Radioactive Sodium Research Articles

Production of Hippuran-131I at Boris Kidrič Institute, Viněa Part II. Investigation of the Stability of Sodium ortho-131I-Hippurate as a Function of the Ageing Time, Presence of some Bacteriostatics and Stabilizers, Radioactivity, and the Sterilization Process of its Solutions

Stability of radioactive sodium ortho-131I-hippurate produced at the Boris Kidric Institute, Vinca, according to the modified procedure for application in nuclear medicine in Yugoslavia was investigated. In these investigations stability was observed as a function of the ageing time of the solutions, their radioactivity (A mCi/ml; A mCi/mg of the carrier; Atot), the presence of some bacteriostatics and stabilizers (C6H5—CH2OH, Na-citrate), sterilization process and storage conditions.

〔60〕 LMFBRにおける放射性ナトリウムと核分裂生成物による空気汚染モニタリング技術

The air monitoring system for liquid-metal-cooled fast breeder reactors will for the most part be similar to those for other types of reactor. One particularity, however, is that the main object of air monitoring would be radioactive sodium aerosol mixed with fission products such as radioiodine.A review is presented of studies made on the behavior of sodium aerosol and fission products, particularly radioiodine, in a sodium aerosol produced as a result of sodium leakage from the primary cooling system of an LMFBR and also on the air monitoring techniques available for such air contamination. The cases of other radionuclides and corrosion products are also descirbed.

Further studies of sodium transport in feline red cells.

The transport of radioactive sodium in high sodium cat red blood cells has been studied under various experimental conditions. It was found that iodoacetate (IAA) and iodoacetamide (IAM) inhibit Na influx by 50% whereas NaF has no effect. Reversible dyes, such as methylene blue (Mb), also inhibit this influx by 60%. Both IAA and Mb effects show a lag period of about 40 min. Cell starvation abolishes the volume-dependent Na influx which is generally observed in these cells. IAA reduces significantly the volume-dependent Na influx but does not inhibit it completely. 5 mM magnesium chloride produces a twofold increase in Na influx. On the other hand, MgCl(2) has no effect on Na transport in human red cells or on potassium or sulfate transport in cat red cells. The effect of MgCl(2) is quite rapid and does not interfere with the volume-dependent Na influx. This effect is abolished in starved cells. Reincubation of previously stored cells in buffered solutions containing glucose and MgCl(2) causes more than one order of magnitude increase in Na influx. These several observations are discussed in terms of the possibility of a link between Na transport and Na-Mg-activated ATPase.

Preservation of viable platelets by freezing. Effect of plastic containers.

SummaryThe in vitro biphasic reaction of platelets to hypotonic stress measured in a spectrophotometer (reversal reaction) was used as an indicator of platelet integrity in a series of experiments on preservation of human platelets by freezing. Following these results as a guideline, human platelets were cooled at 1° per min to −35° using 5% DMSO in plasma as the cryoprotective agent. Addition and removal of the DMSO was done very gradually to minimize osmotic stress. Survival studies after labeling with radioactive sodium chromate demonstrated nearly normal viability of the frozen-thawed platelets. Platelets frozen in polyvinyl chloride bags had lower recovery values than platelets frozen in polyolefin bags. Correlation between in vivo viability of the frozen platelets and values of in vitro reversal reaction was highly significant further suggesting that this practical in vitro test may be a valid indicator of platelet viability in experiments of this type.The assistance of Manfred Steiner, M.D., Ph.D. ...

Diphenylhydantoin and movement of radioactive sodium into electrically stimulated cerebral slices

Thin slices prepared from guinea pig cerebral cortex responded to electrical stimulation for 1.5–10 min at 1000 c/sec or 100 c/sec with a drop in content of creatine phosphate, ATP and K + in the non-inulin space. Non-inulin Na + rose. 22Na uptake also rose from an initial rate of about 480 μEq/g initial wt./hr to about 1360 μEq/g initial wt./hr. All of the above changes were diminished by diphenylhydantoin at concentrations of 1–2.7 × 10 −4 M. These results suggest that diphenylhydantoin diminishes the ability of neuronal elements to depolarize in response to electrical excitation.

Changes in the intestinal transport of sodium induced by exposure of goldfish to a saline environment.

