Radish Roots Research Articles

Effect of bio-nano-selenium on yield, nutritional quality and selenium content of radish

In order to improve the added value and functionality of radish, an agricultural strategy of bio-nano-selenium was established in this study. Using bio-nano-selenium as an exogenous source of selenium fortification, foliar sprays were applied with different concentration gradients and fertilization periods to study its effects on radish yield, quality traits and selenium content in various parts. The results showed that exogenous selenium supplementation increased the root to leaf ratio of radish (125.66%), promoted the underground transfer of nutrients in radish, and increased the yield by 41.56% on average. The soluble solid content (5.85%), content of soluble sugar (25.13%), reducing sugar content (10%) and dry matter content (3.6%) of radish were increased, but the vitamin C content (15.49%) and water soluble protein content (25%) were decreased, and the crude fiber content was not affected. The bio-nano-selenium had a significant effect on the selenium content of radish parts, in the order of radish leaves > radish peel > radish roots > radish core. In this study, the growth, yield, quality and selenium content of various parts of radish was comprehensively studied by using self-developed bio-nano-selenium for the first time. The results showed that exogenous supplementation of bio-nano-selenium could significantly increase the selenium content of radish and overall promote the growth of radish and improve yield and quality traits.

Responses of cherry radish to different types of microplastics in the presence of oxytetracycline

Croplands have become a hotspot for antibiotic and microplastic (MP) pollution. However, little is known regarding their combined effects on crops. In this study, the individual and combined effects of oxytetracycline (OTC) and three MPs (i.e., polypropylene (PP), polyamide (PA), and polyvinylchloride (PVC)) on cherry radish were investigated using pot experiments. Individually, OTC (50 mg kg−1), PA (2%, w/w), and PP (2%, w/w) induced negligible effects on cherry radish biomass and the root/shoot ratio. However, PVC (2%, w/w) significantly inhibited cherry radish growth; that is, its shoot and root fresh weight decreased by 46.2% and 81.1%, respectively. In the combined exposure groups, OTC alleviated the adverse effects of PVC on the cherry radish leaf number and shoot fresh weight. This was linked to that OTC increased the content of photosynthetic pigments. Superoxide dismutase activity in cherry radish roots was inhibited to different extents in all treatment groups except for the PA and PVC treatments. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content in cherry radish roots increased in all treatment groups, suggesting that both OTC and MPs caused oxidative damage to cherry radish root cells, therefore inhibiting cherry radish root growth. However, the presence of OTC non-significantly changed the effects of MPs on cherry radish roots. Irrespective of OTC presence, MPs induced a reduction in the root/shoot ratio of cherry radish, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of MPs on cherry radish roots was stronger than that on shoots. These findings contribute to the evaluation of the phytotoxicity of antibiotics and MPs in soil-vegetable systems.

Development of a carbon accumulation model for estimating the concentration of 14C in Japanese radish

ABSTRACT Atmospheric 14C released from nuclear fuel reprocessing plants can accumulate in crop plants. Japanese radish (daikon) is a major crop plant in the area surrounding the Japan’s first commercial nuclear fuel reprocessing plant in Rokkasho. We previously developed a dynamic two-compartment model for 14C accumulation in the leaves and roots of Japanese radish. This model was constructed using measured data obtained under controlled experimental conditions in a growth chamber; however, it was not capable of simulating plant carbon accumulation in actual fields resulting from photosynthesis and respiration under fluctuating environments. In order to apply our previous model to actual fields, the present study aims to modify the model by incorporating the environmental responses of photosynthesis and respiration. The modified model was validated with observed temporal changes in the carbon inventories of the leaves and roots of Japanese radish in the field. The model estimates were found to be in relatively good agreement with the observed data. In addition, our modified model provides reasonable simulation results for 14C accumulation in Japanese radish exposed to 14CO2 at different growth stages. The results of this study indicate that our modified model could contribute to the estimation of 14C accumulation in Japanese radish under field conditions.

