Radish Varieties Research Articles

Effects of Light Spectra on Growth, Physiological Responses, and Antioxidant Capacity in Five Radish Varieties in an Indoor Vertical Farming System

Effects of Light Spectra on Growth, Physiological Responses, and Antioxidant Capacity in Five Radish Varieties in an Indoor Vertical Farming System

Data-driven farming: implementing internet of things for agricultural efficiency

<p>Integrating internet of things (IoT) technology into agriculture has become essential to address challenges such as low crop productivity, which is often due to insufficient soil nutrients and suboptimal environmental conditions. This paper discusses the design and implementation of an IoT-based system for agriculture that aims to automate key parameters, facilitate real-time monitoring, and promote sustainable practices. Equipped with a graphical user interface (GUI), the system focuses on improving irrigation, regulating temperatures, and correcting soil nutrient deficiencies to improve crop productivity. Our research includes the use of humidity sensors to monitor soil moisture and temperature sensors. Soil nutrient levels, especially nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK), were also assessed. We conducted experiments on three radish varieties using this IoT system and compared the results with traditional farming methods. The germination rate was impressive, reaching 98% within the first four days, while in a traditional greenhouse, it did not exceed 50%. As for plant height and leaf area, the smart greenhouse was better. These results were promising and demonstrated the potential of IoT in enhancing agricultural productivity. These results highlight the significant impact of IoT technology in enhancing agricultural productivity and its potential for broader application in this sector.</p>

Influence of biochemical composition of above-ground biomass of oilseed radish on the expediency of its green manure application

Over a ten-year period, the volumes of formed ground biomass of oil radish and its biochemical composition were estimated for spring and summer plantings in terms of its green manure application. The formed leaf and stem mass of the oil radish variety Zhuravka was studied using official AOAC international analysis methods, liquid chromatography, methods of field evaluation of yield and weight and equivalent indicators. The effectiveness of green manure application was assessed by the method of multicriteria-decision support. Oil radish was confirmed to have a high adaptive potential at the maximum level of determination of bioproductivity, with an optimal moisture and temperature supply of up to 40%. The long-term average productive and biochemical portfolio of oil radish was identified as follows: 21.19 t/ha of leaf-stem ground mass with 62.3% soil cover 70 days after sowing, 2.8% nitrogen, 22.8% fibre, 0.6% phosphorus, 3.8% potassium, 16.6 μmol/g glucosinolates at the C/N ratio of 14.7, 83% plant-mass quality, and 48.1 mol/ha biofumigation potential based on glucosinolate aucumulation. The study confirmed the high potential of oilseed-radish adaptability to the regimes of unstable moisture of territories, finding interannual variation of the total bioproductivity and biochemical parameters of leaf-mass quality with the value of the variation coefficient ranging 23.6–31.2%, depending on the sowing date. The effectiveness of oilseed radish was also revealed by comparison with the similar interannual variation of hydrothermal conditions of vegetation (the amount of precipitation 48.2%, average daily temperature 27.5%, moisture coefficient 68.1%, and aridity index 58.9%). Oilseed radish was found to be agrobiologically and agrotechnologically feasibile to be used in the system of both spring and summer (intermediate) green manure technologies in grey loess soils under conditions of unstable moisture, as indicated by its bioproductivity and biochemical quality of leaf mass, as well as the results of the components of the multicriteria assessment of the plant as green manure, the value of normalised weight coefficients ranging 0.62–0.99

Characterization of flavor and taste profile of different radish (Raphanus Sativus L.) varieties by headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC/IMS) and E-nose/tongue

A comprehensive study of the overall flavor and taste profile of different radishes is lacking. This study systematically compared the volatile profile of six radish varieties using HS-GC-IMS and their correlation with the E-nose analysis. Organic acids and amino acids were quantified, and their association with the E-tongues analysis was explored. A total of 73 volatile compounds were identified, with diallyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide being the primary sulfides responsible for the unpleasant flavor in radish. Compared to other varieties, cherry radishes boast a significantly higher concentration of allyl isothiocyanate, which likely contributes to their characteristic radish flavor. Moreover, oxalic acid was identified as the most abundant organic acid in radish, accounting for over 97% of its content, followed by malic acid and succinic acid. In conclusion, the distinct flavor and taste characteristics of different radish varieties partially explain their suitability for diverse culinary preferences.

Construction of SNP fingerprints and genetic diversity analysis of radish (Raphanus sativus L.).

