Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Research Articles

Modulated Arc Therapy for hippocampal-avoidance whole brain radiation therapy: planning comparison with intensity modulated Radiation Therapy.

This study aimed to evaluate the modulated arc therapy (mARC) technique as a planning and treatment option for hippocampal sparing whole brain radiotherapy (HS-WBRT) following the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 0933 dosimetric criteria. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were selected retrospectively for 15 patients. Two types of plans were created for each patient, namely an intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and a mARC plan. IMRT and mARC plans were compared in terms of plan quality indices, absorbed dose to organs at risk (OARs), number of monitor units (MUs), and treatment time. All plans in both techniques were considered clinically acceptable for treatment. However, IMRT plans presented a higher conformity (p = 0.01) as well as a higher homogeneity as compared to mARC plans, but this difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). In terms of the preservation of the hippocampus, it was observed that the IMRT plans achieved significantly lower doses for both 100% of its volume and for its maximum dose (p < 0.001). The evaluation of the remaining OARs showed that the IMRT technique resulted in lower doses, and significant differences were observed for the following organs: left cochlea (p < 0.001), left eye (p < 0.001), right eye (p = 0.03), both lenses of the eye (p < 0.001), and right optic nerve (p = 0.02). Despite these differences, the absolute differences in all dosimetric parameters were low enough to bear any clinical relevance. A drastic (close to 65%) and significant (p < 0.001) decrease was observed in the number of MUs for the mARC plans. This resulted in a substantial decrease in treatment time (60.45%, p < 0.001). It is concluded that the mARC technique is a feasible planning and treatment solution for HS-WBRT that meets the RTOG 0933 criteria. The main advantage of using mARC over IMRT for HS-WBRT is the considerable reduction in MUs and treatment time.

Abstract PO4-09-10: A successful method for treatment of an uninsured underprivileged breast cancer population

Abstract Background Improvements in breast cancer treatment and care have resulted in improved outcomes and decreased mortality. These improvements, however, come with great expense. Despite efforts from health care systems, a significant proportion of the population remains uninsured. The uninsured population is often underprivileged, undereducated and more likely to come from racial/ethnic minority groups. This combination of factors results in a delay in diagnosis, presentation at later stage, and decreased access and compliance with treatment. The goal of the current study is to describe a method for treating an uninsured, underprivileged breast cancer population and the resulting outcomes. Methods Retrospective review was performed of all breast cancer patients seen at Maricopa Medical Center, the safety net hospital in Phoenix, AZ. All breast cancer patients seen from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2020 were included. Baseline data for every patient was compiled prospectively, supplemented by retrospective chart review. The data included sociodemographic information, health literacy assessment, and diagnostic tests. Health literacy was assessed using the Newest Vital Sign (NVS). Breast cancer treatment, follow up, and mortality were documented. Beginning on July 1, 2006 a new process was implemented to facilitate care of uninsured patients. More details will be included in the poster presentation. Briefly, however, core needle biopsies were performed in the Breast Clinic by the Breast surgeon or Physician assistant during the initial consultation. Rather than requiring full payment of the planned operation upfront, instead a down payment was made with a plan for payment in installments of the remainder of the cost. For chemotherapy and targeted therapy, a process was implemented to apply for discounted medications for appropriate regimens. There are no radiation therapy facilities at Maricopa Medical Center. An agreement was therefore made with a Radiation oncology group in Phoenix to provide discounted radiation therapy. The treatment was paid through treatment grants as well as fundraising activities by the Health Foundation of the hospital. In 2011, the Breast surgeon underwent training for genetic counseling at City of Hope Medical Center to provide genetic counseling for these patients. Results A total of 1,797 patients were included. Among them, 661 patients were seen before the process (BP) was started, while 1,136 patients were seen after the new process (NP) was implemented. Overall, the mean age of the patients was 52 years with most patients being Hispanic (56%). On average the patients had 10 yrs of education and 18% had adequate health literacy. The majority of patients were not employed (70%) and completely uninsured (56%) or underinsured (31%). Only 18% of patients underwent screening mammography and as a result 67% of patients presented at stage II or later. Despite the barriers mentioned above, the NP group underwent a higher percentage of breast conservation procedures (75% versus 47%, p &amp;lt; 0.001). A higher percentage of the NP group received adjuvant therapy: Chemotherapy (91% vs 70%, p &amp;lt; 0.001), Radiation therapy (91% versus 70%, p &amp;lt; 0.001), and initiated endocrine therapy (87% versus 67%, p &amp;lt; 0.001). At a mean follow up of 8 years, these improvements in adjuvant therapy resulted in a lower incidence of both ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence and chest wall recurrence (2% vs 16%, p &amp;lt; 0.001 and 5% versus 8%, p = 0.21, respectively) and improvement in overall survival (90% vs 81%, p &amp;lt; 0.001). Conclusions Despite treatment of a population with many barriers to breast cancer management, implementation of a treatment process improved access to diagnosis and surgical therapy as well as recommended adjuvant therapy. These improvements resulted in lower local recurrence rates and improved survival in an uninsured population. Citation Format: Ian Komenaka, Trevin Reyes, Jacqueline Gilbert, Chiu-Hsieh Hsu, Waqas Arslan, Gilbert Ramos, John Dover, Herbert Hitchon, Jesse Nodora, Elena Martinez. A successful method for treatment of an uninsured underprivileged breast cancer population [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO4-09-10.