Benefícios agroeconômicos no consórcio de rabanete e alface sob adubação verde e densidade de plantio otimizadas

ABSTRACT One of the biggest difficulties in the intercropping of radish-lettuce is to obtain the ideal dose of green manure and the adequate planting density for the crops. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the agro-economic benefits of radish-lettuce intercropping under the influence of green manuring with Merremia aegyptia (hairy woodrose) and Calotropis procera (roostertree) and lettuce population densities in a semi-arid environment, in two cropping seasons. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, with treatments arranged in a 4x4 factorial scheme, with 4 replicates. The first factor in this scheme consisted of equitable biomass amounts of M. aegyptia and C. procera at doses of 20, 35, 50 and 65 t/ha on a dry basis, and the second factor of lettuce population densities of 150, 200, 250 and 300 thousand plants/ha. The production of radish and lettuce and its components, in addition to the agroeconomic indicators, system productivity index (SPI), land equivalent coefficient (LEC) and monetary equivalent ratio (MER) were evaluated. The greatest agro-economic benefits of the intercropped radish-lettuce were obtained with SPI of 15.37 t/ha, LEC of 1.27 and MER of 1.30, respectively, in the combination of 65 t/ha of M. aegyptia and C. procera biomass with the lettuce population density of 300 thousand plants/ha. The maximum commercial productivity of radish roots in the intercropping system was 8.45 t/ha in the combination of the biomass amount of 20 t/ha of M. aegyptia and C. procera and lettuce population density of 300 thousand plants/ha, while the maximum lettuce leaf productivity optimized in intercropping was 17.72 t/ha, in the combination of green manures biomass amount of 65 t/ha and population density of 300 thousand plants/ha of lettuce. The use of spontaneous species from the Caatinga biome as green manure in the radish-lettuce intercropping provides optimized agro-economic benefits in a semi-arid environment.

Selection of Companion Plants for Pest Control of Cruciferous Crops

Background and objective: This study was conducted to determine the types of pests that occur in spring and autumn on three types of cruciferous vegetables, which are host plants, and investigate the actual effect by selecting companion plants with pest control effects.Methods: This study selected 3 types of cruciferous crops and 17 types of companion plants through literature review to investigate the types of pests and damage index occurring in spring and autumn. After examining the number of pests that occur per 10 plants on a weekly basis, the mean and standard deviation were calculated using the IBM SPSS statistics Ver. 25 program.Results: There was little damage to pests in 17 types of herbs, flowers, and vegetables. When grown together with cruciferous vegetables, 8 types of herbs, 5 types of vegetables, and 4 types of flowers showed little pest damage. In particular, companion plants that suffered less pest damage were catnip, chamomile, thyme, and nasturtium in spring cultivation and thyme, basil, catnip, chamomile, rosemary, and marigold in autumn cultivation. Shoot growth of Kimchi cabbage and white radish in the experimental group planted with vegetables was 148-181% of the control group using conventional cultivation but companion planting with rosemary, nasturtium, and marigold showed less growth than the control group, especially the experimental group planted with rosemary, which showed 45-53% of growth compared to the control group. The companion plants with good growth in the root of white radish were celery, beet, basil, and marigold. There was little difference in the degree of pest damage to crops between the central planting with a few companion crops and the parallel, alternate, and perimeter planting with many companion crops.Conclusion: Pests can be managed effectively with a pest management technique that utilizes the pull effect based on the interaction between frequently occurring pest types and companion plants.

Оценка экологического состояния чернозема обыкновенного при загрязнении антибиотиками тетрациклиновой группы

The article presents the results of a comprehensive assessment of the ecological state of chernozem when contaminated with tetracyclines at concentrations of 10, 100 and 1000 mg/kg by the degree of change in biological indicators. It was found that tetracycline contamination leads to a deterioration in the ecological state of ordinary chernozem. The degree of change in biological parameters is determined by the chemical structure of tetracyclines and their concentration. A negative correlation relationship is established between the concentration of tetracyclines and the degree of change in biological parameters. Oxytetracycline has the greatest adverse effect on biological performance than tetracycline. The activity of oxidoreductases, the total number of bacteria, the length of radish roots are the most informative indicators in case of contamination of chernozem with tetracyclines, the indicator of the abundance of bacteria p. Azotobacter is not informative. Keywords: POLLUTION, TETRACYCLINE, OXYTETRACYCLINE, ORDINARY CHERNOZEM, ECOLOGICAL STATE

Transcriptomic Analysis of Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) Roots with CLE41 Overexpression.

