Radio Frequency Identification Chip Research Articles

Solid waste generation prediction model framework using socioeconomic and demographic factors with real-time MSW collection data.

This article proposes a framework for developing predictive models of end-of-life product flows, highlighting the importance of conducting thorough analyses before developing waste management and end-of-life product flow strategies. The framework emphasizes the importance of recognizing the nature and quality of the available data and finding a balance between model development time and detail requirements. It is designed to adapt to source material heterogeneity and address varying data availability scenarios, such as the presence or absence of radio frequency identification chips. A case study for the city of Gatineau is presented, showcasing the framework's application through agent-based simulation models in a geographic information systems environment. The study focuses on creating models of municipal solid waste generation based on socioeconomic and demographic factors and collection data to accurately predict the quantity and quality of waste streams, enabling municipalities to assess the environmental impact of their waste management strategies.

UHF Textronic RFID Transponder with Bead-Shaped Microelectronic Module

The idea of novel antennas and matching circuits, developed for radio frequency identification (RFID) passive transponders, and made on textile substrates, is presented in this paper. By manufacturing an RFID transponder by the means used in every clothing factory, we developed the concept of RFIDtex tags, which, as textronic devices, make a new significant contribution to the Internet of Textile Things (IoTT). The main feature of the device consists of the use of an uncommon inductively coupled system as the antenna feed element. The antenna is sewn/embroidered with a conductive thread, and the microelectronic module with an RFID chip is made in the form of a bead, using standard electronic technology. Finally, the construction of the RFIDtex tag is developed for easy implementation in production lines in the garment industry. The proposed inductive coupling scheme has not been considered anywhere, so far. The developed transponder is dedicated to operating in RFID systems of the ultra-high frequency band (UHF). The numerical calculations confirmed by the experimental results clearly indicate that the proposed coupling system between the antenna and the microelectronic module works properly and the RFIDtex device can operate correctly within a distance of several meters. The proposed design is based on the authors’ patent on the textronic RFID transponder (patent no PL 231291 B1).

Design and analysis of flexible embroidered UHF-RFID tag on facemask for IoT applications using characteristics mode analysis

This work presents an ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) tag embroidered on a face mask for Internet of Things (IoT) devices. The tag is designed and optimized to operate within the entire US RFID band of 902–928 MHz using characteristic mode analysis (CMA). A Mickey Mouse (MM) shaped radiation element is analyzed by testing three resonating modes at frequency of 900 MHz. Additionally, two dipoles are introduced to achieve the optimal conjugate match with a passive RFID chip (Alien Higgs H3), which exhibits an impedance of 27-200j at the desired frequency. A simulation of the voxel head model has also been carried out to verify the specific absorption rate (SAR), which provides SAR <1.43 W/kg. The proposed tag is embroidered on a cotton fabric facemask with a dielectric constant of 1.143 using conductive thread with a resistance of 28 O/ft. This tag features a good impedance match in US RFID band along with gain of 2.06 dB and a 37% reduction in size as compared to the previous version. Furthermore, it provides a read range of 3 m for an off-body scenario and 2.5 m for an on-body scenario. The proposed wearable facemask tag has potential applications for various real-life applications.

Bio-Inspired Circular-Polarized UHF RFID Tag Design Using Characteristic Mode Analysis

This paper presents a bio-inspired circularly polarized ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) tag antenna for metallic and low-permittivity substances. This tag design is based on a leaf-shaped radiator, two shorting stubs and slots etched on F4B substrate. Initially, the tag antenna is designed using characteristics mode analysis (CMA) by analyzing the first six CM modes and characteristic angles. The width of orthogonal slots is varied to get the resonance of CM modes in the required US RFID band. Moreover, the edges are blended to get orthogonal current distribution, which is necessary for circular polarization. Additionally, the proposed tag design is optimized further using CST Microwave studio and an RFID chip is exploited as a capacitive coupling element (CCE) to run CM modes with the orthogonal current pattern. This tag can also be tunable to European RFID (EU) band (866 – 868 MHz) by changing the length of shorter diagonal slot. The tag design offers a read range of 7 m and 4.5 m on 100 × 100 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> metals plate and low-permittivity substrates, respectively (for 902 – 928 MHz band). In EU band, the corresponding read ranges are 5.7 m and 3.5 m above metal and low-permittivity objects, respectively. This circularly polarized tag antenna is advantageous in terms of cost, circular polarization feature, and ease of fabrication due to the absence of vias, shorting pins, and matching circuits. Therefore, this tag design is suitable for labeling various low-permittivity objects, industrial conveyer belt applications, baggage handling systems, and IoT applications.