A Radiation Therapy Contouring Atlas for Delineation of the Level I and II Axillae in the Prone Position: A Single-Institution Experience

With transition from supine to prone position, tenting of the pectoralis major occurs, displacing the muscle from the chest wall and shifting the level I and II axillary spaces. For patients for whom we aim to treat the level I and II axillae using the prone technique, accurate delineation of these nodal regions is necessary. Although different consensus guidelines exist for delineation of nodal anatomy in supine position, to our knowledge, there are no contouring guidelines in the prone position that account for this change in nodal anatomy. The level I and II nodal contours from the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) breast cancer supine atlas were adapted for prone position by 2 radiation oncologists and a breast radiologist based on anatomic changes observed from supine to prone positioning on preoperative diagnostic imaging. Forty-three patients from a single institution treated with prone high tangents from 2012 to 2018 were identified as representative cases to delineate the revised level I and II axillae on noncontrast computed tomography (CT) scans obtained during radiation simulation. The revised nodal contours were reviewed by an expanded expert multidisciplinary panel including breast radiologists, radiation oncologists, and surgical oncologists for consistency and reproducibility. Consensus was achieved among the panel in order to create modifications from the RTOG breast atlas for CT-based contouring of the level I and II axillae in prone position using bone, muscle, and skin as landmarks. This atlas provides representative examples and accompanying descriptions for the changes described to the caudal and anterior borders of level II and the anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral borders of level I. A step-by-step guide is provided for properly identifying the revised anterior border of the level I axilla. The adaptations to the RTOG breast cancer atlas for prone positioning will enable radiation oncologists to more accurately target the level I and II axillae when the axillae are targets in addition to the breast.

Treatment Related Acute Toxicities Between Treatment with 3D-CRT and IMRT in Localised Prostate Cancer.

To compare the acute toxicities of two radiation treatment techniques, intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), and 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) in localised prostate adenocarcinoma. Descriptive study. Place and Duration of the Study:Department of Oncology, Dr. Ziauddin Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, from July 2016 to June 2022. Patients with localised prostate adenocarcinoma who underwent treatment using two different advanced radiotherapy techniques i.e., IMRT and 3D-CRT were recruited during the study period. They were followed up for six months for acute gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary (GU) adverse events (acute toxicities) related to both treatment modalities according to Modified radiation therapy oncology group (RTOG) criteria. The acute toxicities were assessed at the 2nd, 4th, and 6th week during treatment and at the 3rd and 6th month after treatment. There were 78 patients, with 39 patients in each group. The mean age was 68 ± 10 years in the 3D-CRT and 68 ± 07 years in the IMRT group. Patients in the IMRT group exhibited markedly lower treatment-related acute GI and GU effects at the end of 4th and 6th weeks for anorectal pain (p = 0.04) and (p = 0.01) and burning micturition (p = 0.003) and (p = 0.01), respectively. Furthermore, at 3 months anorectal pain (p = 0.02), loose stools (p = 0.005), and burning micturition (p = 0.01) were present and at 6 months anorectal pain was (p = 0.01) still present. Radiation therapy modalities 3D-CRT and IMRT both showed acceptable toxicity profile in the management of localised prostate cancer, while IMRT group exhibited significantly lower treatment-related acute GI and GU effects. 3D-CRT (3-Dimensional Conformal Radiation Therapy), IMRT (Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy), Radiation toxicity.

