Radioactive Phosphorus Research Articles

Differences in resource allocation to stolon branches of Kopu white clover genotypes induced by manipulation of rooting

White clover (Trifolium repens L.) genotypes of the cv. Grasslands Kopu which had differing numbers of vascular bundles within their stolons were tested for potential for resource sharing between shoot branches on either side of parent axis. Genotypes with a high (10-13) number of vascular bundles (H-genotypes) had larger leaves, thicker stolons but lower node appearance rates than genotypes with a low (8-9) number of vascular bundles (L-genotypes). In the first experiment all roots on one side of the parent axis were severed two days before plants were labelled with 32P (uptake period 24 h). In H-genotypes, distribution of radioactive phosphorus (32P) exported from a nodal root was restricted largely to near-side branches, i.e. branches which were on the same side of the parent axis as the source root, with only 4% allocated to far-side branches. In contrast about 20% of 32P exported from the source root was transported to far-side branches in L-genotypes. In the second experiment, where all far-side roots were severed three weeks before harvest, growth of far-side branches was similarly reduced in L-genotypes and Hgenotypes. When root formation along one side of the parent axis was prevented during the entire experimental period the mean ratio of total dry weight between nearand far-side branches was higher in H-genotypes compared to L-genotypes. Keywords: branch development, nutrient distribution, phosphorus, vascular bundle, white clover, Trifolium repens L.

Establishment of Two Rat Osteosarcoma Cell Lines (YROS-1 and YROS-2) Induced by Radioactive Phosphorus

Two rat osteosarcoma cell lines, YROS-1 and YROS-2, were established from two experimental osteosarcomas and induced by internal irradiation with radioactive phosphorus. Both cell lines formed a monolayer cell sheet in vitro with focal piling. The YROS-1 cells were refractile and spindle or polygonal in shape, whereas the YROS-2 cells were flat, spread and polygonal in shape. Ultrastructurally, the YROS-1 cells had well-developed rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum with focal pericellular deposition of calcified matrix, whereas YROS-2 had abundant polysomes and intracytoplasmic filaments. Both cell lines grew stably with population doubling times of 23 and 39 h, respectively. Flow cytometry revealed that YROS-1 was rich in proliferating cells compared to YROS-2, with a higher colony-forming efficiency. YROS-1 showed high alkaline phosphatase activity, while YROS-2 possessed low activity. When subcutaneously transplanted into lumbodorsal area of athymic nude mice, only YROS-1 formed tumors with frequent lung metastasis.

The treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer.

The treatment and long-term survival of patients with ovarian cancer varies by stage. At present, five-year survival for patients with early-stage disease ranges from 50 to 95 percent, while five-year survival for patients with advanced-stage disease is less than 25 percent. Several new drugs with significant activity in advanced-stage ovarian cancer offer hope for increased long-term survival in the future. This article reviews the current and experimental approaches to the treatment of all stages of ovarian cancer.

Experimental induction of osteosarcoma by subperiosteal radioactive phosphorus injections in rats

In search of a predictable experimental model for the study of therapeutic modalities for osteosarcoma, a group of rats had injections of phosphorus-32 (P-32) colloid subperiostally and were followed for the occurrence of malignant bone tumors until death or for 18 months. Of 50 rats, 26 died of unrelated causes and only 24 were included in the study. Two cases of osteosarcomas, one occurring in month 16 and the other at month 18 were induced; one case demonstrated multiple lung metastases. Clear evidence of the sarcoma inducing effect of P-32 has been obtained in this study. However, a high yield experimental osteosarcoma model was not produced.

Role of interferon alpha-2a in the treatment of polycythemia vera.