RFID Based Vehicle Entry System

Abstract: Each organization provides transportation vehicles and employs people to keep records of the entry and exit of those vehicles. The entry and exit times of vehicles are recorded using RFID. Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a wireless technology system consisting of her two components of a tag and a system. Radio frequency identification (RFID) is also used for vehicle monitoring. How the use of electromagnetic or capacitive coupling in the high-frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum draws attention to objects, animals, or people. An RFID chip contains a radio transmitter that transmits a coded identification number when interrogated by a reader. Some of his RFID tags can be inspected from a few meters away, out of sight of the reader. Bulk reads allow near-parallel analysis of tags. This small type is incorporated into customer products for identification and even implanted in pets. RFID has many uses in our daily life. Tags can be attached to any object and used to track and manage inventory, people, and more. For example, it can be attached to vehicles, laptops, books, cell phones, etc., and the owner or student can use her Google spreadsheet to track the vehicle by location. User can scan her QR or access Google Sheets

Inkjet-Printed UHF RFID Sticker for Traceability and Spoilage Sensing of Fruits

This article presents an ink-jet printed ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) label for tagging fruits. The proposed tag antenna is based on a hybrid configuration, which consists of a loop, dipole-like strips (DLSs), and eye-shaped rectangular nested slots. The loop fulfills impedance matching proposes, while the eye-shaped slots assist to maintain high imaginary impedance to mitigate capacitive effects of high permittivity surfaces of fruits. Moreover, the dipole strips help to reduce the loss resistance caused by the high permittivity of the surface of the fruit. Therefore, the overall tag configuration provides a good impedance match with the Alien H3 RFID chip in the whole U.S. UHF RFID band. Furthermore, the fabricated prototype of the proposed tag antenna achieved a read range of 3 m after mounting on apple. Moreover, an automatic weighing and billing experiment is performed by placing the tagged apples inside a refrigerator. Overall, the performance of the proposed tag antenna is tested after mounting on apple fruits of different shapes and sizes, which indicates the robustness of this tag. Moreover, the tag antenna is also tested for sensing spoilage of apple fruits. The read range of the proposed tag antenna reduces up to 42% on spoiled apples. Therefore, this tag can be suitable for automatic sorting, weighting, and billing of fruits in smart cities, vending machines, and departmental stores.

A Zeroth-Order Slot-Loaded Cap-Shaped Patch Antenna With Omnidirectional Radiation Characteristic for UHF RFID Tag Design

The zeroth-order resonance of a compact patch structure is explored for designing a metal-mountable tag antenna in the United States (US) ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) passband. This zeroth-order resonator (ZOR) structure comprises a cap-shaped patch loaded with two L-shaped slots. Also, the patch is coupled to the ground through two inductive stubs which provide enough parasitic reactance to support the zeroth-order resonance. The proposed single-element ZOR can generate sufficient antenna impedance for achieving a conjugate match with the RFID chip impedance. Good omnidirectional radiation characteristic with vertically polarized fields can be attained in the azimuth plane when the tag antenna is placed on a metallic surface. The proposed tag antenna’s realized gain at 915 MHz is −1.382 dB [effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) 4 W]. A stable read distance of ~15 m is obtainable with even spatial coverage in the entire azimuth plane. The resonance frequency of the proposed tag does not vary much with the object being tagged.