Understanding therapeutic radiographers’ confidence in assessing, managing & teaching radiation induced skin reactions (RISR): A national survey in the UK

IntroductionThe standard toxicity tools adopted for assessing Radiation Induced Skin Reactions (RISR) do not currently reflect how skin changes occur across all skin tones.A one size fits all approach is adopted currently for RISR assessment. The aim of this study was to understand what evidence-based practice and RISR tools are being used across the therapeutic radiography workforce and the levels of confidence in using these tools. MethodsA survey using Likert scales to assess confidence in RISR assessment and management was made available to 77 departments in the UK between August–November 2021. Descriptive statistics were used to understand respondents' confidence in assessing, managing, and teaching RISR between white, brown, and black skin tones; Fisher's exact test was used to assess the significance of differences between groups. ResultsComplete responses were received from 406 therapeutic radiographers. Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) was the most used RISR assessment tool (58% of respondents n = 237). Most respondents (74.2% n = 303) reported use of locally produced patient information on skin care, rather than the Society and College of Radiographers evidence-based patient leaflets. Confidence in assessing and managing RISR in white skin was higher than that in brown and black skin. Similarly, confidence was higher in teaching of appropriate RISR assessment and management in white skin tones when compared to brown and black skin. ConclusionWhite skin tones appear to be more confidently assessed and managed for RISR along with taught appropriate assessment and management, than brown and black skin tones in the sample of the workforce that responded. Implications for practiceA greater understanding of the reasons for these differences is required but this study aims to instigate change and positive growth within this area.

Postoperative Hypofractionated Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy With Concurrent Chemotherapy in Cervical Cancer

Prospective data assessing the safety of hypofractionated (40 Gy in 16 fractions) radiotherapy (RT) among patients who receive postoperative concurrent chemoradiotherapy for cervical cancer are lacking. To evaluate the acute toxic effects of hypofractionated pelvic intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) with concurrent chemotherapy among women with cervical cancer who underwent radical hysterectomy. The POHIM-CCRT (Postoperative Hypofractionated Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy With Concurrent Chemotherapy in Cervical Cancer) study was designed as a multicenter, phase 2 nonrandomized controlled trial that accrued and followed up patients from June 1, 2017, to February 28, 2023. In total, 84 patients were enrolled from 5 institutions affiliated with the Korean Radiation Oncology Group. Eligible patients experienced lymph node metastasis, parametrial invasion, or positive resection margins after radical hysterectomy for treatment of confirmed cervical cancer. Postoperative pelvic radiation using hypofractionated IMRT with 40 Gy in 16 fractions to the whole pelvis combined with concurrent chemotherapy. The primary end point was incidence of acute grade 3 or higher gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary, and hematologic toxic effects (based on the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4.0) in the evaluable population during RT or within 3 months after RT completion. Of 84 patients enrolled, 5 dropped out prior to RT, and data from 79 patients were analyzed. The patients' median (IQR) age was 48 (42-58) years, and the median (IQR) tumor size was 3.7 (2.7-4.5) cm. Of these patients, 31 (39.7%) had lymph node metastasis, 4 (5.1%) had positive resection margins, and 43 (54.4%) had parametrial invasion. Grade 3 or higher acute toxic effects occurred in 2 patients (2.5% [90% CI, 0%-4.8%]). After a median (IQR) follow-up of 43.0 (21.1-59.0) months, the 3-year disease-free survival rate was 79.3%, and the overall survival rate was 98.0%. Findings from this nonrandomized control trial indicated that postoperative pelvic irradiation combined with concurrent chemotherapy using hypofractionated IMRT with 40 Gy in 16 fractions was safe and well-tolerated in women with cervical cancer. Studies assessing long-term toxic effects and oncological outcomes with longer follow-up periods are needed. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03239613.

Salvage Reirradiation for Locally Recurrent Prostate Cancer: Results From a Prospective Study With 7.2 Years of Follow-Up.

There are no well-established re-treatment options for local recurrence after primary curative radiation therapy for prostate cancer (PCa), as prospective studies with long-term follow-up are lacking. Here, we present results from a prospective study on focal salvage reirradiation with external-beam radiation therapy with a median follow-up of 7.2 years. From 2013 to 2017, 38 patients with biopsy-proven locally recurrent PCa >2 years after previous treatment and absence of grade 2-3 toxicity from the first course of radiation were included. The treatment was 35 Gy in five fractions to the MRI-based target volume and 6 months of androgen-deprivation therapy starting 3 months before radiation. The Phoenix criteria defined biochemical recurrence-free survival (bRFS), and toxicity was scored according to Radiation Therapy Oncology Group criteria. Median age was 70 years, and median time from primary radiation to prostate-specific antigen (PSA) recurrence was 83 months. The actuarial 2-year and 5-year bRFS were 81% (95% CI, 69 to 94) and 58% (95% CI, 49 to 74), respectively. The actuarial 5-year local recurrence-free survival was 93% (95% CI, 82 to 100), metastasis-free survival was 82% (95% CI, 69 to 95), and overall survival was 87% (95% CI, 76 to 98). Two patients (5%) had durable grade 3 genitourinary toxicity, one combined with GI grade 3 toxicity. A PSA doubling time ≤6 months at salvage, a Gleason score >7, and a PSA nadir ≥0.1 ng/mL predicted a worse outcome. Reirradiation with EBRT for locally recurrent PCa after primary curative radiation therapy is clinically feasible and demonstrated a favorable outcome with acceptable toxicity in this prospective study with long-term follow-up.