The CLE41 peptide, like all other TRACHEARY ELEMENT DIFFERENTIATION INHIBITORY FACTOR (TDIF) family CLE peptides, promotes cell division in (pro-)cambium vascular meristem and prevents xylem differentiation. In this work, we analyzed the differential gene expression in the radish primary-growing P35S:RsCLE41-1 roots using the RNA-seq. Our analysis of transcriptomic data revealed a total of 62 differentially expressed genes between transgenic radish roots overexpressing the RsCLE41-1 gene and the glucuronidase (GUS) gene. For genes associated with late embryogenesis, response to abscisic acid and auxin-dependent xylem cell fate determination, an increase in the expression in P35S:RsCLE41-1 roots was found. Among those downregulated, stress-associated genes prevailed. Moreover, several genes involved in xylem specification were also downregulated in the roots with RsCLE41-1 overexpression. Unexpectedly, none of the well-known targets of TDIFs, such as WOX4 and WOX14, were identified as DEGs in our experiment. Herein, we discuss a suggestion that the activation of pathways associated with desiccation resistance, which are more characteristic of late embryogenesis, in roots with RsCLE41-overexpression may be a consequence of water deficiency onset due to impaired vascular specification.

Intercropping affects the physiology and cadmium absorption of pakchoi, lettuce, and radish seedlings.

Intercropping can affect the growth and elemental absorption of vegetables. This study investigated the physiology and cadmium (Cd) content of pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. ramosa Hort.), and radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seedlings under monoculture, mutual intercropping of two or three varieties. Intercropping is not conducive to the accumulation of chlorophyll and biomass content of pakchoi, lettuce, and radish. When three seedlings were intercropped together, the antioxidant enzyme activity of pakchoi, lettuce, and radish increased and the content of malondialdehyde decreased, except that the superoxide dismutase activity of radish is inferior to the value of radish and pakchoi intercropping. Intercropping increased the soluble sugar and proline content in the lettuce seedlings, while those in the radish and lettuce seedlings reduced or had no significant effect. When intercropped with pakchoi and lettuce, the Cd content in the roots and shoots of pakchoi is higher and lower, respectively. At the same time, root or shoot bio-concentration factors also performed the same trend, and TF was the smallest and less than 1; however, the TF of lettuce is greater than 1. When intercropping with pakchoi or lettuce separately or together, it promoted the accumulation of Cd in radish root; when intercropping with pakchoi, the value of TF was the smallest. From the antioxidant system, the performance of the three seedlings intercropped together is better than the two; however, the accumulation of Cd shows the opposite trend, and the participation of cabbage in the intercropping is relatively conducive to reducing the Cd content in the edible parts.

Metabolites, Nutritional Quality and Antioxidant Activity of Red Radish Roots Affected by Gamma Rays