Glasses frame‐based wearable antenna design for ultrahigh frequency radio frequency identification and Internet of Things applications using characteristic mode analysis

A novel ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) passive tag antenna based on a glasses frame is proposed for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The glasses frame structure is exploited using characteristic mode analysis (CMA) to explore different modes for both 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz frequency bands. The proposed design consists of a glasses metallic frame and a loop for conjugate matching with an RFID chip (Alien Higgs H4). First of all, an already manufactured glasses metal frame structure is simulated in Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave studio using CMA to get CM modes in the required RFID band. After that, a small loop is used along with the RFID chip as a capacitive coupling element to excite modes at 900 MHz by placing it at current minima. Moreover, the proposed tag antenna is also simulated with the voxel head model in CST and there is no significant change in impedance and reflection coefficient. The simulated specific absorption rate (SAR) is 0.5 W/Kg. Furthermore, the tag design is simulated with different glass materials and also with different frame structures to prove the robustness of the proposed solution. This tag design covers the entire US UHF RFID band (902–928 MHz) and features a read range of 2 m, measured using a UHF RFID reader setup with 4 W EIRP. Therefore, this antenna design can be a good candidate for future IoT technologies such as RFID, long range (LoRa), and other IoT applications.

Miniature Long-Range Ceramic On-Metal RFID Tag

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a widely used wireless technology for contactless data exchange between a passive information carrier (tag) and an active interrogation device (reader). Being sensitive to a surrounding environment, RFID tags are usually designed per application. Here, we demonstrate an RFID tag with three essential functions available simultaneously, namely, small footprint, long reading range, and capability of on-metal labeling. Our design is based on a compact high-index ceramic resonator and an inductively coupled small metal ring functionalized with an RFID chip. The tag operates at magnetic dipolar resonance, which interacts with the metal object subject to labeling. Specifically, a 16.5 mm <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times16.5$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times12$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm footprint device, placed on a 40 cm <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times40$ </tex-math></inline-formula> cm metal sheet, was successfully interrogated from 22 m with no violation of international effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) standards. Currently, it is the smallest on-metal RFID tag with a reading range of over 20 m. Multifunctional miniature long-range ceramic tags are attractive for use in numerous practical applications, including the Internet of Small Things (IoST) and many others.

A Novel Surface-Independent Textile Fully Woven UHF RFID Tag

In this work, a UHF broadband surface-independent textile fully woven radio frequency identification (RFID) tag is presented. The antenna is composed of two stacked multilayer fabric pieces in which the shaped conductive and dielectric surfaces are part of the woven structure. In addition, a novel technique for the integration of the RFID chip in the woven structure was developed, providing a maximum integration level and making possible the manufacturing of the tag in a single step using conventional machinery from the textile industry. A tag prototype was experimentally characterized, showing a 12.5 m read range under a <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\pm 60\,\, {}\times {}\pm 60^\circ $ </tex-math></inline-formula> angular range, when using a circularly polarized interrogator device with 35.2 dBm effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP).

Microchips in humans: Consumer-friendly app, or new frontier in surveillance?

ABSTRACT There’s a new fad among technology aficionados: voluntarily injecting radio frequency identification chips under their skin. Self-described “bio-hackers” reason that by having such microchips inserted, they can pay for purchases by just hovering their bare hand over a scanner at a checkout counter instead of swiping the magnetic strip of a credit card, inserting a card into a chip reader, or displaying a smartphone app (or doing something as old-fashioned as paying cash). At first glance, such consumer technology looks like a harmless whim, or the next logical step among those who favor piercings, or the supposed ultimate in convenience. But inserting identification microchips in humans would also seem to bear the seeds of a particularly intrusive form of surveillance, at a time when authorities in some parts of the world have been forcibly collecting DNA and other biological data – including blood samples, fingerprints, voice recordings, iris scans, and other unique identifiers – from all their citizens. This article explains some of the nuts and bolts of this hybrid human-machine product.

