Radiopaque Material Research Articles

RETRATAMENTO ENDODÔNTICO NÃOCIRÚRGICO EM MOLAR INFERIOR COM INFECÇÃO SECUNDÁRIA: CINCO ANOS DE ACOMPANHAMENTO

This study reported the repair of a periapical lesion after endodontic retreatment. A 42-year-old female patient was referred to an endodontic specialist for endodontic retreatment of tooth 36. Clinically, she was asymptomatic, and the periapical radiographic examination revealed radiopaque material similar to gutta percha and an inadequate filling of the canal (sub -root canal filling, in addition to a radiolucent image present in the apical region of the tooth. After anesthesia, the coronal opening was performed using ProDesign Logic RT #30/10, #.25/08, #.20 rotary instruments. /06 At that moment, the instrument fracture occurred in the mesio-lingual canal, which was removed with ultrasonic tips and a microscope. , Belo Horizonte, Brazil) at CRT. The foraminal debridement was performed with a Logic 25.01 instrument along the actual length of the tooth. Root canal filling was performed using the #30.05 single cone technique and Bio-C Sealer bioceramic endodontic cement. At the 5-year follow-up, the patient was asymptomatic and the radiographic examination confirmed complete repair of the periapical lesion.

Immersive Photorealistic Three-Dimensional Neurosurgical Anatomy of the Cerebral Arteries: A Photogrammetry-Based Anatomic Study.

Neurosurgeons need a profound knowledge of the surgical anatomy of the cerebral arteries to safely treat patients. This is a challenge because of numerous branches, segments, and tortuosity of the main blood vessels that supply the brain. The objective of this study was to create high-quality three-dimensional (3D) anatomic photorealistic models based on dissections of the brain arterial anatomy and to incorporate this data into a virtual reality (VR) environment. Two formaldehyde-fixed heads were used. The vessels were injected with radiopaque material and colored silicone and latex. Before the dissections, the specimens were computed tomography scanned. Stratigraphical anatomic dissection of the neck and brain was performed to present the relevant vascular anatomy. A simplified surface scanning method using a mobile phone-based photogrammetry application was used, and the data were incorporated into a VR 3D modeling software for post-processing and presentation. Fifteen detailed layered photorealistic and two computed tomography angiography-based 3D models were generated. The models allow manipulation in VR environment with sufficient photographic detail to present the structures of interest. Topographical relevant anatomic structures and landmarks were annotated and uploaded for web-viewing and in VR. Despite that the VR application is a dedicated 3D modeling platform, it provided all necessary tools to be suitable for self-VR study and multiplayer scenarios with several participants in one immersive environment. Cerebral vascular anatomy presented with photogrammetry surface scanning method allows sufficient detail to present individual vessel's course and even small perforating arteries in photorealistic 3D models. These features, including VR visualization, provide new teaching prospects. The whole study was done with simplified algorithms and free or open-source software platforms allowing creation of 3D databases especially useful in cases with limited body donor-based dissection training availability.

Development of Robust PEBAX-Based Angiographic Catheter: Design and In Vitro Study.

Keeping in mind the unceasingly escalating prevalence of coronary disease worldwide, the mortality rate is also expected to rise with a staggering increase in healthcare costs. Angiography is the gold standard for diagnosing these blockages that trigger these diseases. Amides and urethanes are the common catheter construction material used for angiography. However, the experimental evidence verifying the use of PEBAX® and comparing its performance with that of commercially available catheters for angiography is not published despite it being well recognized for its excellent flexural modulus, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility and its potential to reduce the incidence of vascular spasm during intravascular diagnostic and interventional procedures. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a PEBAX®-based angiographic catheter and evaluate its performance in comparison with three commercially available nylon- and polyurethane-based angiographic catheters. A PEBAX®-based angiographic catheter was developed for this purpose. This study analyzes and reports the performance and behavior of PEBAX®-, nylon-, and polyurethane-based catheters. The catheter's performance and arterial forces' endurance nature were mapped out by evaluating pushability (advancement force) and selective bench tests outlined in the applicable regulatory standard. The PEBAX®-based catheter exhibited the least bond-flexural rigidity (180.4 g), which was approximately one-third of that shown by all six French catheters and which exhibited the least advancement force (510.4 g), which was approximately 50% less than that of the nylon- and polyurethane-based catheters when traversing through the mock arterial system. Bench testing was carried out as per the applicable regulatory standard; the differences obtained between individual catheters were discussed in detail. Based on this extensive in vitro assessment, it was concluded that the PEBAX®-based catheters outperformed the nylon- and polyurethane-based catheters, exhibiting an exceptionally minimal advancement force of 510.4 g. This leads to the inference that this catheter can inject more radiopaque material (because of the enhanced flow rate) to the coronary arteries and can play a significant role in minimizing vascular spasms during a diagnostic procedure.