Radish is a root vegetable of the Brassicaceae family that is grown and eaten all over the world. It is often consumed raw as a crisp salad vegetable with a strong flavor. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the stimulating effect of different γ-rays dose levels (0.0, 10, 20, 40, and 80 Gy) on the quality properties of radish, in addition to its nutritional elements, as well as some of the metabolites found in the red radish roots. The results indicated that the irradiated seeds showed a high germination rate of ≥96% for dose levels of ≤20 Gray (Gy). In addition, the use of gamma rays had a stimulating effect on the vegetative growth, particularly at the doses of 10 and 40 Gy, which provided the largest values of plant height (32.65 cm) and leaf number/plant (8.08), respectively, whereas all the irradiation treatments led to a rise in the length and width of leaves. However, the maximum root characteristics (length, diameter, size, and weight) were confirmed at the dose of 20 Gy (17.51 cm, 5.45 cm, 85.25 cm3 as well as 78.12 g, respectively). It was also noted that the content of plant pigments was significantly higher at a dose of 20 Gy. Additionally, there was an increase in the content of vitamin C using gamma rays, and the highest content (19.62 mg/100 g FW) was at the dose of 20 Gy. The use of γ-radiation caused an increase in some metabolite contents, such as anthocyanin, phenols, and flavonoids, which resulted in an enhancement in the antioxidant activity, achieving the greatest value at the dose of 40 Gy. Exposure of red radish seeds to gamma irradiation before cultivation improved the root contents of the elements (N, K, S, P, Ca, and Mg). The results indicated an increase in the content of organic acids (oxalic, succinic, and glutaric acids) using the radiation dose of 20 Gy, except for malic acid, which had the highest value at a dose of 80 Gy. Similarly, the amino acid pool was significantly increased by irradiation, and the levels of amino acids, which act as originators of the glucosinolate (GLS) phenylalanine, tyrosine and methionine), increased after exposure to gamma radiation, especially at doses of 40 and 80 Gy. Therefore, the red radish roots produced from seeds exposed to gamma rays were of high quality and nutritional value compared to those obtained from un-irradiated seeds. For this reason, gamma-rays are one of the tools that are utilized to improve the growth and quality of crops, especially in low doses.

Turpta (Raphanus sativus L.) Farklı Yumru Ağırlığı ve Bor Gübrelemesinin Bitki Gelişimi, Bakla Özellikleri, Tohum Verimi, Çimlenme ve Çıkış Üzerine Etkileri

In this experiment the effects of different root weights (50-99, 100-149, 150-199, 200-250 g) and increasing doses of boron application to soil (0, 100, 200, 300 g/da) on plant, siliqua, characteristics, and seed yield, germination and emergence in radish were investigated. In this research ‘‘Ç.Ü. Seleksiyon No:2’ radish genotype was used as plant material which developed by selection breeding method at Cukurova University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture. The experiment was carried out in open field and greenhouse conditions in 2017-2018 and 2018-2019. Radish roots were grown in an open field. Roots harvested for seed production were classified according to their weight and transferred to pots in the greenhouse. In this study, plant length (cm) plant diameter (mm), number of leaves (number/plant), number of siliquas (number/plant), siliqua length and width (mm), number of seeds (number/siliqua), 1000 seed weight (g), seed yield (g/plant), seed germination (%) and seed emergency (%) were analysed. According to the results of the two-year research, positive effects of increasing root weight were observed on the parameters measured in the plants, while the application of boron at different doses was found to be significant only in terms of the number of leaves. In terms of siliqua and seed characteristics, it was revealed that the increase in the root weight and applied boron dose was not effective except the increase in seed yield. Although seed germination was not affected by the applications, the best results were obtained from the application of 200 g/da boron at seedling emergence.

Effect of biochar and nitrogen on soil characteristics, growth and yield of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) at Paklihawa, Rupandehi condition of Nepal

An experiment on effect of biochar and nitrogen on soil characteristics, growth and yield of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) was conducted at Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Paklihawa, Rupandehi, from November 2019 to February 2020. The experiment was laid in Randomized Complete Block Design with two factors: nitrogen and biochar, each factor having four levels (biochar: 0 t/ha, 5 t/ha, 10 t/ha and 15 t/ha and nitrogen: 0 kg/ha, 50 kg/ha, 100 kg/ha, 200 kg/ha), resulting in sixteen treatment combinations. Biochar application was found to be effective in improving soil bulk density, pH, soil organic matter and soil nitrogen and potassium content. Application of nitrogen fertilizer (200 kg/ha) and biochar (15 t/ha) alone, and in combination, showed significantly higher root dry matter (15.83 gm, 16.63 gm and 20.57 gm), biological yield (80 t/ha, 63.75 t/ha, and 95.75) and root yield (26.74 t/ha, 24.06 t/ha and 30.32 t/ha). In comparison to the sole effects of the highest dose of nitrogen fertilizer (200 kg/ha) and the highest dose of biochar (15 t/ha), their combined application showed the increased yield in radish root by 13.38% and 26.01%, respectively, indicating that the combined effect of biochar and nitrogen is more productive for the growth and yield in radish crop as compared to the sole effect of nitrogen and biochar.