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a vegetable crop with economic value and ecological significance in the genus Radish, family Brassicaceae. In recent years, developed countries have attached great importance to the collection and conservation of radish germplasm resources and their research and utilization, but the lack of population genetic information and molecular markers has hindered the development of the genetic breeding of radish. In this study, we integrated the radish genomic data published in databases for the development of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, and obtained a dataset of 308 high-quality SNPs under strict selection criteria. With the support of Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) technology, we screened a set of 32 candidate core SNP marker sets to analyse the genetic diversity of the collected 356 radish varieties. The results showed that the mean values of polymorphism information content (PIC), minor allele frequency (MAF), gene diversity and heterozygosity of the 32 candidate core SNP markers were 0.32, 0.30, 0.40 and 0.25, respectively. Population structural analysis, principal component analysis and genetic evolutionary tree analysis indicated that the 356 radish materials were best classified into two taxa, and that the two taxa of the material were closely genetically exchanged. Finally, on the basis of 32 candidate core SNP markers we calculated 15 core markers using a computer algorithm to construct a fingerprint map of 356 radish varieties. Furthermore, we constructed a core germplasm population consisting of 71 radish materials using 32 candidate core markers. In this study, we developed SNP markers for radish cultivar identification and genetic diversity analysis, and constructed DNA fingerprints, providing a basis for the identification of radish germplasm resources and molecular marker-assisted breeding as well as genetic research.

Identification of Clubroot-Resistant Germplasm in a Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) Core Collection

Clubroot disease, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, poses a significant global threat to cruciferous crops. The epidemic area of clubroot disease is expanding rapidly. In response to this pressing issue, there is a compelling need for the development of clubroot disease-resistant radish cultivars. China boasts an extensive array of radish varieties and germplasm resources. However, a comprehensive assessment of their resistance to clubroot has not yet been carried out, thereby impeding the effective utilization of germplasm and clubroot-resistant breeding. Therefore, it is urgent to systematically evaluate the clubroot resistance of the radish germplasm and identify resistant resources. In this study, clubroot resistance evaluations were conducted on 268 excellent radish varieties derived from 30 provinces in China, as well as seven accessions from Russia, North Korea, France, South Korea, and Germany. The resistance evaluation revealed a diverse range of resistance indices, with a mean disease index (DI) ranging from 0.6 to 58.5, showing significant disparities in clubroot resistance among these radish resources. A total of six accessions were characterized as highly resistant to clubroot, and a further 50 accessions were characterized as resistant. The disease-resistant radishes showed diversity in horticultural traits. Provinces in South China contributed significantly more resistance germplasm than those of North China. These materials are of great value for both genetic investigation and the crop breeding of clubroot resistance. Furthermore, we employed a previously established clubroot-resistance-linked SSR marker to analyze the clubroot-resistant resources. The accessions exhibited dissimilar genetic profiles from known clubroot-resistant germplasm, suggesting their potential status as novel sources of clubroot resistance. Conclusively, these newly identified accessions enriched the genetic diversity within the clubroot-resistant gene pool and may contribute to the future cloning of previously undiscovered clubroot-resistant genes.

Effect of boron and spacing on seed yield of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) varieties Punjab Pasand and Arka Nishant

Effect of boron and spacing on seed yield of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) varieties Punjab Pasand and Arka Nishant

Farklı Yetiştirme Ortamları ve Hümik Asit Dozlarının Turpta Bitki Gelişimi ve Kalite Üzerine Etkileri

This research was conducted to determine the effects of different growing media and humic acid doses on plant growth parameters and quality properties in cherry-red radish. In the study, 4 different growing media [Soil, Peat:Perlite (1:1), Peat:Perlite (2:1) and Peat:Perlite (3:1)] consisting of soil and mixtures of peat and perlite at different ratios were used. In addition to, 0 (control), 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm doses of humic acid in liquid form named TKİ Hümas were investigated. Rolex F1 cherry-red radish variety (Raphanus sativus L. var. sativus) was used in the study. According to the findings obtained from the research, it was detected that Peat:Perlite (2:1) medium came to the forefront in terms of plant growth parameters and quality properties among the growing media. It was found that humic acid applications (500, 1000 and 2000 ppm) significantly increased tuber fresh weight, tuber diameter and tuber length compared to the control (0 ppm). Among the humic acid doses, the highest tuber fresh weight, tuber diameter and tuber length were obtained from 1000 ppm dose. In general, it was determined that soilless growing media and humic acid had positive effects on plant growth and quality. When the growing media and humic acid doses are evaluated among themselves, it was concluded that especially Peat:Perlite (2:1) medium and 1000 ppm dose were more effective on plant growth and quality and could be used successfully in soilless cherry-red radish cultivation in terms of agricultural sustainability and productivity.

