Radio Package Research Articles

The multiview observatory for solar terrestrial science (MOST)

We report on a study of the Multiview Observatory for Solar Terrestrial Science (MOST) mission that will provide comprehensive imagery and time series data needed to understand the magnetic connection between the solar interior and the solar atmosphere/inner heliosphere. MOST will build upon the successes of SOHO and STEREO missions with new views of the Sun and enhanced instrument capabilities. This article is based on a study conducted at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center that determined the required instrument refinement, spacecraft accommodation, launch configuration, and flight dynamics for mission success. MOST is envisioned as the next generation great observatory positioned to obtain three-dimensional information of large-scale heliospheric structures such as coronal mass ejections, stream interaction regions, and the solar wind itself. The MOST mission consists of 2 pairs of spacecraft located in the vicinity of Sun-Earth Lagrange points L4 (MOST1, MOST3) and L5 (MOST2 and MOST4). The spacecraft stationed at L4 (MOST1) and L5 (MOST2) will each carry seven remote-sensing and three in-situ instrument suites, including a novel radio package known as the Faraday Effect Tracker of Coronal and Heliospheric structures (FETCH). MOST3 and MOST4 will carry only the FETCH instruments and are positioned at variable locations along the Earth orbit up to 20° ahead of L4 and 20° behind L5, respectively. FETCH will have polarized radio transmitters and receivers on all four spacecraft to measure the magnetic content of solar wind structures propagating from the Sun to Earth using the Faraday rotation technique. The MOST mission will be able to sample the magnetized plasma throughout the Sun-Earth connected space during the mission lifetime over a solar cycle.

Beberapa Aplikasi Jaringan Komputer di Indonesia

Writing this paper aims to determine the aplication of computer networks in Indonesia. The method of writing using the methods of research library. Form the discusion, it can be concluded that some alternative concepts and implementations fo computer networks that exist in Indonesias. Concept / view developed here is not limited to tecnology standpoint but also socio-econimic aspects in particular on the aplication of a technology strategy to a comunity that relies on peoples’s own initiatives independently making it posible to develop Indonesia from below. The world of education and research generally use packet radio technology for operational costs are very cheap, in more detail will be presented several alternative technology that use radio package and reports for the various businesses are currently running, either to make their own aquipment needed such as 1200bps modem, the device is 56Kbps, transverrer and experiment for the relationship to other countries via the polar orbit satelite and satelite geostasionnary. The whore concept developed aiming to rivet the development of a national information system are autonomous and substaninable (sustainable)

An efficient and improved model for power theft detection in Pakistan

This paper describes an improved model for the monitoring of power used by a party such as household users and different industries in Pakistan. The power theft detection was done using the intelligent internet of things (IoT) service system for calculating the user's power simultaneously. The power meter catches a theft detection device that is instantly transmitted to the central system which compares both the data by means of microcontroller and if there is any difference found, it informs the power utility about the hooking, meter relief or theft activities happen. Information of the theft detection through the global mobile communications system is transmitted and notified theft is displayed on the terminal monitor or won. As a result, although consumers continue to use excess fuel, the customer's power supply is cut in the electricity boards segment. The general radio package module system sends central circuit and meter data via an internet protocol address to a web server. GSM's IoT based perception is used to monitor the power supply and billing information calculated with a microcontroller continuously with the determination of the electricity table area. With this unit, the duplicate user can be located at the rear of the electricity office with the power meter status.

USRP와 GNU Radio를 이용한 IEEE 802.15.4 물리 계층 소프트웨어 라디오 시스템 구현

Abstract In this paper, a software radio system, supporting the physical layer of IEEE 802.15.4 standard, has been developed using USRP(Universal Software Radio Peripheral) board and GNU Radio package of an open source development kit for software radio. The software radio system supports the standards of BPSK and OQPSK modulations for 868/915 MHz band and OQPSK modulation for 2.45 GHz band. To verify the operation of the developed system, it has been tested under the standard signals according to the frequency band and packet structures for the transmitting and re-ceiving operation. At 2.4 GHz, the Smart RF EV board and CC2430 modules are used to check the proper operation of the software radio system. The system performance test shows that the emission power spectrum, the eye-pattern, and PER(Packet Error Rate) meet the standard. It has been confirmed that the developed system supports the PHY layer of IEEE 802.15.4.Key words : IEEE 802.15.4, USN, SDR, USRP, GNU Radio . 서 론 USN(Ubiquatus Sensor Network)K;Š‚;‹<ŒŽ‹<, F‘9’“_ ”:•–`ag—˜u™_. ~<uUSN]š‰MIEEE 802.15 WPAN(Wireless Personal Area Network) ~›

