 30 km radius of Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant area, Tamil Nadu, India during 2011-2012. Pit-fall trap, bait trap and hand-picking methods were used to collect ants from core Zone, buffer Zone I and Buffer zone II and three habitat (sandy area, garden area and plain area), in a sampling sites. A total of 33 species, 18 genera, and 5 subfamilies of ants were recorded. The Formicinae were the most common, with 7 genera and 15 species, followed by the Myrmicinae (6 genera and 10 species), the Ponerinae (4 genera and 5 species) and the Pseudomyrmecinae was represented by only 1 Genera species and 3 species. The six most species rich genera were Camponotus, Paratrechina, Monomorium, Tetraponera, Pheidole and Leptogenys. Higher species abundance is due to the habitat heterogeneity is an important factor to determine the species distribution in the study area. Conservationists should take consider to conserve the ant fauna diversity for there are many direct and indirect contribution on earth.

Photocatalytic and thermodynamic study of Pr doped SrO nanoparticles

Water- the important and valuable resource in every human’s life is contaminated nowadays. Exploitation of natural drinking water resources for human needs becomes a serious environmental problem. Various technologies are developed and studied for removing contaminants from water. Commonly used methods include ion exchange, adsorption process, advanced oxidation process and photocatalysis.This work investigates the photocatalytic activity and thermodynamic kinetic study of PrxSr1-xO (where × = 0.02, 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08) anoparticles, synthesized through solution combustion technique. The structural characterization of the sample is done by X-ray diffraction (XRD) andvibrational spectroscopic analysis and the optical characterization is done using UV–Visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Surface area, pore volume and pore radius of the samples are determined using BET analysis. The mechanism on thermodynamic and photocatalytic activity of pristine and Pr-doped SrO NPs on MB dye is investigated using different kinetic models.

Tc-cylinder: An optimized algorithm for accurate topography effect from high-resolution digital elevation models

An efficient algorithm, tc-cylinder, has been developed to obtain terrain corrections by considering computational efficiency, data storage and use, spherical curvature effects, water bodies, etc. High resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) are fundamental data sources for accurate terrain corrections. But a high-resolution DEM like SRTM1 poses some difficulties during processing, such as data storage, handling, efficiency and computation speed over large areas. In order to overcome these issues, a shortened computation area radius (e.g., 50 km) is preferred for practical studies. This kind of limitation may cause an accuracy loss of over 20 mGal in steep topography. Similarly, spectral methods used to speed up the computations have drawbacks in areas with high slopes. The presented algorithm for segmenting cylinder bodies proves more realistic and effective terrain correction results in all physical conditions. An optimization approach that belongs to the Intel’s processor and compiler architecture improved processing efficiency by a factor of 2.5 times with non-temporal stores, which copies large data directly to memory. Synthetic masses based on known geometric bodies were considered to test program efficiency and numerical results. The contribution was examined at gravity stations in the Konya Closed Basin, which has a sophisticated topography. Additionally, an investigation was conducted in extreme conditions, such as Everest Mountain and the Ağrı Mountain in Turkey, with abrupt elevation profile changes. The numerical analyses of the accuracy of terrain correction values is performed on different combinations of DEM resolutions. Consequently, it is verified that 1′′ inner and 15′′ outer grid resolutions lead to sub-mGal accuracy with less processing time, even in rough topography.

Transfer station choice in a multimodal transit system: An empirical study

Connectivity between modes and lines constitutes a core aspect for multimodal transport system user experiences. Using a large-scale transit smart card dataset, we reveal transfer station choices in bus–rail intermodal trips frequently deviate from the “nearest-station” heuristics, motivating research to better explain real transfer behaviors and define more realistic station catchment areas. The investigation is centered on modeling transfers from bus to rail using multinomial logistic regression discrete choice models applied to 200k observations from four weeks of transit smart card observations. The results show that: (1) for trips requiring an intermodal transfer, riders select the nearest rail station in only 40% of cases; (2) commuters’ transfer station selections are jointly influenced by the trip attributes of all involved modes, with the bus ride distance contributing the most, followed by the walking distance; and (3) commuters’ sensitivity to travel distances exhibits nonlinear trends: sensitivity to bus ride distance dampens gradually as a function of trip length, while the sensitivity to walking distance exhibits a concave shape peaking at around 0.6 km. Catchment area modeling reveals that (4) location attributes (e.g., distance from the city center) play a greater role in defining the station catchment area than other attributes (e.g., land use and built environment). Specifically, the catchment area radius is larger for stations located further away from the city center or from the nearest interchange station. Moreover, (5) stations with more amenities (e.g., higher density of shops and greater accessibility) are likely to attract commuters from a larger area. This study strengthens the connections between station selection patterns and station catchment area analysis, to better guide intermodal transit design and operations, such as improving predictions of passenger flows at transfer stations.