STUDY OF STRESS RESISTANCE OF OILSEED RADISH VARIETIES TO SUBZERO TEMPERATURES BY CHLOROPHYLL PHEOPHYTINIZATION

The article highlights the results of studying the peculiarities of the formation of stress resistance of 14 oilseed radish varieties of different ecological and geographical origin to subzero temperatures in the context of 5 basic phenological stages (cotyledon phase (BBCH 10), rosette phase (BBCH 14–16), stemming phase (BBCH 34–36), budding phase (BBCH 50–52) and flowering phase (BBCH 65–67)) with a temperature range of -1.0... -12.0 °C with an experimental step of 1.0 °C decrease based on the tested method of chlorophyll phytophytinization after the physiologically appropriate period of freezing of the calves. The peculiarities of stress reactions in terms of the proportion of phytophytinized leaf surface were investigated based on the processing of scanned images of leaf blades taken from living plants at the appropriate stages of their growth and development. The physiological aspects and literature sources on the assessment of temperature tolerance of cruciferous plant species, in particular radish subspecies, were analyzed and generalizations were made about the adaptive potential of oilseed radish as a species for the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. On the basis of a long-term period of research (2015–2022), the optimal physiological interval of the reaction of different genotypes of oil radish to subzero temperatures was estimated and the most stable phenological phases in relation to the frost resistance of plants were determined by the indicator short-term express reaction of leaf tissues based on the results of their freezing under controlled conditions. A dynamic series of oilseed radish varieties was determined in the direction of increasing the genotype stress resistance to subzero temperatures for the averaged values in the interval from the cotyledon phase to the flowering phase: Lybid, Zhuravka, Ramonta, Ivea, Nika, Prygazhunya, Sabina, Fakel, Rainbow, Alpha, Snizhana, Tambovchanka, IRGSGI Line, Olga. The influence of the total stress of oilseed radish plants based on the value of the hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) during the growing season on the determination of stress resistance to low temperatures was assessed and it was concluded that the combinatorial nature of the formation of pre-adaptive reactions of oilseed radish plants to low temperatures. At the same time, the nature of dynamic changes in the curve of phytophytinization of leaf tissue chlorophyll was determined, which can be used to indirectly analyze deviations in resistance to subzero temperatures during critical periods of growth and development of oilseed radish plants. Additionally, the dynamics of the formation of the leaf chlorophyll phytophytinization index in 14 oilseed radish varieties was evaluated with the detailing of this process at different phenostages of growth and development, and the level of lethality of this process at the corresponding value of the applied freezing temperatures was noted. The article formulates the prospects for further research in the field of optimization of diagnostics of oilseed radish plants stress resistance to subzero temperatures based on the new proline biochemical method of identification at the tissue level.

Synergistic Effects of Low Tunnel Polyethylene Covering and Silicon Spraying on Growth and Yield of Two Radish Varieties under Cold Stress

A field experiment was conducted on one of the private sector farms in Albuhidari area located in Al-Najaf governorate, Iraq, during the autumn season of 2021. The current research aimed to investigate the influence of polyethylene covering integrated with potassium silicate (K2SiO3) spray on the growth and yield of radishes. A split split-plot system was implemented based on RCBD with three replicates. The field plots were divided into two groups (non-covered plots and covered with low tunnel polyethylene sheets) designated as the main plots. While the two varieties of local radish (white and red) were assigned as subplots, and three concentrations of (K2SiO3) (0, 400, 600 mg.L-1) were assigned as sub-subplots. ANOVA results demonstrated that the main effect of each factor improved radish studied indicators for plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf dry matter%, root dry matter%, and the root yield per plant. The polyethylene covering provided a physical barrier against cold stress, while the silicon treatments at high concentrations enhanced the plants’ tolerance to low temperatures and improved overall plant growth. Bi-interaction effects were almost significant for some indicators. Moreover, the triple interaction (polyethylene covering + red variety + spray with (K2SiO3) @ 600 mg.L-1) was superior in all indicators except for root dry matter%. The results indicate that polyethylene covering combined with silicon treatments have a significant protective effect on white and red radish plants.