Effects of Carrying Radio Transmitters on Energy Expenditure of Pacific Black Brant

We compared daily energy expenditure and body mass changes of captive yearling black brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) with and without backpack-mounted radio transmitters in a repeated measures design. Daily energy expenditure was estimated by continuously monitoring 0, consumption and CO2 production for 24 hours. Carrying transmitters had no effect on daily energy expenditure (P > 0.10) or mass loss (P > 0.3). We detected no temporal variation in daily energy expenditure after attachment of transmitters, an indication that any acclimation occurred within the first 24 hours. Because experimental birds were confined to a small (45 x 60 x 74 cm) chamber during metabolism measurements, our results do not address the influence of transmitters on the cost of locomotion. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 54(1):42-45 Radio telemetry has played a significant role in studies of waterfowl movements (Ringelman and Longcore 1982) and of mortality (Ball et al. 1975). However, results of studies relying on radio telemetry may be biased if the radio packages influence the individuals carrying them. Changes in waterfowl behavior have been associated with the application of radio packages (Gilmer et al. 1974), and Gilmer et al. (1974) detected an increased recovery rate for birds carrying radios compared to normally banded controls. However, Gilmer et al. (1974) could not separate the effects of harvest rate from a potentially higher reporting rate for radiomarked birds. Survival rate may be affected by application of radio packages if the energy budgets of marked individuals are sufficiently altered by the packages and harnesses. Such changes in energy budgets could result from behavioral changes (e.g., time spent feeding), changes in the costs of locomotion, including work required to carry the mass of the radio packages, or changes in metabolism associated with the stress of carrying a radio package. For example, birds secrete corticosterone in response to short term stressors, such as handling (Wingfield et al. 1982), and chronic factors such as social environment or climate (Assenmacher 1973, Wingfield et al. 1982). Corticosterone has a marked influence on metabolism (Assenmacher 1973) and, therefore, potentially on energy balance. No study has assessed the impact of carrying radio transmitters on daily energy expenditure of waterfowl. We had 2 goals: (1) assess whether attachment of backpack-mounted radio transmitters increased metabolic rate, and (2) determine whether black brant acclimated after attachment of transmitters, causing a temporal pattern in metabolic rate. To achieve our goals, metabolic rate was monitored periodically before application of radio transmitters and from 1 to 35 days after attachment. Our study does not address changes in energy expenditure associated with increased locomotory costs (Gessaman and Nagy 1988) in free-living black brant because our measurements were made on brant confined to metabolism cages. Black brant were reared in their natal areas during studies supported by the Alaska Fish and Wildlife Research Center and Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. We thank M. R. Peterson, P. L. Flint, and K. Laing for assistance in rearing goslings in the field. N. A. Gundlach assisted with maintenance of brant in Fairbanks. K. J. Kokjer provided essential help with the maintenance of the data acquisition system. M. C. Perry, K. L. Parker, and K. J. Reinecke provided very constructive comments on the manuscript. Funding was provided by the Alaska Fish and Wildlife

Climbing Performance of Harris’ Hawks (Parabuteo Unicinctus) With Added Load: Implications for Muscle Mechanics and for Radiotracking

ABSTRACT Two Harris’ hawks were trained to fly along horizontal and climbing flight paths, while carrying loads of various masses, to provide data for estimating available muscle power during short flights. The body mass of both hawks was about 920g, and they were able to carry loads up to 630 g in horizontal flight. The rate of climb decreased with increasing all-up mass, as also did the climbing power (product of weight and rate of climb). Various assumptions about the aerodynamic power in low-speed climbs led to estimates of the maximum power output of the flight muscles ranging from 41 to 46 W. This, in turn, would imply a stress during shortening of around 210 kPa. The effects of a radio package on a bird that is raising young should be considered in relation to the food load that the forager can normally carry, rather than in relation to its body mass.