Research on Seismic Wave Quality Factor of Marble Jointed Rock Mass under SHPB Impact

In order to quantitatively describe the energy dissipation law of jointed rock mass, we obtained the jointed cores in laboratory conditions using marble from the roof and floor of Jinchanghe Lead–zinc mine in Baoshan. The dissipative degree of stress wave in marble jointed rock mass is measured by introducing quality factor Qs parameter. Based on the experimental principle of Split Hopkinson Pressure rod loading device (SHPB), we proposed a three-wave energy method of incident wave, reflected wave and projected wave for calculating jointed rock samples’ quality factor Qs based on stress wave energy. Using the SHPB test system for multiple specimens taken from the same piece of rock mass shock compression experiment, the three groups of specimens under different loading conditions gained incident wave and reflected wave and transmission wave experimental data, using the method of stress wave energy to deal with stress wave data, and calculate the joint sample maximum storage energy, dissipation energy and Qs quality factors. The results show that: ① The non-destructive breaking time–history strain of Dali rock mass under impact load is obtained by SHPB dynamic test system; combined with the deformation energy and dissipation energy calculation principle of quality factor, six groups of Qs experimental values are obtained. Although the Qs experimental values are discrete, the overall deviation is small with an average of 43.07. ② AUTODYN-Code was used to simulate the damage and fracture characteristics of rock mass with different quality factors under explosive dynamic load. The results showed that the radius of rock mass compression shear damage area gradually increased with the increase in porosity, but it was not obvious.

Enhancing the Handover Performance in the Mobile Heterogeneous Network Based on the Expected Zone of Handover Events

This paper aims to enhance the handover performance in the heterogeneous networks (HetNet)by reducing the need to make handover under the specified conditions and also reducing the handover failure, thisstudy divided the target cell for ten assumed circular zones, where zones start with radius Rh=R/10 from center of target cell, then the next zone is increased by R/10, then the simulation is carried out for each assumed zone usingselective values of TTT (160,480 and 640 ms) in order to determine the best circular zone of more handover events (zone of handover) in the coverage area for the target cell and other zone for no handover events (zone of no handover).The paper found that the most practically suitable zone for more handover events was the zone which its radius represents 86.6% of the radius of the coverage area for the target cell. Whereas, the remained zone (the zone between the zone of handover and the edge of target cell is considered a zone for no handover events. Also, the angle of chord (Ѳ) for the expected zone of handover events from the horizontal axis is 60˚, i.e. if the UE moves bycertain velocity and with a moving angle less than or equal to 60˚, then it will have a large probability to make handover events after satisfying the other handover conditions. Otherwise, its probability to make handover events is very low. The paper extracted that after determining more suitable handover zone and implementing the different fixed and chosen values of TTT, then a remarkable enhancement occurred in the handover performance and it was obvious at high speed of travelling for the user.

Prediction of the Adsorption Behaviors of Radionuclides onto Bentonites Using a Machine Learning Method

This study builds a model to predict distribution coefficients (Kd) using the random forest (RF) method and a machine learning model based on the Japan Atomic Energy Agency Sorption Database (JAEA-SDB). A database of ten input variables, including the distribution coefficient, pH, initial radionuclide concentrations, solid–liquid ratio, ionic strength, oxidation number, cation exchange capacity, surface area, electronegativity, and ionic radius, was constructed and used for the RF model calculation. The calculation parameters employed in this work included two different hyperparameters, the number of decision trees and the maximum number of variables to divide each node, together with the random seeds inside the RF model. The coefficients of determination were derived with various combinations of hyperparameters and random seeds, and were employed to assess the RF model calculation result. Based on the results of the RF model, the distribution coefficients of 22 target nuclides (Am, Ac, Co, Cm, Cd, Cs, Cu, Na, Np, Ni, Nb, U, Sr, Sn, Pb, Pa, Pu, Po, I, Tc, Th, and Zr) were predicted successfully. Among the various input variables, pH was found to make the highest contribution to determining the distribution coefficient. The novelty of this study lies in the first application of the machine learning method for predicting the Kd value of bentonites, using JAEA-SDB. This study has established a model for reliably predicting the distribution coefficient for various radionuclides that is intended for use in evaluating the Kd value in arbitrary aqueous conditions.

Optimization of In Situ Indentation Protocol to Map the Mechanical Properties of Articular Cartilage.

Tissue engineering aims at developing complex composite scaffolds for articular cartilage repair. These scaffolds must exhibit a mechanical behavior similar to the whole osteochondral unit. In situ spherical indentation allows us to map the mechanical behavior of articular cartilage, avoiding removal of the underlying bone tissue. Little is known about the impact of grid spacing, indenter diameter, and induced deformation on the cartilage response to indentation. We investigated the impact of grid spacing (range: a to 3a, where a is the radius of the contact area between cartilage and indenter), indenter diameter (range: 1 to 8 mm), and deformation induced by indentation (constant indentation depth versus constant nominal deformation) on cartilage response. The bias induced by indentations performed in adjacent grid points was minimized with a 3a grid spacing. The cartilage response was indenter-dependent for diameters ranging between 1 and 6 mm with a nominal deformation of 15%. No significant differences were found using 6 mm and 8 mm indenters. Six mm and 8 mm indenters were used to map human articular cartilage with a grid spacing equal to 3a. Instantaneous elastic modulus E0 was calculated for constant indentation depth and constant nominal deformation. E0 value distribution did not change significantly by switching the two indenters, while dispersion decreased by 5–6% when a constant nominal deformation was applied. Such an approach was able to discriminate changes in tissue response due to doubling the indentation rate. The proposed procedure seems to reduce data dispersion and properly determine cartilage mechanical properties to be compared with those of complex composite scaffolds.