Effect of Waste Cooking Oil-Based Composite Materials on Radish Growth and Biochemical Responses

Waste cooking oil poses a serious threat to human health and the environment, both in households and in larger communities. One of the applications of waste cooking oil is composite materials called vegeblocks, which can be used for construction purposes. These composites are formed by the process of polymerisation, esterification and polyesterification. The resulting materials exhibit mechanical strength in line with the requirements for paving blocks. Composite materials that have been annealed for a minimum of 20 h at 200 °C or higher have the highest tensile strength (above 5 MPa). In contrast, composites with the highest flexural strength were obtained after processing at 210 °C for 16 h. The Saxa 2 variety showed the greatest inhibition of storage root growth (almost 43% compared to the control sample), as well as stimulation of root and leaf blade growth (by a maximum of 61.5% and 53.5%, respectively, compared to the control sample). The composite obtained from the maximum process parameters resulted in significant growth of both the root and the green part of both radish varieties by up to 35%. The study showed that the presence of vegeblocks in the plants causes stress conditions, resulting in increased peroxidase content compared to the control sample. The presence of the oil composite in the soil did not increase the amount of catalase in the radish, and even a reduction was observed compared to the control sample.

Molecular Regulatory Network of Anthocyanin Accumulation in Black Radish Skin as Revealed by Transcriptome and Metabonome Analysis.

To understand the coloring mechanism in black radish, the integrated metabolome and transcriptome analyses of root skin from a black recombinant inbred line (RIL 1901) and a white RIL (RIL 1911) were carried out. A total of 172 flavonoids were detected, and the analysis results revealed that there were 12 flavonoid metabolites in radish root skin, including flavonols, flavones, and anthocyanins. The relative concentrations of most flavonoids in RIL 1901 were higher than those in RIL 1911. Meanwhile, the radish root skin also contained 16 types of anthocyanins, 12 of which were cyanidin and its derivatives, and the concentration of cyanidin 3-o-glucoside was very high at different development stages of black radish. Therefore, the accumulation of cyanidin and its derivatives resulted in the black root skin of radish. In addition, a module positively related to anthocyanin accumulation and candidate genes that regulate anthocyanin synthesis was identified by the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Among them, structural genes (RsCHS, RsCHI, RsDFR, and RsUGT75C1) and transcription factors (TFs) (RsTT8, RsWRKY44L, RsMYB114, and RsMYB308L) may be crucial for the anthocyanin synthesis in the root skin of black radish. The anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in the root skin of black radish was constructed based on the expression of genes related to flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways (Ko00941 and Ko00942) and the relative expressions of metabolites. In conclusion, this study not only casts new light on the synthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins in the root skin of black radish but also provides a molecular basis for accelerating the cultivation of new black radish varieties.

Effects of assorted radishes on the flavor development and bacterial community succession of radish paocai during fermentation

Radish paocai, one of the most common Sichuan paocai, is widely popular with people. However, comprehensive research on the effect of radish varieties on the fermentation of radish paocai is lacking and the underlying bacterial mechanism remains unclear. Herein, we analyzed and compared the physicochemical characteristics, flavor profiles, and bacterial community succession of paocai fermented with three different kinds of radishes, and further investigated the correlation between the core bacteria and differential metabolites. As a result, the content of flavor compounds increased, and terpenoids, sulfocompounds, and alcohols were the representative flavor substance in paocai products, which suggested that spontaneous fermentation through the salt-brine method was universally applicable to diverse raw radish materials. Furthermore, f_Leuconostocaceae, f_Lactobacillaceae, g_Weissella, and g_Lactobacillus were considered as the biomarkers in paocai during the fermentation period. Notably, white radish was selected as the distinguished variety to produce radish paocai acquired affluent flavor compounds, according to the discrepant time or whether the biomarkers appear. These findings may provide comprehensive insights into manufacturing paocai with high quality.