Reproductive Parameters of Wild Turkey Hens in North Missouri

Reproductive parameters of eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) were studied on a 52-km2 area in north Missouri during 1981, 1982, 1984, and 1985. Nest success, hen success, nesting rates, clutch size, fate of nests, and poult mortality were estimated from a sample of 127 radio-instrumented hens. Nesting success and hen success were highly variable among years. Average nest success was 30.6% with hen success averaging 37.8%. Few differences were detected between adult and subadult hens in nest success or hen success. Predation was the major cause of nest losses. Renesting rates averaged 55.0% in 1981, 1982, and 1985; but only 14.0% following a late spring in 1984. Both renesting rate and nesting chronology appeared to be affected by early spring temperatures. Poult mortality averaged 61.9% at 4 weeks post-hatch. Reproductive success in this study was lower than has been reported elsewhere in the subspecies range. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 51(3):535-540 Reproductive parameters of recently reintroduced eastern wild turkey populations have been studied extensively (Eichholz and Marchinton 1975, Little and Varland 1981, Clark 1985, Miller et al. 1985). Reproductive success and nesting ecology also have been examined in indigenous turkey populations in the south (Williams et al. 1968, Hon et al. 1978, Everett et al. 1980, Metzler and Speake 1985, Speake et al. 1985). Porter (1978) investigated reproduction in an established, but rapidly expanding, turkey population in Minnesota, the northern boundary of the eastern wild turkey range. To date no studies have reported reproductive parameters from stable turkey populations in the Midwest. Eastern wild turkey densities in this region of the country are among the highest reported for the species, exceeding 30 birds/ km2 of timber (Kurzejeski et al. 1987). Effective management of these populations requires quantitative estimates of reproductive success and poult mortality. The purpose of this paper is to report reproductive parameters and poult mortality estimates for an established wild turkey population in north Missouri, and to examine the relationship between yearly breeding chronology and temperatures. Assistance was provided by E. A. Keyser, J. S. Fleming, B. J. Otten, D. J. Newswanger, and K. C. Ehlers. E. R. Jayne, C. J. Scriven, M. E. Wade, C. Turner and numerous others provided access to their private lands that was essential in conducting this study. G. S. Olson and S. L. Sheriff assisted with data analyses. Partial funding for this study was provided by the State Chap. and local chapters of the Natl. Wild Turkey Fed., and by the Fed. Aid Wildl. Restor. Act, under Pittman-Robertson Proj. W-13-R. The Wildl. Res. secretarial staff typed drafts of this manuscript. K. C. Sadler reviewed the manuscript. STUDY AREA AND METHODS Wild turkey hens were captured using cannon nets during 4 winters (1980-81, 1981-82, 198384, and 1984-85). Each hen was aged (subad or ad), instrumented, and released at the capture site. A 140-g mortality-sensitive radio package, operating on 164-165 MHz band, was attached using a back-pack harness. The radio package was powered by a lithium battery with an expected life of 24 months. Instrumented hens were monitored daily on a 52-km2 study area about 8 km west of Kirksville in Adair County, Missouri. A more detailed description of the study area can be found in Kurzejeski et al. (1987). We monitored hens using an ATS programmable-scanning receiver and a 4-element handheld Yagi antenna. Prior to 1 April, mortality was monitored daily by taking single readings. Beginning 1 April, triangulation occurred daily. Highly localized movements were assumed to be indicative of nest initiation (Porter 1978:61).