Differential diagnoses for the bilateral multiple radiopaque materials superimposed in the panoramic and periapical radiographs

Differential diagnoses for the bilateral multiple radiopaque materials superimposed in the panoramic and periapical radiographs

Cention-N: A Review

An ideal material used for restoration should be adhesive, tooth coloured, resistant to wear, nontoxic and biocompatible with the tissue. Various direct filling materials are available in dentistry such as amalgam, glass ionomer cement (GIC) and esthetic composite material, each of them having its advantages and disadvantages hence proper selection of restorative materials will help for its clinical success. Cention-N is a new alkasite, bulk filling, basic tooth-coloured, radiopaque material introduced by Ivoclar Vivadent in 2016. It is a self-curing filling material with optimum light curing. It consists of an isofiller which reduces the polymerization shrinkage and utilizes an alkaline filler which is capable of releasing acid-neutralizing ions. It presents with good mechanical properties and long-term stability due to the cross-linking of methacrylates in the final restoration hence it can be used in load-bearing areas. Cention-N can be efficiently used in pediatric patients as it is moisture resistant and releases fluoride which helps in remineralizing teeth thus preventing secondary caries. The use of caution is restricted in the anterior tooth as it is available only in one shade.

Rheological Assessment of Liquids Offered in Paediatric Videofluoroscopy Swallowing Study

Regarding neonates and infants, the videofluoroscopy swallowing study is always conducted with liquids impregnated with a radiopaque material in varied proportions and thickenings. Variations in thickening and barium concentration are known to change the swallowing function. The present study aimed to analyze the rheological and macroscopic properties of barium contrast and liquids commonly used in Brazil with infants under six months old. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee under certificate number 63361616.2.0000.5482. Rheological measurements were performed on samples of breast milk and infant formulas, pure, with thickener, impregnated with liquid barium sulfate, as well as a pure barium sulfate sample. The data collected showed similar viscosity rates between breast milk and the infant formulas Aptamil and Enfamil. Impregnating them with 20% and 33% liquid barium sulfate increased their viscosity. However, they remained in the same classification, despite the quantitative differences in their apparent viscosity. The regular products, in formulation with thickener and thickener plus 20% barium, showed an increase in apparent viscosity close or twice to that of Enfamil A.R. impregnated with 33% barium sulfate. The study allowed a more in-depth understanding of how the products behave at strain rates consistent with the conditions when swallowing. The results indicated in this study confirm the need for knowledge and care in preparing liquids to be offered in videofluoroscopy swallowing studies with neonates and infants. They also emphasize the importance of objectively measuring the viscosities of videofluoroscopic fluids, matching them with the liquids to be prescribed in their diets.

Analytical Interference with Contrast Agents in Genetic Test Result for Thrombophilia