1. The uptake and transflux of sodium by goldfish intestines has been compared under different experimental conditions. Uptake was measured from a 1 min contact of the intestinal mucosa with radioactive sodium chloride solution. Transflux was measured over a period of 2 hr using the everted sac technique.2. Keeping goldfish in saline reduced the transflux of sodium to one quarter the value found for fresh-water fish. The uptake of sodium was halved by this treatment. Cortisol injected previously into saline-adapted fish changed neither the transflux nor the uptake of sodium measured subsequently.3. In fresh-water fish hypophysectomy reduced sodium transflux while leaving the uptake of sodium unchanged. Injection of cortisol restored sodium transflux to control levels without producing any additional effects on the uptake of sodium.4. It is suggested that adaptation to saline involves regulation of sodium movement across the microvillar membrane of the mucosal cell. Cortisol would appear to play no part in this type of regulation.5. The presence of cortisol, or possibly other steroids with similar actions, has however been shown to be essential for the normal operation of sodium transport in this tissue. It is not clear exactly how cortisol exerts this effect. What evidence there is suggests that cortisol exerts a metabolic control rather than changing directly the membrane permeability of the cell.

The use of radioisotopes in normal and diseased joints

LTHOUGH THE PROPERTIES of radioactive isotopes have been exploited in many branches of internal medicine, it is only recently that their applicability to rheumatology has been recognized. In general, radioisotopes have been used in rheumatology as investigative rather than therapeutic agents, and apart from a short section on local treatment, the bulk of this review reflects this emphasis. From the earliest studies it was apparent that differences between inflamed and normal joints could easily be detected, whether the radioisotope was given intravenously or intraarticularly. 1~2~18~1g~34~40~4g~54~58~60~63~*4~89~ g7~9g~102~103 In the first case the presence of inflamed synovium was reflected in a greater accumulation (increased uptake) of radioactivity in the diseased as opposed to the normal joint. When the isotope was injected into the joint cavity, its subsequent rate of disappearance from the inflamed joint was faster than from the normal joint. Since the mechanisms involved are so different, these methods of displaying inflammed joints will be considered separately in this review. However, certain generalities apply to both situations. First, both methods are nonspecific, both in terms of the nature of the inflammatory disease and in terms of the radioisotope used in the study. Thus, similar degrees of abnormality of radioisotope uptake or clearance rate may be found in rheumatoid arthritis, Reiter’s disease, septic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, acute gouty arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus.28~34~43~4g~6*~71~90~g5~g7~103 Increased uptake may be demonstrated using radioactive technetium ( ggm Tc) or radioiodinated serum albumin, and increased clearance rates are obtained with radioisotopes as dissimilar as radioactive xenon (133Xe) and radioactive sodium (Z4Na).28~37~43~102~L06 A corollary to this is that these radioisotopic methods cannot be expected to provide information of a primarily diagnostic nature. Second, the abnormalities shown by both methods reflect the severity of clinical involvement in the disease process and may be used to quantitate either spontaneous or therapeutically induced changes in disease activity.

The site of the aldosterone induced stimulation of sodium transport

The content and concentration of major ions within the scraped mucosal epithelial cells of the urinary bladder of the toad Bufo marinus were determined using [ 14C]- and [ 3H]-inulin to correct for adherent extracellular fluid. In aldosterone treated hemi-bladders the radioactive sodium content and concentration increased significantly as compared with paired control hemi-bladders when both tissues were exposed to [ 24Na] in the mucosal bathing medium. Changes in total non-inulin space sodium were not detected but the stimulation of transepithelial sodium transport by aldosterone in this set of observations was small, averaging only some 30% above control. The results are compatible with our hypothesis that the major action of aldosterone is to facilitate the entry of sodium from the mucosal medium across the apical permeability barrier of the transporting mucosal cells.

The permeability of capillaries of the sciatic nerve of the rabbit to several materials.

✓ The course of penetration of radioactive sodium, chloride potassium, and thiourea from plasma into rabbits' sciatic nerves was observed after establishing and maintaining a level of radioactivity in plasma. The observations confirm the existence of a blood-nerve barrier since the exchange between blood and nerve is very much slower than the corresponding turnover for muscle. The vasa nervorum were 10 times more permeable to sodium and chloride than the cerebral vessels.

Sodium transport by perfused giant axons of Loligo.

The sodium efflux from perfused squid giant axons has been studied using radioactive sodium, and the sufficient conditions for the maintenance of a potassium- and ouabain-sensitive sodium efflux have been established. The following were found.1. Axons extruded and then perfused with their own axoplasm had a sodium efflux which was sensitive to cyanide, potassium and ouabain and was thus similar to the efflux from intact axons.2. A method for replacing natural axoplasm into fibres previously perfused with artificial axoplasm was developed and used to establish an artificial perfusate that was not irreversibly toxic.3. Short perfusion (5 min) with a variety of artificial perfusates was then found to give fibres which had potassium- and ouabain-sensitive sodium effluxes when ATP was present in the perfusate.4. In the absence of ATP the sodium efflux was small and relatively insensitive to both external potassium and to ouabain.5. With ADP in the perfusate, fibres gave a sodium efflux which was ouabain-sensitive but was little affected by the removal of external potassium from the sodium-rich sea water bathing the fibres.6. The perfused fibres differed from intact fibres in having large ouabain-insensitive sodium effluxes.7. After very long perfusions (40-90 min), with the simple media containing ATP, the rate constant for sodium efflux from the fibres tended to be large and was relatively insensitive to potassium or to ouabain.8. Fibres refilled with natural axoplasm after long perfusion showed increased sensitivity to external potassium; refilled with dispersed axoplasm the sodium efflux tended to become very large.9. After very long perfusions with artificial axoplasms containing ATP, a potassium- and ouabain-sensitive sodium efflux was found to persist provided that dextran was present and the total osmotic pressure and the hydrostatic pressure of the perfusate were controlled. Under these conditions the sodium efflux resembled that from briefly perfused fibres. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the maintenance of sodium transport by perfused giant axons are discussed.