Toll Collection Automation Using CFID

Abstract: In today’s era of technology, wherever machines area unit being extensively employed in all the fields we have a tendency to are attempting to emulate thought, which is able to be of nice use publicly transport systems. Nowadays someone must travel long distances into immensely unknown territories for job, business, or maybe for commercial enterprise. Because the vehicles area unit increasing and roads area unit falling short, today we have a tendency to see oftentimes traffic jams or long queues at the while not Toll stations anticipating paying the while not Toll. Paying the while not Toll every-time through money or checking the pass takes heaps of your time. And nowadays Time is additional precious than cash. So our project is geared toward reducing time consumed for manual transactions and human effort. RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) means that providing electronic identity to any object. Electronic info regarding the item is hold on in RFID chip embedded or connected to the item. It’s a locality of automation that has quickly been gaining momentum in recent years and is currently being seen as a radical means that of enhancing knowledge handling processes, complementary in many ways to different knowledge capturing technologies like bar-coding. vary|a variety spread of devices and associated systems area unit offered to satisfy even broader range of applications which is able to amendment the course of business significantly within the supply-chain space.

A Prospective Look on Optimization Methods For RFID Systems: Requirements, Challenges and Implementation Aspects

The radio frequency identification (RFID) is a configuration of wireless communication that uses radio frequency (RF) waves for following up and recognizing data. The RFID system includes important parts as antenna and integrated circuit (IC) for radiating and storing data, respectively. Hence, high performance antenna and IC circuits must be designed for assembling the energy from the radio waves and feeding the RFID chip. One of the important circuit/block in the IC part is the amplifier where the antenna is sensing the radiated output power. For this case, it is substantially important to design high performance antenna and amplifier where the specifications of these circuits must be optimized in a professional way. In this paper, we collect the recently published optimization methods that are employed for designing antenna and RF/analog-based amplifiers. Any researcher by referring to these algorithms can access and find the solutions for their problems, straightforwardly.

Discussion

Discussion

Hardware RFID Security for Preventing Far-Field Attacks

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a widely used approach for a short-range contactless data exchange, i.e., employed in billing systems. During the last years, unauthorized access has become an issue, as it has been proven on numerous unpleasant occasions. A typical theft scheme is based on approaching a victim with a card reader. However, a straightforward adaptation of the reader’s antenna elements allows performing the attack from a distance, opening a severe security loophole. Here, we propose and demonstrate hardware-based protection capable of preventing a far-field attack of this kind. Our solution is based on an RFID chip shielding with an opaque metal. The Faraday type of the enclosure has a small aperture, which suppresses electromagnetic field leakage from the device. This property affects both up and down interrogation links, virtually making the far-field attack impossible. Activation of the card is done by holding it in hand–this way, it is made accessible to an authorized readout, which still remains wireless. The physical principle of the operation is placing a high-index dielectric structure next to a subwavelength aperture, making it electromagnetically larger and, as a result, supporting the field leakage. Our experimental prototype, validated by several different users, shows the capability to diminish far-field attacks on ultrahigh frequency (UHF) RFID tags. This hardware security solution can find usage in numerous applications, such as biometric passports, credit cards, and many others, where unauthorized access to sensitive data is highly undesirable.

A Batteryless RFID Sensor Architecture With Distance Ambiguity Resolution for Smart Home IoT Applications

In this article, a novel batteryless wireless sensor design is proposed and demonstrated. The proposed passive wireless sensor node integrates a ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) radio-frequency identification (RFID) chip, a filter, and a reactive sensor to enable the reading of environmental conditions wirelessly, without increasing the complexity of a typical RFID chip and substantial loss of the read range. The sensor changes the phase of the reflected RFID signal based on the sensed parameter; whereas, the filter helps in resolving any phase ambiguity that may arise due to the placement of the node at different distances. The phase change is detected at the reader using a noncoherent IQ demodulator. The design can easily integrate any type of sensors, such as temperature, humidity, and water-level sensor. A flood sensor and a temperature sensor were used to demonstrate the performance of the proposed design in a home and office environment.