Monohull or Twin hull Shape Selection Based on the Performance of Hull Planning on Fixed Displacements

The selection of the hull shape below the waterline becomes very important to improve performance and minimize emission during the design stage of the fast boat hull. To understand the performance comparison between the monohull and twin-hull of the same length and width, an analysis was carried out on an 8 m fiberglass ship with Maxsurf. Performance analysis was carried out with Hydromax for hydrostatic performance and ship stability and Hullspeed to analyze the performance of ship resistance and power. Hydrostatic Wetted Surface Area and transverse metacenter radius for the monohull were 13.883 m2 and 1.486 m, while a catamaran shows 12% to 24% higher WSA and 2% to 3% higher BMt compared to a monohull. The resistance and power of the ship at 40 knots for monohull were 24267.07 N and 1116.09 HP. In contrast, the catamaran shows up to 74% increase. Stability arm and radius of gyration show as follow: 0.297 m and 0.631 m for a monohull, while a catamaran shows up to 140% higher max GZ and 222% GMt. The results of this study can be used as a reference for determining the use of a monohull or catamaran hull in the early stages of a fast boat design.

A Novel Trajectory Planning Method for Parafoil Airdrop System Based on Geometric Segmentation Strategy

Reasonable trajectory planning is the precondition for the parafoil airdrop system to achieve autonomous accurate homing, and safe landing. To successfully realize the self-homing of the parafoil airdrop system, a new trajectory optimization design scheme is proposed in this paper. The scheme is based on the parafoil’s unique flight and control characteristics and adopts a segmented homing design. The current common trajectory design method faces a problem, whereby straight-line flight distance before landing is limited by the radius of the height-reducing area. The core feature of the proposed design scheme is its avoidance of this problem, thereby ensuring landing accuracy and safety. Firstly, the different starting states of the parafoil airdrop system and the landing requirements were comprehensively considered, and the homing trajectory reasonably segmented. Based on the requirements of energy control, stable flight, and landing accuracy, the optimal objective function of the trajectory was established, and the trajectory parameters, calculation methods, and constraints were given. Secondly, the cuckoo search algorithm was applied to optimize the objective function to obtain the final home trajectory. Finally, the trajectory planning under different airdrop conditions was simulated and verified. The results showed that the planned trajectories could reach the target point accurately and meet the flight direction requirements, proving the proposed scheme’s correctness and feasibility.

A delay deviation tolerance IP geolocation method with error estimation

IP geolocation is an important basis of location-based network services, while error estimation is an important basis for judging the reliability of results. Most of the existing IP geolocation algorithms cannot estimate the geolocation error. A few can achieve error estimation through high-precision delay measurement, but their performance is also affected by the common delay inflation in the actual network. A new IP target location estimation method is proposed in this manuscript to achieve geolocation with reliable error estimation of IP targets in actual network. Firstly, after the landmark set divided into training set and verification set for path detection, the metropolitan area network (MAN) topology is extracted through train path set. Secondly, the governed landmarks are searched level by level through the MAN, and the minimum covering circles are calculated through the geographical distribution of the landmarks to infer the routers’ area center. Then, geolocation errors are counted after simulated geolocation through the verification path set, and the minimum mean square error radius of the error mean and the minimum covering circle radius is calculated as the router area radius. Finally, the path to the IP target is measured and compared with the MAN to get the location estimation result. The experimental results based on 12 cities in China show that compared with the existing typical algorithms, the proposed method not only improves the error estimation accuracy, but also has finer geolocation granularity and lower median error.

UHPLC ANALYSIS OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAH) COMPOUNDS FROM THE SOIL BY QuEChERS AOAC METHOD FROM MANESAR INDUSTRIAL AREA, HARYANA, INDIA

An Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) method was developed and validated as per ICH guidelines for the analysis of 16 PAH compounds as per USEPA and various soil samples were analyzed in Manesar located 60 km away from Delhi, capital of India 28.3542° N, 76.9400° E in different seasons. The sampling was done in the industrial areas, agricultural fields, and residential plots all within 10 km radius of the industrial area. In the present study, the QuEChERS method was used for sample preparation, which has shown good recoveries around 80 to 120% The extraction time was only 10 minutes, followed by the UHPLC technique of run time of just 16 minutes. Average PAH concentration in Manesar soil was found highest in the winter session of industrial areas. ∑16 PAH was 141 ppb in the industrial area in winter, 64 ppb in agricultural fields, and 54.7 ppb in residential plots. The lowest PAH levels were observed in the monsoon season. These values are very less if compared to Brazil, UK, Germany, and Korea.