Passage of sodium into the uterine lumen of the rat during the sexual cycle and under the influence of steroidal hormones.

The rate of passage of iv-injected radioactive sodium into the uterine lumen of the rat has been measured in vivo to see whether it changes during the estrus cycle and under the influence of estrogen and progesterone. In one experiment radioactive-iodine-iodoantipyrine was also used. Nulliparous Wistar rats with 4-day cycles were used. Pseudopregnancy was induced by mating with vasectomized males. The uterus was exposed. Cotton ligatures were placed around the ends to avoid damage to blood vessels. A cunnula was pushed into the lumen. The uterine lumen was perfused with Locke solution under pressure at the rate of .4 ml per minute. Perfusion fluid was collected. An injection of 4 to 10 microcuries of radioactive sodium chloride was given into a tail vein and the perfusion begun 25 minutes later. The perfusate collected 30 to 60 minutes after the injection was used to determine the rate of passage of radioactive sodium into the lumen. It was found that radioactive-iodine-iodoantipyrine equilibrated with uterine fluid faster than radioactive sodium. The rate varied significantly at different stages in the estrus cycle and during the first 10 days of pregnancy or pseudopregnancy (p ranging from less than .01 to less than .05). Variations of a similar type could be produced in ovariectomized rats given physiological amounts of estrogen or estrogen plus progesterone. When the radioactive sodium was injected into the uterine lumen it passed only slowly into the general circulation. Other variations in the rate of passage appear to be due to changes brought about by the process of implantation and the growth of the implantation site. The comparactively slow rate o f passage of radioactive sodium into the lumen in these experiments indicates that there is a considerable barrier to the passage of sodium between the extracellular fluid and the uterine fluid.

Amino acid sequences around the cysteine residue of calf lens -crystallin.

1. Calf lens alpha-crystallin was carboxymethylated with radioactive sodium iodoacetate to label the thiol group. 2. The protein was then digested with trypsin or alternatively fractionated in urea to obtain the acidic (A) chains, which were then digested with trypsin. Either procedure gave two radioactive peptides containing carboxymethylcysteine. 3. These two peptides were closely related: the longer form contained 28 amino acid residues, and the shorter lacked two residues at the N-terminal end of the longer form. 4. The amino acid sequence of the peptides have been determined. 5. No evidence for the presence of more than one cysteine residue/chain was found. 6. The question of the molecular weight of the chains is discussed.

Distribution in developing rat enamel of simultaneously injected fluoride and calcium.

abstract – Radioactive sodium fluoride (NaF18) and calcium chloride (Ca45Cl2) were injected simultaneously into rats, eight to ten days old. Thirty minutes after injection, the animals were killed by rapid freezing and sectioned sagittally through the level of the teeth. Both F18 and Ca45 were accumulated in the. superficial zone of the enamel in those areas where matrix was being formed. There was a marked increase in the concentration both of F18 and Ca45 in the surface of the enamel, where matrix formation was just completed. However, at maturation only Ca45 was accumulated in the whole thickness of the enamel, and no F18 was found in this area. The results may indicate an association between fluoride and the organic matrix of the developing enamel. The distribution of F18 in the enamel was similar to that of tetracycline shortly after injection.

Sodium ion binding to pepsin and other proteins.

The sodium ion binding to proteins was studied using a gel-filtration method employing coarse Sephadex G-25 and radioactive sodium 22. The proteins employed at various pH values were pepsin, pepsinogen, lysozyme, and β-lactoglobulin A and a mixture of A and B. As expected lysozyme did not exhibit sodium ion binding by this method at pH 5.45, while the sodium ion binding with β-lactoglobulin in the pH range 6–8.8 agreed quite well with previously reported data. The main emphasis of this work was to determine the sodium ion binding to pepsin in the acid pH range. At 0.01 M sodium ion concentrations, pepsin binds 0 mole sodium per mole protein at pH 3.4 and 5.0 mole sodium at pH 4.6. At comparable sodium ion concentrations, pepsinogen at pH 6.75 binds approximately three times as much sodium as pepsin. The advantages and disadvantages of employing the gel-filtration method for ion binding studies is discussed. Finally, the sodium ion binding data for pepsin will be used in the analysis of the titration curve of pepsin in the pH range 2–6 by modifying the Z value (charge on the protein at any pH) in the Linderstrøm–Lang equation.