Automated treatment planning for whole breast irradiation with individualized tangential IMRT fields.

This study aimed to develop and validate algorithms for automating intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) planning in breast cancer patients, with a focus on patient anatomical characteristics. We retrospectively selected 400 breast cancer patients without lymph node involvement for automated treatment planning. Automation was achieved using the Eclipse Scripting Application Programming Interface (ESAPI) integrated into the Eclipse Treatment Planning System. We employed three beam insertion geometries and three optimization strategies, resulting in 3600 plans, each delivering a 40.05Gy dose in 15 fractions. Gantry angles in the tangent fields were selected based on a criterion involving the minimum intersection area between the Planning Target Volume (PTV) and the ipsilateral lung in the Beam's Eye View projection. ESAPI was also used to gather patient anatomical data, serving as input for Random Forest models to select the optimal plan. The Random Forest classification considered both beam insertion geometry and optimization strategy. Dosimetric data were evaluated in accordance with the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 1005 protocol. Overall, all approaches generated high-quality plans, with approximately 94% meeting the acceptable dose criteria for organs at risk and/or target coverage as defined by RTOG guidelines. Average automated plan generation time ranged from 6 min and 37 s to 9 min and 22 s, with the mean time increasing with additional fields. The Random Forest approach did not successfully enable automatic planning strategy selection. Instead, our automated planning system allows users to choose from the tested geometry and strategy options. Although our attempt to correlate patient anatomical features with planning strategy using machine learning tools was unsuccessful, the resulting dosimetric outcomes proved satisfactory. Our algorithm consistently produced high-quality plans, offering significant time and efficiency advantages.

Patient-Reported Outcome Measures Following Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Radiation Cystitis: Early Results From the Multicenter Registry for Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy.

Our purpose was to determine changes in patient-reported hematuria and urinary symptoms after hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) treatment for radiation cystitis (RC). We analyzed prospectively collected data from the Multicenter Registry for Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Consortium accumulated within a week of beginning and ending HBO2. Measures included the modified Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) Hematuria Scale, Urinary Distress Inventory Short Form, and EuroQol Five Dimension Five Level instrument. RTOG hematuria and Urinary Distress Inventory Short Form scores were compared using the sign test. Logistic regression was used to evaluate characteristics associated with hematuria improvement. A total of 470 registry patients had RC. The median age, number of HBO2 sessions, and years after radiation were 73 (IQR 12) years, 39 (IQR 10) sessions, and 5 (IQR 8) years, respectively. Eighty-four percent of patients (393/470) had prostate cancer‒related radiation. EuroQol Five Dimension Five Level scores improved from 0.83 (IQR 0.14) to 0.85 (IQR 0.22; P < .001. Three hundred seventy patients had complete RTOG hematuria scores that improved from 2 (IQR 2) to 0 (IQR 2; P < .001. Two hundred forty-six patients had complete Urinary Distress Inventory Short Form ratings that decreased from 33.3 (IQR 44) to 22.2 (IQR 33; P < .001). Regression analysis of those with visible hematuria before HBO2 showed lower improvement odds associated with higher HBO2 hematuria scores (odds ratio [OR] 0.44, 95% CI 0.26-0.73; P < .01), a smoking history (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.21-0.92; P = .03), or a nonprostate cancer history (OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.10-0.99; P = .05). HBO2 for RC improved reported hematuria, urinary function, and quality of life. Higher baseline hematuria scores, smoking, and nonprostate cancer history were associated with lower odds of hematuria improvement.

Preliminary results of hypofractionated radiotherapy in breast cancer in Chandigarh, India: single-centre, non-inferiority, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial

Globally, most of the randomised trials with hypofractionation in patients with breast cancer have used 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy technique (3D-CRT). As facilities for 3D-CRT technique may not be available in low-resource settings, there is a need to see if hypofractionation is feasible and safe with 2-dimensional (2-D) technique. In this study, we compared a 3-week radiation schedule with a 2-week schedule of hypofractionated radiotherapy in patients with breast cancer with 2-D technique. The current study was an open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Patients with breast cancer, stage I-III, post mastectomy or after breast conservative surgery who needed adjuvant locoregional radiotherapy were randomised in the Department of Radiotherapy & Oncology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India; to 34Gy in 10 fractions over 2 weeks (2-week arm) or 35Gy in 15 fractions over 3 weeks to the chest wall and 40Gy/15#/3wks to breast and supraclavicular fossa (3-week arm). Boost dose when indicated was 8-10Gy/2-4#/2-4 days in both the arms. Patients were planned on a 2-dimensional (2D) simulator with 2 tangential fields to breast/chest wall and incident supraclavicular fossa field. Acute toxicity was assessed using the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) grading scale. Assessments were carried out weekly during radiotherapy and at 4 weeks after treatment by the physician. Cosmetic outcome was assessed using the Harvard/National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP)/RTOG scale. The toxicity rates between the two arms were compared using Fisher's exact tests. The trial was approved by institutional ethics committee and registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT04075058. This study included 1121 eligible patients from June 2015 to December 2020. Median follow-up was 35 months (6-84 months). Mean age was 48 years (24-75 years). The patient characteristics were comparable between the two arms except for more mastectomies in the 3-week arm and more node-positive patients in the 2-week arm. There were more oestrogen receptor-positive tumors in the 3-week arm. Acute skin toxicities were comparable between the two arms. Grade 2 and 3 skin toxicity was 100 (18%) and 82 (15%); and 16 (3%) and 12 (2%) in the 3-week and 2-week arm (p=0.21), respectively. Cosmetic outcome was assessed as Excellent or Good for 89% of patients in the 3-week arm as compared to 94% in the 2-week arm (p=0.004). The two radiation schedules were comparable in terms of acute skin toxicity. The cosmetic outcome was better with the 2-week schedule. The preliminary findings indicate 2-week radiotherapy schedule with 2-D technique was better than the 3-week schedule in patients with breast cancer. However, disease outcomes and late-term toxicities need to be further checked. This study was funded by Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), India.

Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 8502 “QUAD shot” regimen using volumetric modulated arc therapy for incurable head and neck cancer

ObjectivesWe aimed to evaluate the outcomes of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 8502 “QUAD shot” regimen using volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) for incurable head and neck cancer (HNC). Materials and methodsWe included 105 patients with HNC in the study, undergoing at least one QUAD shot regimen cycle. We planned the radiotherapy using VMAT with 6 MV photons. One QUAD shot cycle included 14.8 Gy in 4 fractions with at least 6-hour intervals over 2 consecutive days, repeated every 3–6 weeks up to 3 cycles. ResultsWe completed 1, 2, and 3 cycles in 11 (10 %), 17 (16 %), and 77 (73 %) patients, respectively. We concurrently performed systemic therapy in 13 (12 %) patients. Tumor response was observed in 92 (88 %) patients and at least one symptom relief in 51 (71 %) of 72 patients. We observed an overall response (tumor response or symptom relief) in 98 (93 %) patients with all patients who completed 3 cycles achieving it. The median overall survival (OS) was 6.8 months. Our multivariate analysis revealed that non-squamous cell carcinoma (p < 0.001), T category of 0–2 (p = 0.021), and 3 QUAD shot cycles (p < 0.001) were independent prognostic factors of better OS. We observed Grade 3 toxicity in 2 (2 %) patients while no ≥ Grade 4 acute or ≥ Grade 3 late toxicity. ConclusionsThe QUAD shot regimen using VMAT exerts appropriate palliative effect in patients with incurable HNC. Treatment with higher QUAD shot cycle number would be recommended for better treatment outcomes.

CSMed® wound dressing for prophylaxis and management of radiation dermatitis in breast and head–neck cancer patients: a single hospital prospective clinical trial

PurposeCSMed® wound dressing, a dressing with various herb extracts, was tested for its therapeutic effect in radiation dermatitis of breast and head-and-neck cancer patients.MethodsThis study included 20 breast cancer patients and 10 head-and-neck cancer patients. Half of the irradiated area was covered with CSMed® and the other half was under routine treatment. The severity of radiation dermatitis was evaluated with radiation therapy oncology group (RTOG) grade throughout the treatment and the follow-up period. The RTOG grade between the dressed and undressed area were compared to illustrate the therapeutic effect of CSMed® dressing.ResultsThe results showed that CSMed® dressed area had significant lower RTOG score at 3–7 weeks and final record during the treatment, and 1–3 weeks during follow-up than undressed area.ConclusionsThis indicated that CSMed® can delay the onset, reduce the severity, and enhance healing of radiation dermatitis. CSMed® can be used for prophylaxis and management of radiation dermatitis.

Radiotherapy Results in Locally Advanced Sinonasal Cancer: Turkish Society for Radiation Oncology, Head and Neck Study Group 01-005.