We studied the effects of recombinant interferon alpha-2a (IFN-alpha) in 36 patients with polycythemia vera (PV) previously treated with phlebotomy and/or conventional cytostatic agents. In each patient, after at least 2 months of discontinuation of any cytotoxic therapy, the hematocrit (Hmt) was first brought to normal value by phlebotomy; IFN-alpha treatment was then begun at a starting dose of 3,000,000 IU s.c. three times a week. Response to treatment, which was assessed monthly, was defined as persistent normalization of Hmt without concomitant phlebotomy; in non-responsive patients the initial IFN-alpha weekly dosage was progressively increased. Twenty patients were responsive with a median duration of response of 7 months (range 2-25+ months); out of these, 7 patients are still under treatment and responsive at 13+, 17+, 20+, 22+, 23+, 25+, 25+ months. These findings indicate that a cohort, although small, of patients with PV (19.4%) are persistently sensitive to IFN-alpha; in this subset of patients, this cytokine can therefore provide a useful treatment option, since, contrary to conventional therapeutic approaches such as radioactive phosphorus, cytostatic agents, or phlebotomy, IFN-alpha is devoid of harmful side effects.

Systemic administration of new therapeutic radioisotopes, including phosphorus, strontium, samarium, and rhenium

New advances in systemic radionuclide therapy have increased the number of treatment options available for patients with painful osseous metastases. This form of therapy has three major appeals: 1) it addresses all sites of involvement; 2) selective absorption into bone limits irradiation of normal tissues; and 3) as a result, toxicity may be reduced and the therapeutic ratio improved. The clinical experience with radioactive phosphorus, strontium, samarium, and rhenium are reviewed. To date, the best studied and the only Food and Drug Administration approved agent is strontium-89. About 60% to 90% of patients treated with strontium-89 respond with complete or partial relief of pain for a median duration of 6 months. Large, prospectively randomized clinical trials have established the efficacy of strontium-89 as a first-line therapy and as an adjuvant to external-beam radiotherapy. Particularly advantageous is its usefulness in situations in which external-beam radiotherapy options have been exhausted and normal tissue tolerance has been reached. Newer radiopharmaceuticals are still under investigation.

Primary chemotherapy of epithelial ovarian carcinoma.

This review provides a perspective on primary chemotherapeutic approaches in epithelial ovarian cancer. Chemotherapy is not recommended in grade 1 or 2 stage I-a or b. In other early-stage cases, postoperative melphalan or intraperitoneal radioactive phosphorus remain standard of care, even though these treatments have not been shown in a randomized fashion to be superior to no further treatment. The role of platinum-based chemotherapy in the same subgroup is currently under study. Despite the introduction of cisplatin, leading to significantly improved response rates, responses have usually been brief in stage III and IV cases with only a modest impact on overall survival and little improvement in long-term survival. Systemic intensification with cisplatin has been difficult secondary to more toxicity and with no consistent improvement in survival. Intraperitoneal chemotherapy is being evaluated as a component of initial management. Recently a new drug, Taxol, has been introduced; although it has not been a cure-all, Taxol will presumably become part of the primary chemotherapy of ovarian cancer in the 1990s. Issues of optimal dosing and combinations with Taxol are being addressed. The combination of Taxol and cisplatin appears promising.

Decontamination of Radioactive P32 and I131 from Aircraft and Car Surfaces by Detergent Compositions / Dekontamination von mit radioaktiiem P32 und I131 belasteten Flugzeug- und Autooberflächen mitWaschmittelformulierungen

Sheets from aircrafts and cars having the same surfaces were contaminated with solutions of radioactive phosphorus salts and solutions of radioactive iodine salts. Different compositions from synthetic detergents and locally available complexing salts were prepared and their efficiencies in decontamining the sheets were measured under the same conditions. The most effective compositions were those in which Berol Lanco and Nestabon were used.

Cytogenetic conversion in a case of polycythaemia vera treated with interferon‐alpha

Polycythaemia vera is a clonal disorder of the haemopoietic stem cell causing a pathologic expansion of the erythroid and sometimes the megakaryocytic and myeloid elements. In order to avoid the possible mutagenic effects of radioactive phosphorus, alkylating agents and hydroxyurea, since 1988 alpha-IFN has been used for the treatment of PV and has been shown to induce and maintain haematological remission. We describe a 24-year-old PV patient with chromosomal abnormalities who achieved not only a reduction of the proliferation of erythroid elements and reticulin content in the bone marrow, but also a complete cytogenetic remission after IFN treatment.