A Research Article on Formulation and Evaluation of Antiacne Herbal Face Wash

Now days consumption of herbal medicines has expanded many folds a report of side effects observed with standard drugs. Herbal face wash was produce from fresh herbs or fresh fruits to enhance the skin and improve beauty. In the world, increases the need for utilization of herbal medicines. Acne is a chronic inflammatory situation of skin that give rise to pimples and spots, on the face, shoulders, back, neck, chest, and upper arms. In this work, different aims were produce to development and evaluation of the herbal anti-acne gel containing extract of root of radish (Raphanus sativus L.), turmeric is a antibacterial agent, sandal wood as flavoring agent, lemon juice as a preservative, honey as humectant through to make pure herbal formulation. The plants have been described in literature having good anti-acne, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, antiseptic, and anti-inflammatory activity. Prepared formulation was evaluated for numerous parameters like colour, appearance, pH, stability studies, biological activities. It was very great attempt to begin the herbal anti acne face wash contain extracts of herbal products.

Application of deep neural networks to forecast 60Co soil to plant transfer factor values based in pedological parameters

The soil-plant transfer factor (Fv) is used methods in the computational models for radiological risk assessment by ingestion of radiocobalt-contaminated food. Different soil types, plants types and agricultural practices contribute to a wide dispersion of Fv values, indicating the need to study the criteria that influence root uptake in a regional view. In this scenario, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) have become a possibility to predict Fv values based on critical pedological parameters. This work aims to apply ANN to evaluate the possibility of predicting Fv for 60Co in reference plants as a function of soil properties considered relevant for transfer processes in the soil-plant system. Through the systematic literature review, mineralogy, organic matter, texture, pH, CEC and nutrients were identified as soil properties that affect Fv values for 60Co. However, although these attributes were not always reported, still it was possible to create databases of Fv for 60Co in radish root and leaf, with pH, organic matter, and CTC as potential edaphic indicators. Learning sets were structured and due to the complexity of the search space and the small amount of available data, deep ANN with regularization (dropout) layers were required to achieve good prediction and avoid overfitting. The best model obtained showed good correlation in the validation and training set, considering the chosen parameters.

Corrigendum

Journal of Food BiochemistryVolume 46, Issue 7 e14273 ERRATUMFree Access Corrigendum This article corrects the following: Branched-chain amino acid synthesis and glucosinolate–myrosinase system during takuan-zuke processing of radish root Wataru Kobayashi, Taito Kobayashi, Asaka Takahashi, Kei Kumakura, Sonoko Ayabe, Hiroki Matsuoka, Volume 45Issue 12Journal of Food Biochemistry First Published online: November 3, 2021 First published: 08 June 2022 https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.14273AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL In 1 there was an error in the drawing of the Chemical structure of MTBITC in Figure. 1, the correct Figure1 can be found below: We apologize for this error. REFERENCE 1Kobayashi, W., Kobayashi, T., Takahashi, A., Kumakura, K., Ayabe, S., & Matsuoka, H. (2021). Branched-chain amino acid synthesis andglucosinolate–myrosinase system during takuan-zuke processing of radish root. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 45, e13983. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13983 Volume46, Issue7July 2022e14273 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Comparing cotyledon, leaf and root resistance to downy mildew in radish (Raphanus sativus L.)

Radish downy mildew (DM) caused by the oomycete Hyaloperonospora brassicae f. sp. raphani is a serious problem in radish crop, an edible root vegetable of the Brassicaceae family. The objective of this research was to assess radish germplasm for DM resistance and to evaluate the response of different radish organs to the disease under controlled conditions. Forty-four radish accessions were inoculated at cotyledons and true-leaves with H. brassicae isolate R10, collected in cotyledons of field plants. The roots were tested with isolates R10 and R6, this last one collected in roots of field radish. DM symptoms varied with the radish genotype and plant organ analysed. Twenty-seven resistant and partially resistant accessions were identified in all plant stages and are promising sources of resistance to DM, namely 16 commercial varieties, 10 breeding lines, and one landrace. A significant correlation was observed between cotyledon and leaf (1st and 2nd leaves) DM resistance, but low and no correlation was found between the resistance of true-leaves or cotyledons and roots, respectively. Cotyledon and leaf evaluation cannot be used to predict root resistance response in radish. However, cotyledon resistance has its own value because non-infected cotyledons will act as a barrier to slow disease progression to true-leaves and roots. Interesting sources of DM resistance were identified that can be used in radish breeding programs.