Background: Diagnostic and therapeutic drugs can change the laboratory results of patients by interfering with the measurement method and may compromise diagnostic efficiency. Incorrect results in biochemical tests used in the clinical follow-up of a patient during treatment may lead to improper applications. Unfortunately, this situation leads the clinician to misdiagnosis. Objective: The focus of this cross-sectional study is to investigate the effects of three different radiopaque substances commonly used in the clinic on thrombophilia molecular genetic results. Methods: Peripheric blood samples from three patients whose thrombophilia panel was planned to be studied were included. Blood samples that did not contain any radiopaque material or distilled water were studied as a control group. Except for the control group four different study groups were formed by adding distilled water, Ioversol, Fluorescein Na, and Gadobutrol. This radiopaque substances were added at a ratio of 1/10 to each patient's blood sample before DNA isolation. Prothrombin G20210A, MTHFR C677T, MTHFR A1298C, Factor V Leiden G169A and PAI-1 4G/5G mutations were studied by Real Time-PCR method. Results: There was no change at the thrombophilia panel results in the study groups compared with the control groups in patients 1 and 3. In patient 2, there was no change when the result of MTHFR C677T was compared to the results of blood+DW and blood+Gadobutrol. But there were alterations in blood+Ioversol and blood+Fluorescein Na samples; the result of heterozygous MTHFR C677T was observed to change to homozygous MTHFR C677T. Conclusion: This study showed that Ioversol and Fluorescein Na could change the results of the thrombophilia genetic analysis for MTHFR C677T mutation. It should be kept in mind that the results of the thrombophilia panel analysis may change after the injection of radiopaque substances.

A typical presentation of a laryngeal foreign body in an infant

Background: A 1-year-old boy presented with a one-day history of fever and cough, potentially linked to an episode of aspiration during homemade rice feeding. Following the incident, he refused to feed, displaying irritability. The detection of neutrophil leucocytosis and dehydration prompted IV antibiotics and fluid. Persistent symptoms led to a lateral neck x-ray, revealing a radiopaque material near the epiglottis. Fibre optic laryngoscopy identified a metallic wire lodged in the right arytenoid cartilage and posterior pharyngeal wall, possibly a fragment from a rice polishing machine. Extraction under general anaesthesia resulted in minimal mucosal injury, and the child quickly recovered postoperatively.Conclusion: This report serves as a reminder to consider foreign body ingestion in the differential diagnosis, particularly in cases with subtle or unrelated symptoms in the paediatric age group. The multidisciplinary approach emphasises prompt intervention to prevent life-threatening complications in paediatric patients. Furthermore, employing awake fibre-optic laryngoscopy in the context of a suspected respiratory tract infection to confirm the presence of a foreign body is considered a clinically safer approach than immediately resorting to examination under anaesthesia.

Lack of genotoxicity of iron oxide maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles to Oreochromis niloticus after acute exposures.

Iron oxide nanoparticles (FeO-NPs) are widely used in scientific and technological fields. Environmental concerns have been raised about residual FeO-NPs levels as their toxicity and bioaccumulative potential are not well understood. Oreochromis niloticus were exposed to nanoparticles of γ-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4. Micro-CT 3D image and grayscale graphic assessments revealed the accumulation of radiopaque material in the digestive tract of fish exposed to FeO-NPs. Histological analysis showed the presence of such NPs in the hepatopancreas, gills, kidneys, and muscles. No genotoxicity occurred, through micronucleus test and comet assay in peripheral erythrocytes. Body clearance was confirmed by iron-content reduction in organisms exposed to FeO-NPs after recovery period. No tissue injuries were observed in the exposed animals which may be attributed to the absence or low toxicity of iron oxide nanoparticles under the study conditions. O. niloticus showed tolerance to sublethal exposures to FeO-NPs.

Severe calcinosis circumscripta in multiple foot pads in a 5- month old pomeranian puppy secondary to renal disease – a case report

A 5-month old Pomeranian puppy with lameness in all four limbs, polydipsia, polyuria, vomiting, and melena observed approximately for one month was presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Peradeniya. The metacarpal and metatarsal foot pads of all four limbs were swollen with chalky white, mottling. The differential diagnoses for the foot pad lesions were fungal granuloma, calcinosis circumscripta, and neoplasia. The fine needle aspirates obtained from the foot pad lesions were chalky white, gritty, and microscopically consistent with mineral deposits. Plain radiographs of the metacarpals revealed deposition of radiopaque material in metacarpal and digital foot pads with normal bones and joints. Based on the gross lesions, radiography, and fine needle aspiration cytology, a tentative diagnosis of calcinosis circumscripta of foot pads was made. Haematology and serum chemistry revealed microcytic hypochromic anaemia and mild azotaemia. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed small right and left kidneys with increased overall echogenicity and poor corticomedullary differentiation. The historical, clinical, radiographic, and ultrasonographic findings were suggestive of calcinosis circumscripta in multiple foot pads with concurrent renal disease. The very young age of the dog was highly suggestive of renal dysplasia as the cause of concurrent renal disease. Despite the supportive and symptomatic treatments, the puppy died five days after the presentation. This appears to be the first report of calcinosis circumscripta of foot pads with evidence of renal disease diagnosed in a dog less than one year old.