This study aims to examine the treatment outcomes and related factors in locally advanced sinonasal cancer across Turkiye. Twelve centers participants of the Turkish Society for Radiation Oncology Head and Neck Study Group attended the study. One hundred and ninety-four patients treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy between 2001 and 2021 were analyzed retrospectively. The survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Acute and late toxicity were recorded per Common Toxicity Criteria for Adverse Events V4.0. The median age was 58 years and 70% were male. The majority of tumors were located in maxillary sinus (59%). Most of the patients (%83) had T3 and T4A disease. Fifty-three percent of patients were in stage 4A. Radiotherapy was administered to 80% of the patients in the adjuvant settings. Median 66Gy dose was administered in median 31 fractions. Chemotherapy was administered concomitantly with radiotherapy in 45% of the patients mostly with weekly cisplatin. No grade ≥4 acute and late toxicity was observed. The median follow-up was 43 months. The 5-year and 10-year overall survival (OS); locoregional recurrence-free survival (LRFS); distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), and progression-free survival (PFS) rates were 61% and 47%; 69% and 61%; 72%, and 69%, and 56% and 49%, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, several factors demonstrated significant influence on OS, such as performance status, surgery, and lymph node involvement. Moreover, surgery was the key prognostic factor for LRFS. For DMFS, lymph node involvement and surgical margin were found to be influential factors. In addition, performance status and lymph node involvement were identified as significantly affecting PFS. In our study, the authors obtained promising results with IMRT. Performance status, lymph node involvement, and surgery emerged as the primary factors significantly influencing OS.

Clinical Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Radiation‐induced Bladder Injury

AbstractRadiation‐induced bladder injury is a common complication after pelvic radiotherapy. Few studies exist on diagnosing and treating radiation‐induced bladder injury, with no established guidelines or consensus in China or internationally. Clinical physicians' diagnosis and treatment of radiation‐induced bladder injury are primarily based on their own clinical experience, and there is an urgent need for unified guidelines to standardize clinical diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, the Chinese Radiation Therapy Oncology Group, China Anti‐Cancer Association Tumor Support Therapy Committee, and China Anti‐Cancer Association Tumor Radiation Protection Committee gathered experts to develop Chinese clinical practice guidelines, guiding diagnosing and treating radiation‐induced bladder injury. The development of these guidelines adopted the grading system of evidence quality and recommendation strength (GRADE).

Analysis of the Parotid Glands on an Energy Spectrum CT Iodine Map to Evaluate Irradiation-Induced Acute Xerostomia in Patients With Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.

Objective: This prospective study aims to evaluate acute irradiation-induced xerostomia during radiotherapy by utilizing the normalized iodine concentration (NIC) derived from energy spectrum computed tomography (CT) iodine maps. Methods: In this prospective study, we evaluated 28 patients diagnosed with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. At 4 distinct stages of radiotherapy (0, 10, 20, and 30 fractions), each patient underwent CT scans to generate iodine maps. The NIC of both the left and right parotid glands was obtained, with the NIC at the 0-fraction stage serving as the baseline measurement. After statistically comparing the NIC obtained in the arterial phase, early venous phase, late venous phase, and delayed phase, we chose the late venous iodine concentration as the NIC and proceeded to analyze the variations in NIC at each radiotherapy interval. Using the series of NIC values, we conducted hypothesis tests to evaluate the extent of change in NIC within the parotid gland across different stages. Furthermore, we identified the specific time point at which the NIC decay exhibited the most statistically significant results. In addition, we evaluated the xerostomia grades of the patients at these 4 stages, following the radiation therapy oncology group (RTOG) xerostomia evaluation standard, to draw comparisons with the changes observed in NIC. Results: The NIC in the late venous phase exhibited the highest level of statistical significance (P < .001). There was a noticeable attenuation in NIC as the RTOG dry mouth grade increased. Particularly, at the 20 fraction, the NIC experienced the most substantial attenuation (P < .001), a significant negative correlation was observed between the NIC of the left, right, and both parotid glands, and the RTOG evaluation grade of acute irradiation-induced xerostomia (P < .001, r = -0.46; P < .001, r = -0.45; P < .001, r = -0.47). The critical NIC values for the left, right, and both parotid glands when acute xerostomia occurred were 0.175, 0.185, and 0.345 mg/ml, respectively, with AUC = 0.73, AUC = 0.75, and AUC = 0.75. Conclusion: The NIC may be used to evaluate changes in parotid gland function during radiotherapy and acute irradiation-induced xerostomia.

Does use of apalutamide enhance outcomes in combination with radiotherapy in metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer? A real-world experience from the UK.