Self-aligning roly-poly RFID tag

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a mature technology that allows contactless data readout via a wireless communication link. While numerous passive RFID tags are available on the market, accurate alignment between tags and readers is required in a vast majority of cases to mitigate polarization mismatches. We show that enhancing electromagnetic designs with additional mechanical degrees of freedom allows bypassing fundamental limitations and approach ideal performances. Here, we demonstrate a new miniature tag, accessible from any direction and immune to rotations in space. Our tag is made of a high permittivity ceramic resonator, inductively coupled to a metal ring, which contains an RFID chip. The structure is placed inside a spherical plastic holder. In this architecture, the ceramic resonator serves several functions. First, it allows reducing the device footprint without significant bandwidth degradation. Second, it acts as a bob, aligning the electromagnetic structure parallel to the ground, regardless of its initial orientation in space. The bob is designed to slide inside the plastic holder. This roly-poly effect relaxes the constraint on a mutual tag-reader orientation, including the polarization mismatch, and provides next to perfect long-range operation. Being only 55 mm in diameter, our device can be interrogated from a 12 m distance, regardless of the tag’s orientation in space. Introducing mechanical degrees of freedom into electromagnetic designs allows obtaining new functionalities, contributing to applications where a mutual orientation between transvers is required.

A Low-Power Passive UHF Tag With High-Precision Temperature Sensor for Human Body Application

Radio frequency identification (RFID) tags are widely used in various electronic devices due to their low cost, simple structure, and convenient data reading. This topic aims to study the key technologies of ultra-high frequency (UHF) RFID tags and high-precision temperature sensors, and how to reduce the power consumption of the temperature sensor and the overall circuits while maintaining minimal loss of performance. Combined with the biomedicine, an innovative high-precision human UHF RFID chip for body temperature monitoring is designed. In this study, a ring oscillator whose output frequency is linearly related to temperature is designed and proposed as a temperature-sensing circuit by innovatively combining auxiliary calibration technology. Then, a binary counter is used to count the pulses, and the temperature is ultimately calculated. We designed a relaxation oscillator independent of voltage and current. The various types of resistors were used to offset the temperature deviation. A current mirror array calibration circuit is used to calibrate the process angle deviation of the clock circuit with a self-calibration algorithm. This study mainly contributes to reducing power consumption and improving accuracy. The total power consumption of the RF/analog front-end and temperature sensor is 7.65 &#x03BC;W. The measurement error of the temperature sensor in the range of 0&#x2013;60 &#x00B0;C is less than &#x00B1;0.1%, and the accuracy of the output frequency of the clock circuit is &#x00B1;2.5%.

A Novel UHF RFID Sensor Based Crack Detection Technique for Coal Mining Conveyor Belt

This paper presents the design and analysis of a novel passive Ultra High Frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) based sensor for crack detection in coal mining conveyor belts. The proposed sensor is built on an interdigital capacitor (IDC) based resonator integrated with a commercial UHF RFID chip. The paper illustrates the theoretical sensing principles of the sensor along with its design requirements. To enable the operation of the conveyor belt sample in the UHF band, a dielectric characterization of the belt is performed. This characterization helps obtain the material parameters of the belt, such as the dielectric constant and loss tangent. A thorough analysis of the proposed sensor in terms of simulation and experiment is also exemplified in this paper. Both simulated and experimental studies cater to a robust sensor performance for detecting cracks in the conveyor belt environment. The simulated analysis illustrates the variation of different sensing parameters, including impedance, gain, and backscattered power, with respect to different crack widths, orientations, and locations. The experimental results of fabricated sensor prototypes eventually manifest the backscattered power variation of the sensor into the change of received signal strength indicator (RSSI). An extensive analysis of the experimentally obtained results demonstrates that the proposed sensor can reliably and efficiently detect the presence and growth of cracks along with their variation in widths and orientations. The validation of simulated results through experiments essentially lays the basis for adopting machine learning based crack characterization in the future.

HF RFID Tag Chip Impedance Measurements

This work provides the measurement data of 16 high-frequency (HF) radio frequency identification (RFID) transponder (tag) chips. In particular, the chip input impedance was characterized versus chip input voltage at 13.56 MHz. The measurement is based on the radio frequency current–voltage impedance measurement method and achieves, compared to previous work, higher measurement accuracy of better than 1.5%. Along with the measurement data, the work presents a detailed analysis of six specific proximity and vicinity HF RFID chips, including a tag performance analysis of their magnetic field strength, their resonance frequency, and their quality factor, considering a typical credit-card-sized tag antenna.