Occurrence of antibiotics in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) following organic soil fertilisation under plot-scale conditions: Crop and human health implications

Recent studies have demonstrated the crop uptake of antibiotics (ABs) from soils treated with AB-carrying fertilisers. However, there is a lack of plot-scale studies linking their effects at the agronomic and metabolomic/transcriptomic level to their impact on human health. This paper assesses the plant uptake of 23 ABs following two productive cycles of lettuce and radish cropped with sewage sludge, pig slurry, the organic fraction of municipal solid waste, or chemical fertilisation under plot-scale conditions (32 plots spanning 3-10 m2 each). AB uptake by plants depended on both the vegetable and the AB class and was higher in radish than in lettuce edible parts. Levels ranged from undetectable to up to 76 ng/g (fresh weight). Repetitive organic fertilisation resulted in an increase in the concentration of ABs in lettuce leaves, but not in radish roots. Significant metabolomic and transcriptomic changes were observed following soil fertilisation. Nevertheless, a human health risk assessment indicates that the occurrence of ABs in lettuce or radish edible parts does not pose any risk. To our knowledge, this is the first holistic plot-scale study demonstrating that the use of organic fertilisers containing ABs is safe for crop security and human health.

Approaches to the development of environmental regional standards for the content of lead in the soils of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus on the basis of an integral indicator of the biological state of the soil

Introduction. The Black Sea coast of the Caucasus is an actively developing region with a progressively growing tourism and recreation infrastructure. However, there are rare and unique soils, such as southern chernozems (chestnut), brown soils of dry subtropics, yellow soils. Lead (Pb) is a priority group of toxicant metals. However, the use of uniform, common standards of Pb content in all types of soils is impractical, since local regional ecological and geochemical features of soils are not taken into account when calculating them. Materials and methods. Soil contamination of 100, 1000, 10,000 mg Pb per 1 kg of soil was modelling, corresponding to 1, 10 and 100 MPC of this element in Germany and several other countries. After 30 days, changes in biological parameters (the number of bacteria, the activity of soil enzymes and length of roots of radish) were evaluated. To combine the values of the studied biological indicators with different units of measurement into one common indicator, an integral indicator of the biological state (IIBS) of the soil was used. Results. In most cases, there was an inhibition of the biological properties of the studied soils. According to the resistance to Pb pollution, the soils of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus form the series including southern chernozems (Haplic Chernozems Pachic) (85) > cinnamonics typical (Haplicisols Eutric) (79) ≥ soddy-carbonate typical (Rendzic Leptosols Eutric) (77) ≥ cinnamonics leached (Haplic Cambisols Eutric) (76) ≥ cinnamonics carbonate (Haplic Cambisols Eutric) (74) = sod-calcareouses leached (Rendzic Leptosols Eutric) (74) = yellow soils (Albic Luvisols Abruptic ) (74) > brown forest weakly-unsaturated (Haplic Cambisols Eutric) (67) ≥ brown forest acid (Haplic Cambisols Eutric) (65) > brown forest acid podzolized (Haplic Cambisols Dystric) (59). On the base of the analysis of the degree of failure of environmental functions of soils, regional values of maximum permissible concentrations (rMPC) of Pb in soils of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus are established. Regional values of maximum permissible concentrations of Pb for southern chernozem is 120 mg/kg, for cinnamonics typical, cinnamonics leached, cinnamonics carbonate, sod-calcareouses leached, sod-calcareouses typical soils and yellow soil - 100 mg/kg, for brown forest acid, brown forest weakly-unsaturated - 70 mg/kg, 65 mg/kg for brown forest acid podzolized. Limitations. The proposed maximum permissible concentrations of Pb in soils are applicable primarily to the territory of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. Conclusion. The proposed maximum permissible concentrations of Pb in the soils of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus can be used by environmental, agricultural and scientific institutions.