73 Background: Management of metastatic prostate cancer has undergone a significant change over the past decade, with the introduction of several novel agents and repurposing of others. Latest update from STAMPEDE trials shown prostate radiotherapy (RT) improves OS, without detriment in QoL in metastatic home sensitive prostate cancer mHSPC along with Docetaxel in those with low volume metastatic disease. There is no published data on impact of radiotherapy to prostate on Apalutamide treated mHSPC patients. Here we report our real-world experience of Apalutamide in mHSPC with radiotherapy. Methods: Patients with mHSPC (N = 266) from 5 UK centres, were treated with Apalutamide (240 mg) and ADT along with radiotherapy to prostate as per treating clinician’s discretion. The primary endpoint was objective rate (ORR) as determined by patients achieving a PSA decline of ≥90% (PSA90) and ≥50% (PSA50) and secondary endpoints included biochemical progression free survival (bPFS) and safety. Results: The median age for the whole cohort was 73.4 years (interquartile range 52 - 91), A total of 11.6% had received prior radical treatment (prostatectomy or radiotherapy for localised disease) and 88.4% had de novo metastatic disease. Median baseline PSA was 47 ng/ml (range 0.4-17100). The proportion of patients PSA90 and PSA50 at 3, 6 and 12 months is shown in the Table. Median PSA nadir was 0.1 ng/ml(rage 0.01- 48.2) and median time to reach nadir was 6 months (range 3-24 months). 13.5% (35) patients were treated with radiotherapy (RT) after at least 3 months (range 3 -6 months) of starting apalutamide. Patients received either a daily (55 Gy in 20 fractions over 4 weeks) or weekly (36 Gy in six fractions over 6 weeks) of radiotherapy (68 % vs 32%). Higher number of patients in RT group had achieved PSA90 compared to no radiotherapy cohort (97.14 % vs 87.3%, p =0.15). Patients treated with RT had median post treatment of PSA 0.01 ng/ml compared to 0.1 ng/ml in non RT group (p=0.0062). After median follow up of 8.4 months, proportion of patients shown biochemical progression in RT vs non RT group were 5.7 % vs 15 % respectively (p= 0.04). Patients with de novo metastatic disease have shown poor PSA response and higher chance of progression compared to patients who had initial radical treatment. Radiotherapy was well tolerated, with 17 % adverse events (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group grade 3–4) reported in radiotherapy group. Conclusions: Early experience of using apalutamide and radiotherapy in mHSPC showed improved PSA response and delayed progression. Treatment was well tolerated. Further follow up and clinical trials are needed to understand the impact on overall survival. [Table: see text]

Comparison of different target volume delineation strategies based on recurrence patterns in adjuvant radiotherapy for glioblastoma.

Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) recommendations are commonly used guidelines for adjuvant radiotherapy in glioblastoma. In our institutional protocol, we delineate T2-FLAIR alterations as gross target volume (GTV) with reduced clinical target volume (CTV) margins. We aimed to present our oncologic outcomes and compare the recurrence patterns and planning parameters with EORTC and RTOG delineation strategies. Eighty-one patients who received CRT between 2014 and 2021 were evaluated retrospectively. EORTC and RTOG delineations performed on the simulation computed tomography and recurrence patterns and planning parameters were compared between delineation strategies. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) was utilized for statistical analyses. Median overall survival and progression-free survival were 21 months and 11 months, respectively. At a median 18 month follow-up, of the 48 patients for whom recurrence pattern analysis was performed, recurrence was encompassed by only our institutional protocol's CTV in 13 (27%) of them. For the remaining 35 (73%) patients, recurrence was encompassed by all separate CTVs. In addition to the 100% rate of in-field recurrence, the smallest CTV and lower OAR doses were obtained by our protocol. The current study provides promising results for including the T2-FLAIR alterations to the GTV with smaller CTV margins with impressive survival outcomes without any marginal recurrence. The fact that our protocol did not result in larger irradiated brain volume is further encouraging in terms of toxicity.

Outcomes of 35 dogs with craniomaxillofacial osteosarcoma treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy.