Determination of phosphorus in metals by neutron activation and chemical separation as hydride

Phosphorus at trace levels alters the properties of metals and alloys. Its determination was investigated by radiochemical neutron activation analysis. Separation by solvent extraction or by evolution as P0 showed to be neither selective nor quantitative in presence of a metallic matrix. Therefore, a new method of separation by reduction to phosphorus hydride followed by liquid scintillation counting was investigated. This method is quantitative in the case of non-radioactive iron doped with radioactive phosphorus. At present, the separation is not quantitative for irradiated iron samples, owing probably to hot atom or radiation effects. A detection limit of 0.002 μg is expected.

Intraperitoneal Radioactive Phosphorus Therapy in Ovarian Carcinoma

Vergote, Ignace B.; Winderen, Mette; De Vos, Laure N.; Tropé, Claes C. Author Information

Influence of chloride on the uptake and trans‐location of phosphorus in potato

Abstract Both chloride (Cl) and sulphate (SO4) were found to impair the uptake of phosphorus (H232PO4) through the roots of potato in a hydroponically conducted experiment. Radioactive phosphorus (32P) was used as the marker. The presence of either Cl and SO4 alone in the nutrient solution made no difference on the impairment. Both ions also inhibited the long‐distance transport of P from roots to shoots. The inhibition by Cl was much greater than that by SO4, and increased with the concentration of Cl rising from 0 to 15.5 mM in solution.

Intraperitoneal radioactive phosphorus therapy in ovarian carcinoma. Analysis of 313 patients treated primarily or at second‐look laparotomy

Intraperitoneal radioactive phosphorus (phosphorus-32) has been used in ovarian cancer during the last three decades. In the current study, the survival results, the patterns of recurrence, morbidity rates, and phosphorus-32 distribution scintigrams were reviewed in 313 patients treated with phosphorus-32 colloid. Between July 1982 and July 1988, 245 patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma were treated with phosphorus-32 as primary adjuvant treatment; 59 patients received phosphorus-32 as consolidating therapy after negative results during second-look surgery and 9, after positive findings during second-look laparotomy. Fifty patients with negative second-look findings were assigned randomly to receive phosphorus-32 or no treatment. The phosphorus-32 distribution was studied by scintigraphic imaging in 297 patients. The actuarial 5-year crude survival rate was 81% in the group treated with phosphorus-32 adjuvantly and 79% in the group treated after second-look surgery. Crude and disease-free survival rates were similar in both groups randomized at second-look surgery to receive either phosphorus-32 or no treatment. Phosphorus-32 scintigraphy showed major isotopic accumulations in 48 (16%) patients. There were two deaths (0.6%), which, at least partly, could be attributed to the phosphorus-32 treatment. Small bowel obstruction without tumor recurrence occurred in 22 (7%) patients (13 treated surgically and 9 medically) and was not related to any patient characteristic, including phosphorus-32 distribution. Phosphorus-32 therapy was associated with a considerable number of bowel complications. The occurrence of small bowel obstruction could not be predicted by any patient characteristic. Without an untreated observation group, the authors were unsure whether adjuvant phosphorus-32 treatment conferred a survival advantage.

Intraperitoneal radioactive phosphorus therapy in ovarian carcinoma. Analysis of 313 patients treated primarily or at second-look laparotomy

Intraperitoneal radioactive phosphorus therapy in ovarian carcinoma. Analysis of 313 patients treated primarily or at second-look laparotomy

Phosphorus metabolism in coral reef communities: exchange between the water column and bottom biotopes

Exchange of phosphate between components of the reef bottom and the water column were studied on reefs around Heron Island (Great Barrier Reef), both in aquaria and in in situ enclosures, using radioactive phosphorus (32P) as a tracer. Living corals, dead corals, coral rubble overgrown with periphyton, and soft sediments of coral sand were used in experiments. In all of these components of bottom reef biotopes, two opposite flows of inorganic phosphate were recorded and measured, i.e. the rate of PO4-P uptake from water (Ac), and its release (Ae). At ambient PO4-P concentrations in water of 0.1– 0.3 µmoll−1, both flows varied in living corals and coral rubble between 10 and 70 µg P kg−1 h−1, 3–10 mg P m–2 day–1, and in coral sand between 10 and 30 µg P kg−1 h−1, or 2–7 mg P m−2 day−1. Under the latter concentration range (which is typical for coral reef areas), the reciprocal PO4-P flows almost balanced each other, so that net uptake (At) was very low. Often it approached zero or was positive, showing that a net PO4-P release had taken place. The uptake flow (Ac) in living coral was much more dependent on the PO4-P content in overlying water than was the release flow (Ae). The influence of conditions of illumination upon the values of Ac and Ae was comparatively low. The data obtained are used to discuss problems of phosphorus balance and dynamics in coral reef ecosystems.