Seaweed-derived bio-stimulant improves growth and salt tolerance of radish varieties under saline conditions

The potential of macroalgae as biostimulants in agriculture and biotechnology is getting attention because they enhance the growth of various edible crops. Thus, the current study deals with the potential of marine algae (Enteromorpha intestinalis) seaweed (SW) powder for its effect on seed germination, growth, biochemical parameters, and pigment characteristics of Radish varieties (40 days, R-1 and Radish variety Minu Early R-2) under saline conditions: 50 mM (low salinity, LS), and 100 mM (high salinity, HS). Seeds were germinated with 1.5 (SW1) and 3% (SW2) seaweed powder mixed with saline soil. Root and shoot length progressively decreased with increasing salinity level compared to control. Treatment 2 (SW1) and treatment 4 of R-1 variety had the highest germination rate by 95%. R-2 variety showed increased shoot and root fresh weight for treatment 4 (LS) and treatment 8 (HS + SW1), while treatment 7 (LS + SW2) of R-2 variety showed the highest shoot dry weight. Treatment 2 (SW1) of R-1 variety showed an increase in plant total weight compared to R-1 variety. Carbohydrate and protein content were higher in treatment 4 (LS) and 9 (HS + SW2) of R-1 variety. Phenol and flavonoid content were increased in treatment 8 (HS + SW1) and 2 (SW1) of R-2 variety compare to untreated controls. Marine algae-based bio-stimulant could effectively improve Radish growth due to optimum physiological and biochemical alteration under saline conditions. Our results indicate that radish varieties could produce sustainable biomass by using algal bio-stimulant on saline soils and avoiding competition with conventional agriculture.

Unraveling the core bacterial community responsible for quality and flavor improvement of the radish paocai during spontaneous fermentation

The effects of different varieties of radish on the quality and flavor of radish paocai are still elusive. Herein, this study aimed to compare the quality and flavor of radish paocai fermented by three kinds of radish, and further investigate the core bacterial community that mainly positively correlated with the quality and flavor improvement of paocai. As fermentation proceeded, pH and nitrite decreased, total acid and reducing sugar increased, and salinity showed a fluctuating decrease. Besides, LL had the highest content of reducing sugar and free amino acids, and CB had more organic acids and umami amino acids than other kinds of paocai. The bacterial community analysis confirmed that the variety of radish had little impact on bacterial succession, and Weissella, Lactobacillus, and Leuconostoc were found to be the core bacterial community that could promote the increase of organic acids, free amino acids, and volatile flavor compounds. In particular, Weissella was the biomarker on day 4 of fermentation, and Lactobacillus was the biomarker on day 7 in three kinds of radish paocai. Collectively, using different varieties of radish did not significantly induce change in the bacterial community of the radish paocai, although these radish paocai products presented different qualities and flavors.

Variability and Expectant Genetic Advance for Yield and its Components in Radish (Raphanus sativus L.)

The study was carried out with the aim of estimating some of the genetic parameters represented by variations, broad sense heritability and expected genetic advance and evaluating the genetic performance for some of the growth and yield characteristics of the five varieties of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) are (Local red, Local black, Turkish red, Syrian red and Turkish white) during the growth season 2019- 2020 in the vegetable field at Horticulture and Landscape Department College of Agriculture and Forestry-Mosul University within the design of using Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D.) with three replicates. Results of the analysis of variance for the studied traits showed that there were significant differences between the five varieties of all studied traits. The local black variety significantly superior compared the other variety in the Leaf fresh weight, and the syrian red variety in the root weight and total yield. The phenotypic, genotypic variations and broad sense heritability was high for the plant height, Leaf fresh weight, root weight and total yield. Which it means that most of the phenotypic variation between varieties was due to genetic variations. As for the expected genetic advance was high for the plant height, Leaf fresh weight, root weight, the ratio of the root / leaf ratio and total yield. Which indicates the importance of selection for improving these characters.

Evaluation of genetic variation of morphological and clubroot-resistance traits of radish and metabonomic analysis of clubroot-resistant cultivar

Global commercial production of radish (Raphanus sativus) is highly threatened by Plamodiophora brassicae. Germplasm evaluation and the deep analysis of variants with clubroot-resistant trait are needed to produce quality cultivars. The genetic diversity was analyzed for 97 radish germplasms based on 20 agronomic traits and the response to clubroot. Additionally, differentially regulated metabolites (DRMs) between healthy and P. brassicae-infected resistant cultivars were measured. The genetic diversity index values of quality traits varied from 0.396 to 1.350, and that of quantitative traits varied from 1.65–2.15. The variation of radish quantitative traits ranged from 19.18% to 54.44%. The principal component analysis indicated 8 comprehensive indicators, allowing classification of germplasms into 4 classes, with 71 in class I, 20 in class II, 4 in class III, and 2 in class IV. The results of classification of germplasms by the response to clubroot infection only or by comprehensive agronomic traits including response of plants to clubroot disease infection were similar. Among all traits assessed in the present study, the clubroot severity and the depth of in-soil root were closely linked. Metabolomic analysis revealed that the metabolites changes of clubroot resistant cultivar “DHBC” pre- and post- P. brassicae infection was relatively stable. P. brassicae infection resulted in limited DRMs, significant down-regulation was identified on ginsenoside, dihydro-2(3H)-thiophenone, proline, 1-pyrroline, while apiosylglucosyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, chrycolide, glucomalcomiin, and phosphocholine were significantly up-regulated. We revealed more extensive genetic variation in quantitative traits than in quality indexes in radish and we summarized that the response of radish to clubroot disease may be a dominate indicator in evaluation of radish varieties. Finally, untargeted metabolomic study confirmed the clubroot resistance of “DHBC” and revealed a sophisticated metabolites (including some precious pharmaceutical ingredients) variation in response to clubroot infection, offers new directions in the studies of clubroot resistance mechanism of radish.