Anion transport from the canine synovial cavity.

ALTHOUGH the clearance rates of several small molecular weight substances from the joint cavity have been monitored1–4, the mechanisms involved have received less attention. Whereas there is some evidence to support the relationship between the clearance rate of the inert lipid soluble gas, xenon-133, and local tissue perfusion1, the assumptions involved in relating the clearance rates of ionized radioisotopes and blood flow are not certain. The clearance rates of radioactive sodium and potassium have been noted to be faster than that of radioactive iodine4.

Radionuclide Applications in Neurology and Neurosurgery

The editors of this volume, recognizing the rapid expansion in the use of radioactive isotopes, offer this book as a convenient and basic reference to which those interested in the nervous system can add newer information. The value of these radioactive nuclides depends on the minute amounts used (so they do not load the system studied) and the use of external means of evaluating their distribution. Thus, radioactive sodium and other ions are used to study the blood-brain barrier and cerebral edema; xenon and other materials enable the investigator to study blood flow by inhalation or by intra-arterial or intravenous injections. The diagnosis of lesions by intravenously injected positron and gamma-emitting isotopes have made brain scanning a common screening technique for the presence of intracranial lesions; more recently, the isotopes have been used to scan the spinal subarachnoid space. Injections into the spinal fluid permit introduction of materials carried

The urinary mucosal barrier in retrograde pyelography. The role of the ureteric mucosa.

Prior investigation established that an average of 6.9% of radioactive sodium diatrizoate (Hypaque) will be absorbed systemically during simulated retrograde pyelography in dogs. This communication, in attempting to further define the major site of systemic absorption, shows that absorption across the ureter in dogs is negligible. When the pelvicalyceal system was excluded and the ureter alone was perfused, a much smaller percentage was absorbed. This implies that the renal pelvicalyceal region is the major site of systemic absorption during retrograde pyelography.

Subcellular Distribution of 51Cr and Characterization of its Binding Sites in Human Platelets

Abstract Subcellular fractionation of human platelets labeled with radioactive sodium chromate was utilized to study distribution and characterization of the 51Cr binding sites in these cells. The cytoplasmic fraction of the platelets contained the major portion of the radioactivity while microsomal and mitochondrial fractions played a minor role in the binding of chromate. The stromal sediment had approximately one third of the total radioactivity. Only about 20 per cent of the 51Cr taken up by the platelets was in a free ionic form and was in the cytoplasmic fraction. The major portion of the 51Cr in the platelets was bound to nucleotides in the platelet cytoplasm. Nucleotides of the α-granules had no radioactive chromate. Hypertonic media and platelet antiserum produced marked release of 51Cr from the platelets, whereas aggregating agents produced none. In physiologic conditions, elution of 51Cr from labeled platelets is very limited because there is only little 51Cr in free ionic form in the cells. Release of considerable amount of 51Cr from the platelets can occur only in case of cell damage with release of nucleotides from the cytoplasmic pool. This was seen with hypertonic solutions and with platelet antibody. Platelet degranulation, as it occurs with aggregating agents, is not associated with release of 51Cr since the granular pool of nucleotides is not labeled by this compound.

Kinetic sodium analyses in the crab Carcinus mediterraneus

Kinetic analyses were made of the stable sodium and radioactive sodium (22Na) in some tissues of the crab Carcinus mediterraneus CSRN. Fast 22Na outflux constant is increased in gills, hepatopancreas, hemolymph, digestive tract and muscles. In the reproductive organs the values of the sodium outflux constant are lower. The values of the fast outflux rates (t=20°C) of sodium amount, in the whole animal, to 22.5 μM Na/g/h, in the hemolymph, to 69.3 μM Na/g/h; the slow outflux rates have much lower values (0.02 to 0.13 μM Na/g/h). Moulting crabs show a rate of sodium outflux 6 times greater than that of intermoulting individuals.

The movement of radioactive sodium in normal pregnant, nonpregnant, and pre-eclamptic women

The rate at which radioactive sodium disappears from the bloodstream during the second to fifth or sixth hour after intravenous injection does not differ among normal pregnant and nonpregnant women and patients with pre-eclampsia. The data do not support the hypothesis of altered permeability of capillaries and cellular membranes in women with pre-eclampsia. Together with certain physiologic phenomena, the findings constitute some slight evidence against the hypothesis.