Absorption spectral analysis of light-cured radiopaque materials "Omnichrome"

Absorption spectral analysis of light-cured radiopaque materials "Omnichrome"

Multimodality Imaging of Anterior Compartment Pelvic Floor Repair.

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and stress urinary incontinence (SUI) are two common disorders that affect the anterior compartment of the pelvic floor in women. These can be treated conservatively or surgically. Among patients treated surgically, a substantial number present with pain, recurrent POP or SUI, or other conditions that warrant additional interventions. In many of these cases, imaging is key to identifying and characterizing the type of procedure performed, locating synthetic materials that may have been placed, and characterizing complications. Imaging may be particularly helpful when prior surgical records are not available or a comprehensive physical examination is not possible. US and MRI are the most commonly used modalities for such patients, although radiopaque surgical materials may be visible at voiding cystourethrography and CT. The authors summarize commonly used surgical treatment options for patients with SUI and POP, review imaging techniques for evaluation of such patients, and describe the normal imaging appearance and complications of pelvic floor surgical repair procedures in the anterior compartment of the pelvis. ©RSNA, 2023 Quiz questions for this article are available in the supplemental material.

Analysis of fixation materials in micro-CT: It doesn't always have to be styrofoam.

Good fixation of filigree specimens for micro-CT examinations is often a challenge. Movement artefacts, over-radiation or even crushing of the specimen can easily occur. Since different specimens have different requirements, we scanned, analysed and compared 19 possible fixation materials under the same conditions in the micro-CT. We focused on radiodensity, porosity and reversibility of these fixation materials. Furthermore, we have made sure that all materials are cheap and easily available. The scans were performed with a SkyScan 1173 micro-CT. All dry fixation materials tested were punched into 5 mm diameter cylinders and clamped into 0.2 ml reaction vessels. A voxel size of 5.33 μm was achieved in a 180° scan in 0.3° steps. Ideally, fixation materials should not be visible in the reconstructed image, i.e., barely binarised. Besides common micro-CT fixation materials such as styrofoam (-935 Hounsfield Units) or Basotect foam (-943 Hounsfield Units), polyethylene air cushions (-944 Hounsfield Units), Micropor foam (-926 Hounsfield Units) and polyurethane foam, (-960 Hounsfield Units to -470 Hounsfield Units) have proved to be attractive alternatives. Furthermore, more radiopaque materials such as paraffin wax granulate (-640 Hounsfield Units) and epoxy resin (-190 Hounsfield Units) are also suitable as fixation materials. These materials often can be removed in the reconstructed image by segmentation. Sample fixations in the studies of recent years are almost all limited to fixation in Parafilm, Styrofoam, or Basotect foam if the fixation type is mentioned at all. However, these are not always useful, as styrofoam, for example, dissolves in some common media such as methylsalicylate. We show that micro-CT laboratories should be equipped with various fixation materials to achieve high-level image quality.

Incorporating Tantalum Oxide Nanoparticles into Implantable Polymeric Biomedical Devices for Radiological Monitoring.

Longitudinal radiological monitoring of biomedical devices is increasingly important, driven by the risk of device failure following implantation. Polymeric devices are poorly visualized with clinical imaging, hampering efforts to use diagnostic imaging to predict failure and enable intervention. Introducing nanoparticle contrast agents into polymers is a potential method for creating radiopaque materials that can be monitored via computed tomography. However, the properties of composites may be altered with nanoparticle addition, jeopardizing device functionality. Thus, the material and biomechanical responses of model nanoparticle-doped biomedical devices (phantoms), created from 0-40 wt% tantalum oxide (TaOx ) nanoparticles in polycaprolactone and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) 85:15 and 50:50, representing non, slow, and fast degrading systems, respectively, are investigated. Phantoms degrade over 20 weeks in vitro in simulated physiological environments: healthy tissue (pH 7.4), inflammation (pH 6.5), and lysosomal conditions (pH 5.5), while radiopacity, structural stability, mechanical strength, and mass loss are monitored. The polymer matrix determines overall degradation kinetics, which increases with lower pH and higher TaOx content. Importantly, all radiopaque phantoms could be monitored for a full 20 weeks. Phantoms implanted in vivo and serially imaged demonstrate similar results. An optimal range of 5-20 wt% TaOx nanoparticles balances radiopacity requirements with implant properties, facilitating next-generation biomedical devices.