Humic acid as a growth booster: Evaluating its synergistic influence on three red radish varieties

The study focused on investigating the effects of varying levels of HA (HA1 = 0, HA2 = 25, HA3 = 50, HA4 = 75, and HA5 = 100) on Red Dragon, Red Prince, and Red Meat varieties of red radish. This analysis aimed to unravel the relationship between different levels of HA and their impact on the growth and productivity of red radish genotypes. The findings revealed that the Red Prince genotype attained the utmost plant height of 24.00 cm, an average of 7.50 leaves per plant, a leaf area of 23.11 cm2, a canopy cover of 26.76%, a leaf chlorophyll content of 54.60%, a leaf fresh weight of 41.16 g, a leaf dry weight of 8.20 g, a root length measuring 9.73 cm, a root diameter of 3.19 mm, a root fresh weight of 27.60 g, a root dry weight of 6.75 g, and a remarkable total yield of 17.93 tons per hectare. The implications of this study are poised to benefit farmers within the Dera Ismail Khan Region, specifically in the plain areas of Pakistan, by promoting the cultivation of the Red Prince variety.

The long noncoding RNA LINC15957 regulates anthocyanin accumulation in radish.

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is an important root vegetable crop belonging to the Brassicaceae family. Anthocyanin rich radish varieties are popular among consumers because of their bright color and high nutritional value. However, the underlying molecular mechanism responsible for skin and flesh induce anthocyanin biosynthesis in transient overexpression, gene silencing and transcriptome sequencing were used to verify its function in radish anthocyanin accumulation, radish remains unclear. Here, we identified a long noncoding RNA LINC15957, overexpression of LINC15957 was significantly increased anthocyanin accumulation in radish leaves, and the expression levels of structural genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis were also significantly increased. Anthocyanin accumulation and expression levels of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes were significantly reduced in silenced LINC15957 flesh when compared with control. By the transcriptome sequencing of the overexpressed LINC15957 plants and the control, 5,772 differentially expressed genes were identified. A total of 3,849 differentially expressed transcription factors were identified, of which MYB, bHLH, WD40, bZIP, ERF, WRKY and MATE were detected and differentially expressed in the overexpressed LINC15957 plants. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed the genes were significant enriched in tyrosine, L-Phenylalanine, tryptophan, phenylpropanol, and flavonoid biosynthesis. RT-qPCR analysis showed that 8 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were differentially expressed in LINC15957-overexpressed plants. These results suggested that LINC15957 involved in regulate anthocyanin accumulation and provide abundant data to investigate the genes regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in radish.

Genetic Diversity Analysis and Core Germplasm Collection Construction of Radish Cultivars Based on Structure Variation Markers.

Radish is an economically important root vegetable worldwide. In this study, the 217 cultivated radish accessions were collected and genotyped. To detect the genotypes of these accessions, a total of 24 structure variation (SV) markers distributed on nine chromosomes were employed to analyze genetic diversity and construct a core germplasm collection of radish. The results of polymorphism information content (PIC) indicated a good polymorphism of these SV markers. Population structure analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) results showed that the 217 radish accessions fell into three main populations (P1, P2, and P3). Genetic diversity analysis showed that these populations were highly associated with geographical distribution. The values of the fixation index (FST) indicated a high genetic diversity between P2 and P3, and a moderate genetic diversity between P1 and P2, and P1 and P3. Furthermore, the 43 core germplasm were exploited for creating cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) lines and cultivating new radish varieties. The high genetic diversity of 217 radish germplasms will not only provide valuable resources for future genetic mapping and functional genomic research, but also facilitate core germplasm utilization and the molecular breeding of radish.