Canine craniomaxillofacial osteosarcoma (OSA) is most commonly treated surgically; however, in cases where surgery is not feasible or non-invasive treatment is desired, stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) may be elected for local tumour control. In this study, we evaluated 35 dogs treated with SBRT. Nine dogs (26%) had calvarial, seven (20%) had mandibular and 19 (54%) had maxillary OSA. Median time to first event (TFE) was 171 days, and overall median survival time (MST) was 232 days. Site-specific MSTs were 144 days for mandible, 236 days for calvarium and 232 days for maxilla (p = .49). Pulmonary metastatic disease was observed in 12/35 (34%) patients and was detected pre-SBRT in six dogs (17%) and post-SBRT in the remaining six dogs (17%). Eighteen adverse events post-SBRT were documented. Per veterinary radiation therapy oncology group criteria, five were acute (14%) and three were late (9%) grade 3 events. Neurological signs in two dogs were suspected to be early-delayed effects. Cause of death was local progression for 22/35 (63%) patients, metastasis for 9/35 (26%) patients and unknown for four. On univariate analysis, administration of chemotherapy was associated with a longer TFE (p = .0163), whereas volume of gross tumour volume was associated with a shorter TFE (p = .023). Administration of chemotherapy and five fractions versus single fraction of SBRT was associated with increased survival time (p = .0021 and .049). Based on these findings, a treatment protocol incorporating chemotherapy and five fractions of SBRT could be considered for dogs with craniomaxillofacial OSA electing SBRT with careful consideration of normal tissues in the field.

Adjuvant medial versus entire supraclavicular lymph node irradiation in high-risk early breast cancer (SUCLANODE): a protocol for a multicenter, randomized, open-label, phase 3 trial

BackgroundSupraclavicular nodal (SCL) irradiation is commonly used for patients with high-risk breast cancer after breast surgery. The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) and European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology (ESTRO) breast contouring atlases delineate the medial part of the SCL region, while excluding the posterolateral part. However, recent studies have found that a substantial proportion of SCL failures are located in the posterolateral SCL region, outside of the RTOG/ESTRO-defined SCL target volumes. Consequently, many radiation oncologists advocate for enlarging the SCL irradiation target volume to include both the medial and posterolateral SCL regions. Nevertheless, it remains uncertain whether adding the posterolateral SCL irradiation improves survival outcomes for high-risk breast cancer patients.MethodsThe SUCLANODE trial is an open-label, multicenter, randomized, phase 3 trial comparing the efficacy and adverse events of medial SCL irradiation (M-SCLI group) and medial plus posterolateral SCL irradiation (entire SCL irradiation, E-SCLI group) in high-risk breast cancer patients who underwent breast conserving-surgery or mastectomy. Patients with pathological N2-3b disease following initial surgery, or clinical stage III or pathological N1-3b if receiving neoadjuvant systemic therapy, are eligible and randomly assigned (1:1) to M-SCLI group and E-SCLI group. Stratification is by chemotherapy sequence (neoadjuvant vs. adjuvant), T stage (T3-4 vs. T1-2), N stage (N1-2 vs. N3), and ER status (positive vs. negative). Other radiation volumes are identical in the two arms, including breast/chest wall, undissected axillary lymph node, and internal mammary node. Advanced intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), or tomotherapy techniques are recommended. Both hypofractionated and conventional fractionation schedules are permitted. The primary end point is invasive disease-free survival, and secondary end points included overall survival, SCL recurrence, local-regional recurrence, distance recurrence, safety outcome, and patient-reported outcomes. The target sample size is 1650 participants.DiscussionThe results of the SUCLANODE trial will provide high-level evidence regarding whether adding posterolateral SCL irradiation to medial SCL target volume provides survival benefit in patients with high-risk breast cancer.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05059379. Registered 28 September 2021, https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05059379.

Efficacy and safety of adjuvant radiation therapy in localized adrenocortical carcinoma.

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is rare and have high rates of recurrence and mortality. The role of adjuvant radiation therapy (RT) in localized ACC was controversial. We conducted a retrospective study in our center between 2015 and 2021 to evaluate the efficacy and safety of adjuvant RT in localized ACC. Overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the independent risk factors. Adverse events associated with RT were documented according to the toxicity criteria of the radiation therapy oncology group (RTOG) and the common terminology criteria for adverse events (CTCAE v5.0). Of 105 patients with localized ACC, 46 (43.8%) received adjuvant RT after surgery. The median radiation dose was 45.0Gy (range:30.0-50.4) and median follow up time was 36.5 (IQR: 19.7-51.8) months. In comparison to the no adjuvant RT group, patients with adjuvant RT had better 3-year OS (87.9% vs 79.5%, P=0.039), especially for patients with ENSAT I/II stage (P=0.004). Adjuvant RT also improved the median DFS time from 16.5months (95%CI, 12.0-20.9) to 34.6months (95%CI, 16.1-53.0). Toxicity of RT was generally mild and moderate with six grade 3 events. Postoperative adjuvant RT significantly improved OS and DFS compared with the use of surgery alone in resected ACC patients. Although this retrospective study on RT in localized ACC indicates that RT is effective in ACC, its findings need to be prospectively confirmed.