Cone-beam breast CT-guided surface location facilitates breast-conserving surgery in breast cancer patients with extensive calcifications: A pilot study.

Extensive malignant-appearing calcifications have traditionally been considered a contraindication for breast-conserving surgery. The evaluation of calcifications largely depends on mammography, which is limited by tissue superimposition and is unable to reveal spatial information about extensive calcifications. Three-dimensional imaging modality is needed to reveal the architecture of extensive calcifications. In the present study, a novel cone-beam breast CT-guided surface location technique was investigated to facilitate breast-conserving surgery in breast cancer patients with extensive malignant breast calcifications. Biopsy-proved early breast cancer patients with extensive malignant-appearing breast calcifications were included. A patient will be considered suitable for breast-conserving surgery if the spatial segmental distribution of calcifications is found by 3D images of cone-beam breast CT. Then, the margins of the calcifications were located in contrast-enhanced cone-beam breast CT images. Next, skin markers were located using radiopaque materials, and cone-beam breast CT was reperformed to confirm the accuracy of surface location. During breast-conserving surgery, lumpectomy was performed according to the previous surface location, and an intraoperative specimen x-ray was applied to double-check that the entire lesion was removed. Margin assessment was made for both intraoperative frozen section and postoperative pathology examination. From May 2019 to Jun 2022, 11 eligible breast cancer patients in our institution were included. Breast-conserving surgery was performed successfully in all patients using the surface location approach mentioned before. All patients achieved negative margins and satisfied cosmetic results. This study proved the feasibility of cone-beam breast CT-guided surface location for facilitating breast-conserving surgery in breast cancer patients with extensive malignant breast calcifications.

Feasibility of gel-like radiopaque embolic material using gelatin sponge and contrast agent for tract embolization after percutaneous treatment.

Tract embolization has been performed to prevent bleeding after trans-organ puncture. This study evaluated clinical outcomes of tract embolization using a gel-like radiopaque material comprising two sheets of gelatin sponge and 3 mL of contrast agent, and experimentally confirmed its viscosity and hemostatic efficacy. Three study phases were planned. In a clinical setting, 57 consecutive patients who underwent tract embolization after transhepatic puncture were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical success was evaluated as absence of bleeding complications for 30 days after the procedure. In a basic experiment, viscosity of the material was analyzed. In an animal experiment, rabbit kidney puncture site was embolized via a 7-Fr sheath using this material, coils, or N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate glue or received no embolization while removing the sheath. Amounts of tract bleeding were measured for 1 min and compared between groups. Embolization was successfully completed in all clinical cases. No postoperative bleeding requiring intervention was encountered. The basic experiment revealed the material was highly viscous. In the animal experiment, mean weights of bleeding in the control, gel-like embolic material, coil, and N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate glue groups were 1.04±0.32 g, 0.080±0.056 g, 0.20±0.17 g and 0.11±0.10 g, respectively. No significant differences were seen among embolization groups, while the control group showed significantly more bleeding than any embolization group. Tract embolization with this gel-like radiopaque embolic material appears safe and feasible. Tract embolization using this embolic material with two sheets of gelatin sponge and 3 mL of contrast agent offers a safe, feasible, and economical procedure after trans-organ puncture, because the material offers the following characteristics: visibility under X-ray; viscosity facilitating retention in the tract; ability to allow repeated puncture via the same route; and low cost.

A rare case of colonic diverticulum in a Bitch.