Survival of Wild Turkey Hens in North Missouri

Survival and cause-specific mortality of wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) hens were investigated in north Missouri during 1984-85. Survival estimates and distributions were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier product-limit method from a sample of 60 radio-marked hens. The annual survival rate was 0.435 ? 0.073. Predation and poaching were the major causes of mortality, accounting for 54.9 and 38.7% of the losses, respectively. Legal fall harvest was responsible for only 3.2% of the deaths and was considered a minor cause of mortality. Seasonal losses were highest during spring. Forty-two percent of the illegal hen kills occurred during the spring gobbler season. Survival probabilities with poaching or predation as the only source of mortality followed similar patterns. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 51(1):188-193 Wild turkey populations in the mixed timber-agricultural regions of the Midwest have been reported to exceed 30 birds/km2 of timber (Hanson 1984, Lewis and Kurzejeski 1984). Effective management of these populations requires quantitative data on hen turkey survival. Radio-telemetry data have been used to examine survival in reintroduced turkey populations (Swank et al. 1985), expanding turkey populations (Porter 1978), and indigenous turkey populations in the traditional southern range (Everett et al. 1980, Holbrook and Vaughan 1985). Data on survival rates and causes of turkey mortality are scarce, and estimates of hen wild turkey survival are lacking for established populations in the Midwest. Estimates of hen turkey survival are important in the formulation of fall harvest recommendations and as an indication of reproductive potential. Furthermore, determining seasonal and cause-specific survival provides inference as to the relative importance of natural, illegal, and where appropriate, legal harvest mortality. The objectives of this study were to determine annual and seasonal survival and causes of mortality for hen wild turkeys in north Missouri during March 1984-March 1985. We thank V. L. Kimmel for coordinating and conducting the fieldwork, and E. A. Keyser, J. S. Fleming, D. J. Neuswanger, and B. J. Otten for assistance in trapping turkeys. C. J. Scriven, M. E. Wade, C. Turner, E. R. Jayne, and numerous others provided access to their private lands that was essential in conducting this study. S. R. Winterstein, C. Bunck, and S. L. Sheriff provided assistance with data analyses. Partial funding for this study was provided by the Mo. State Chapter and various local chapters of the Natl. Wild Turkey Fed. This study also was supported, in part, by funds supplied by the Fed. Aid to Wildl. Restor. Act, under PittmanRobertson Proj. W-13-R-38. S. S. Sapp typed drafts of the manuscript. The manuscript was reviewed by K. C. Sadler, O. A. Torgerson, R. W. Cannon, S. R. Winterstein, and L. M. Smith. STUDY AREA AND METHODS Hen wild turkeys were captured, radio instrumented, and released in a 52-km2 area in Adair County, Missouri, about 8 km west of Kirksville. The topography is rolling with elevations ranging from 226 to 297 m. Forested land comprises 59.6% of the area. Agricultural lands comprise the remainder, with 16.2% of the area in row crops and 24.2% in pasture. The timber component is 2nd growth oak (Quercus spp.) and hickory (Carya spp.) predominated by pole-sized stands. The floodplain of the Chariton River, which bisects the study area, contains a majority of the cropland. The upland portions of the area are a mosaic of timber interspersed with pastures and hayfields. Trapping was conducted using cannon nets during 2 periods (1 Aug-15 Oct 1983 and 1 Jan-13 Mar 1984). Hens were aged, radio instrumented, and released at the capture site. Transmitters were attached using a backpack harness. The 140-g radio package included a

Reproduction and Survival of Radio-Marked Hen Ring-Necked Pheasants in Illinois

Reproduction and Survival of Radio-Marked Hen Ring-Necked Pheasants in Illinois

Effects of Radio-Tagging on Breeding Behavior of Mourning Doves

Cooing rates of captive unmated male mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) decreased markedly during a 2-day adjustment period following radio-tagging. In 4 of 7 experimental trials, cooing rates returned to previous levels by the 3rd day. In the other 3 trials cooing rates remained low, but dominance problems related to penning may have been a factor. In 4 of 6 experimental trials, captive radio-tagged males successfully paired with introduced females and began nesting. In the wild, 2 of 5 unmated radiotagged males successfully paired. Cooing rates of free-flying unmated radio-tagged males were comparable to those of back-tagged males in previous studies (8.7 vs. 8.2-8.9 coos/3 min). Based on 12 experimental trials and observations of 24 free-flying radio-tagged doves (both sexes), radio-tagging did not adversely affect previously established pair bonds. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 45(2):428-434 Radiotelemetry has been used extensively in avian research, but few thorough evaluations of effects of radio packages on behavior have been made. Inferences usually are drawn from field observations, although some have been based on controlled experiments; reported effects varied greatly with the species studied. Major studies include Ramakka's (1972) findings that radio-tagging resulted in reduced courtship and atypical breeding behavior in male woodcock (Philohela minor). In controlled experiments, captive red grouse (Lagopus 1. scoticus) consumed less food and were less active following radio-tagging (Boag 1972); however, breeding performance was not affected if radio packages were attached late in incubation (Lance and Watson 1977). Female willow grouse (L. 1. lagopus) adapted to the radio package and incubated and hatched their eggs normally (Erikstad 1979). In an experimental study, Greenwood and Sargeant (1973) observed that radio-tagged mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) and bluewinged teal (A. discors) preened more than controls and exhibited a partial aversion to swimming. However, Gilmer et al. (1974) believed that social and breeding behaviors of instrumented mallards and wood ducks (Aix sponsa) were not adversely affected by radio packages. This study evaluated the effects of radio-tagging on the breeding behavior of mourning doves based upon controlled experiments with penned birds and observations of free-flying radio-tagged doves. We thank M. A. Parker and L. L. Wollard for technical aid; S. S. Clark, E. K. Fritzell, and F. B. Samson for editorial suggestions; and K. C. Sadler for advice and administrative support. METHODS AND MATERIALS Pen studies were conducted from May to August 1976-78. Three experiments 1Contribution from the Missouri Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Wildlife Management Institute, Missouri Department of Conservation, and University of Missouri, cooperating). Research was funded by the Accelerated Research Program for Migratory Shore and Upland Game Birds, Contract USDI 14-160008-2091, administered by the Missouri Department of Conservation through agreement with the University of Missouri. Work was supported in part by Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station Projects 182 and 184; this is Journal Series paper 8441. 428 J. Wildl. Manage. 45(2):1981 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.112 on Mon, 03 Oct 2016 05:08:23 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms RADIO-TAGGING BREEDING MOURNING DOVES* Sayre et al. 429 were designed to evaluate behavioral effects associated with radio-tagging during different stages of pairing or nesting.