Randomized trial comparing cisplatin with radioactive phosphorus or whole-abdomen irradiation as adjuvant treatment of Ovarian cancer

In this study, 347 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer without residual tumor after primary laparotomy, were assigned randomly to receive either intraperitoneal instillation of radioactive phosphorus (32P) or six courses of cisplatin (50 mg/m2). Patients randomized to receive 32P with extensive intraperitoneal adhesions were treated with whole-abdomen irradiation instead of 32P (n = 28). The median follow-up was 62 months. Crude and disease-free survival were similar in all groups. Late bowel complications occurred more often in patients treated with 32P compared with the cisplatin group. The estimated 5-year crude survival rate was as high as 95% in patients with borderline or well-differentiated tumors in Stage I. It is suggested that these patients can be treated adequately by operation alone. Patients with moderately or poorly differentiated cancers in Stage I disease had a 5-year crude survival rate of 75%. In these patients, the relapse risk was high enough to warrant postoperative treatment. The efficacy of adjuvant treatment in this subgroup of patients can only be established in a prospective randomized study comparing postoperative adjuvant treatment with a no-treatment arm. Because of the high number of late bowel complications after 32P treatment, it was recommended that cisplatin be used as standard adjuvant treatment for subsequent controlled studies.

Remission may continue after termination of rIFNα ‐2b treatment for essential thrombocythemia

Essential thrombocythemia, a myeloproliferative disorder of clonal origin, is often associated with various clinical manifestations resulting from thromboembolic or hemorrhagic complications. The long-established successful method of treatment with cytotoxic agents or radioactive phosphorus has recently been superseded by interferon alpha. We treated 14 symptomatic patients with 5 x 10(6) IU recombinant interferon alpha-2b s.c. daily. 12/14 pts responded within 14-75 days. When platelet counts decreased to below 450 g/l the frequency of administration was reduced stepwise. 7 patients remained in CR during this reduction phase and treatment was stopped in 5 pts after 12-32 months. Until now, 3 of them are still in continuous good PR without any drug therapy and free of symptoms for 3+, 19+ and 36+ months. Continuous response during maintenance was associated with age, initial platelet count and time required to reduce platelet counts to less than 450 g/l.

Stage II carcinoma of the ovary: An analysis of survival after comprehensive surgical staging and adjuvant therapy

Ninety-three women with FIGO stage II epithelial ovarian carcinoma underwent comprehensive surgical staging and were randomized prospectively to therapy consisting of either intraperitoneal radioactive phosphorus or oral melphalan. No patient had gross residual disease at the time of randomization. Ten of the forty-five women treated with melphalan experienced severe bone marrow depression at some time during therapy and two women expired from leukemia. Four of the forty-eight women treated with intraperitoneal phosphorus required surgical reexploration for intestinal obstruction or bowel injury. Twenty-one women died of their disease. Survival was not statistically different between the two treatment arms. The 5-year actuarial survival was 78%.

Trombocitemia essencial. Terapêutica com alfa interferão.

A clinical case of essential thrombocythaemia is presented to demonstrate good therapeutic response to subcutaneous Alpha-2b Interferon in a dosage of 3 x 10(6) units, three times a week. Based on this case and on a literature research we propose that Alpha-2b Interferon is a legitimate alternative to alkylating agents or radioactive phosphorus (32P), showing identical efficacy and less Leukemogen effect.

Polycythaemia and neuroblastoma

The treatment of primary proliferative polycythaemia (polycythaemia rubra vera) may include radioactive phosphorus (P32) in conjunction with venesection. Acute leukaemia or carcinoma can be associated with the use of P32. We present a case of primary proliferative polycythaemia treated by repeat venesection together with P32 whose follow-up was complicated by the development of malignant neuroblastoma.