Metabolic Profiling of White and Green Radish Cultivars (Raphanus sativus)

Radish (Raphanus sativus) is a Brassica vegetable important for human nutrition and health because it is rich in diverse metabolites. Although previous studies have evaluated various metabolites, few studies have comprehensively profiled the primary and secondary metabolites in the roots of white- and green-colored radishes. Thus, this study aimed to provide information about the contents of metabolites beneficial for human health in both cultivars and to investigate the relationships between the various metabolites detected. In particular, among the 55 metabolites detected in radish roots, the levels of most amino acids and phenolic acids, vital to nutrition and health, were higher in green radish roots, while slightly higher levels of glucosinolates were observed in white radish roots—information which can be used to develop an effective strategy to promote vegetable consumption. Furthermore, glutamic acid, as a metabolic precursor of amino acids and chlorophylls, was positively correlated with other amino acids (cysteine, tryptophan, asparagine, alanine, serine, phenylalanine, valine, isoleucine, proline, leucine, beta-alanine, lysine, and GABA), and chlorophylls (chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b) detected in radish roots and phenylalanine, a metabolic precursor of phenolic compounds, were positively correlated with kaempferol, 4-hydroxybenzoate, and catechin. In addition, strong positive correlations between carbohydrates (sucrose and glucose) and phenolics were observed in this study, indicating that sucrose and glucose function as energy sources for phenolic compounds.

Influence of the biochar on petroleum hydrocarbon degradation intensity and ecological condition of Haplic Chernozem

It was evaluated the impact of biochar on the petroleum hydrocarbons degradation intensity and the ecological condition of Haplic Chernozem. The study was conducted in the model experiment conditions with Haplic Chernozem contaminated with 5% of petroleum hydrocarbons with application of 10 and 20% biochar. The number of soil bacteria, the activity of catalase and dehydrogenases, germination ability and radish root and shoot length, soil respiration considered to evaluate biological activity. It has been established that 10% biochar application led to intensification of petroleum hydrocarbons degradation up to 17% compare to contaminated soil. Upon adding 10% biochar the СО2 emission increased up to 70-85% on the 18-19th days, then reduced by the 28-30th days till soil emission with the application of biochar in the amount of 20% from soil mass. Activity of dehydrogenases of Haplic Chernozem were stimulated after application of 10% biochar up to 49% compared to control. Biochar application in the doses of 10 and 20% increased the number of soil bacteria up to 209 and 203%, respectively. Application of 20% biochar intensified the germination and early growth of radish seeds. The germination ability, length of radish shoots and roots increased to 44, 66 and 44%, respectively, compare to control. The biochar application in petroleum contaminated soil increased the activity of catalase, dehydrogenases and the number of soil bacteria. Biochar using in doses 10% and 20% contributes to acceleration of petroleum hydrocarbons degradation and improvement of the soil ecological condition.

Effects of U on the growth, reactive oxygen metabolism and osmotic regulation in radish (Raphanus sativus L.).

Uranium (U) is a non-essential and toxic element, so it is necessary to study the physiological mechanism of plant response to U stress. The present study evaluated the growth status, reactive oxygen metabolism and osmotic regulation system in radish (Raphanus sativus) under U stress (0, 25, 50 and 100μM). The results showed that U had no significant effect on the germination of radish seeds but inhibited the growth of seedlings, such as reduced root activity and increased plasma membrane permeability. U is mainly distributed in radish roots, so it poisons the roots more than the aboveground parts. When U concentration was 25μM, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities in radish were increased to cope with the oxidative stress caused by U stress, and the accumulation of proline and soluble sugar was increased to maintain cell turgor. However, under high concentration (100μM), the damage of radish root was serious; thus, the SOD, CAT and soluble sugar could not respond to U stress. In conclusion, the identification and characterization of U-stress responses in genuine U-tolerant plants would improve our knowledge on the detoxification of this radionuclide.