Colonic diverticulum is one of the rare findings in dogs characterized by an out-pouching of mucosal and submucosal layers through the defect in muscularis layer of the colon. A five years old intact female Labrador was presented with an anamnesis of dyschezia and tenesmus. Rectal examination was normal, and the survey radiograph showed an almost crescent shaped abnormal dilatation (10.52 cm × 6.21 cm) with gas and increased radiopaque material, dorsal to the urinary bladder and ventral to the descending colon suggesting fecal stasis. Ultrasonographic examination revealed gas-filled out-pouching with hyperechoic colon wall and acoustic shadowing. Exploratory celiotomy confirmed the diagnosis of colonic diverticulum, and diverticulectomy was performed. All four layers of the colonic wall were detected histopathologically in the biopsy sample and excluded neoplasia. The dog recovered uneventfully with no post-operative complications. This surgery produced an excellent resolution of clinical signs. To our knowledge, this is one of the few cases of colonic diverticulum reported in dogs.

Resin Infiltration of Non-Cavitated Enamel Lesions in Paediatric Dentistry: A Narrative Review.

The resin infiltration (RI) technique was introduced as one of the minimal intervention dentistry strategies in addressing dental caries among the paediatric population. This technique used the low-viscosity resin monomer to infiltrate the non-cavitated carious lesion and other developmental enamel porosities, thus allowing the conservation of the tooth structure. This narrative review aims to explore the value of RI in Paediatric Dentistry. Through our search of the literature, the development of the material, their clinical applications and shortcomings, as well as the innovation that has been carried out to improve the current RI, were discussed. There are number of high-level evidence supporting the use of RI in arresting non-cavitated proximal caries lesions in primary and permanent teeth, but its efficacy in managing anterior white spot lesions is still unclear. Limited penetration depth, not radiopaque and questionable long-term colour and material stability were among the limitation of the material. Various laboratory-based studies have been conducted to improve the current properties of RI. Nevertheless, RI has emerged as one of the important micro-invasive techniques in addressing non-cavitated and anterior white-spot enamel lesions in children and adolescents with great success.

Corrosion of NiTi stents induced by galvanic interaction with radiopaque materials

Nickel titanium (NiTi) alloys are used as a base material for biomedical devices and implants, such as stents. One limitation associated with NiTi stents is the low radiopacity. Thus, radiopaque markers, made of noble materials, are usually attached to NiTi stents to increase the stent radiopacity, raising concerns regarding galvanic corrosion in body fluid environments. This research aims to assess the galvanic interactions of NiTi alloys and NiTi stent when coupled to radiopaque markers materials in simulated body fluid solution (NaCl 0.9%). Electrochemical measurements, using flat specimens and NiTi stents were carried out. After the tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) surface analysis was performed. The results from polarization curves indicate that the NiTi/Platinum (NiTi/Pt) couple is more susceptible to galvanic corrosion than the pairs of NiTi/Palladium (NiTi/Pd) and NiTi/Gold (NiTi/Au). The potential difference of 628 mV presented by the NiTi/Pt couple was the highest among the galvanic couples investigated. Higher values of galvanic potential and galvanic current were also obtained by the pair NiTi/Pt. In direct galvanic short-term measurements with NiTi stent/Pt, no increase in the current density or presence of pits on the NiTi stent surface was observed. However, long-term potentiostatic test, applying 280 mV, which corresponds to the galvanic potential of the NiTi/Pt couple, resulted in current peaks of 1.500 µA and led to severe localized corrosion of NiTi stents, revealing a risk of corrosion induced by coupling Pt markers to NiTi stent.

"TOOL-IN-LESION” ACCURACY OF GALAXY SYSTEM: ROBOTIC-ASSISTED, ELECTROMAGNETIC NAVIGATION BRONCHOSCOPY WITH INTEGRATED TOOL-IN-LESION-TOMOSYNTHESIS TECHNOLOGY: THE MATCH STUDY

"TOOL-IN-LESION” ACCURACY OF GALAXY SYSTEM: ROBOTIC-ASSISTED, ELECTROMAGNETIC NAVIGATION BRONCHOSCOPY WITH INTEGRATED TOOL-IN-LESION-TOMOSYNTHESIS TECHNOLOGY: THE MATCH STUDY