Effects of Radio Packages on Wild Ducks

A total of 211 wild, free-flying mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and wood ducks (Aix sponsa) were equipped with breast-mounted radio packages during the breeding seasons of 1968-72. Known predation loss was 7.6 and 12.0 percent for mallards and wood ducks, respectively; 60 percent occurred within 3 weeks of instrumentation. The highest predation rate for mallards was 0.0048 kills per tracking day and 0.0136 for wood ducks. A higher direct recovery rate for instrumented birds (19.5 percent) than noninstrumented birds (8.1 percent) was probably due to the novelty of the transmitter to hunters. Departure patterns and locations of direct recoveries were similar between radio-equipped and normalbanded birds. Among female wood ducks with radios, recovery rates were lower than expected. Hunters indicated that 84 percent of the instrumented ducks recovered were in good or excellent condition. Recaptures of ducks as long as 1 year after being equipped with radio packages indicated that feather wear and skin abrasion were not serious. A high rate for feeding on land by instrumented mallards was probably due to our ability to more easily locate and observe these birds in cover. Preening rates were higher for instrumented ducks. As the birds became adjusted to the package, preening decreased and feeding on water increased. Social and breeding behavior of instrumented ducks did not appear to be adversely affected by the radio package. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 38(2):243-252 Radiotracking techniques are widely used in wildlife studies (Schladweiler and Ball 1968, Will and Patric 1972); however, the effects of radio packages (transmitter, battery, and harness) on behavior and survival of marked animals are poorly understood. It is difficult to make comparisons with controls because the same factors that dictate the use of telemetry often preclude gathering data on unmarked animals. Several studies have been undertaken to evaluate the effects of radio packages on the behavior and physical condition of instrumented birds. Johnson (1971) legbanded and released 785, 11-week-old male ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus); 393 were equipped with radiopackages in which transmitter and battery were simulated. He concluded from reported recoveries and bag checks that the radio packages did not affect the survival, dispersal, or growth rates of marked birds. Boag (1972) evaluated effects of radio packages on the behavior of 13 male and 7 female pen-reared captive red grouse (Lagopus 1. scoticus). He reported that food consumption of females was significantly reduced during the first 6 days after attachment of radio packages and that activity levels were reduced in both sexes for approximately 2 weeks. Habitat choice did not differ between radio-equipped and unmarked grouse. Greenwood and Sargeant (1973) measured the effect of back-mounted radio packages on the physical condition of 60 pen-reared captive mallards and bluewinged teals (Anas discors). Birds equipped with radio packages lost more weight than did controls. Feather wear and skin irritation occurred on nearly all marked individuals. Periodic observations suggested that treated birds preened more than control birds and exhibited a partial aversion to swimming. 'Present address: U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, North Dakota 58401. J. Wildl. Manage. 38 (2):1974 243 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.153 on Mon, 19 Sep 2016 05:05:33 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 244 EFFECTS OF RADIOS ON WILD DUCKS * Gilmer et al. Table 1. Adult mallards and wood ducks radio-equipped on the Chippewa National Forest study area in north-central Minnesota, 1968-72.

A 72-channel Radio system for toll telephone service

TO FILL A GROWING DEMAND for a medium channel capacity microwave equipment tailored to toll telephone service, the Type 72B radio package has been developed. Requirements placed on this design have been: (a) wire line reliability; (b) toll-quality performance on noise and crosstalk; (c) integration into the telephone plant; and (d) adaptability to existing wire line carrier systems.