Radio Interface Research Articles

A Contemporary Research on Perceptual Expert System for Medical Diagnosis through Neural Dust Sensor

Abstract In the past few years many researches have been dedicated towards Neural dust sensor such as Deep Brain Simulation (DBS), Brain Machine interface (BMI), Ultrasonic backscattering system and so on. Mainly the Brain-Machine Interface is considered as the neural interface system that can be usable for a lifetime and to increase the life span of the sensor with the implementation of wireless electromagnetic neural interface. By implementing all this to detect the blood clot in human brain and to reduce the blood clot using ultrasonic waves and further other implementation in medical field. And, Neural Dust sensor is considered as the central nervous system of a particular system. This study aims to provide a review on usage of neural dust sensor in medical diagnosis.

ABE-Stat, a Fully Open-Source and Versatile Wireless Potentiostat Project Including Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

Exciting discoveries in material science and molecular interactions are resulting in many promising electrochemical biosensor technologies. Compact, high-quality instrumentation is critical to adaptation of these new technologies especially for distributed applications in the agriculture and food industries. To this end, we have developed ABE-Stat, a fully open-source, battery-powered potentiostat project including a wireless Android interface. ABE-Stat is capable of conducting routine electrochemical analyses including cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), high impedance potentiometric measurements, and can connect directly to the internet through WiFi or indirectly through the Android interface. Importantly it is the first fully open-source potentiostat capable of evaluating electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) across a wide frequency spectrum (0.1 Hz to 100 kHz) with user selectable amplitude and bias. Current noise was observed to be over an order of magnitude larger than the nominal resolution of the embedded 24-bit analog to digital converter (ADC), but were largely consistent with the actual ADC specifications. In this manuscript we share detailed documentation for ABE-Stat including hardware design and source code, and evaluation of the performance of all avaiable analyses. We also suggest design improvements that could improve the noise performance of ABE-Stat and consistency of EIS measurements across the spectrum.

Multi-Band Propagation and Radio Channel Characterization in Street Canyon Scenarios for 5G and Beyond

Radio access at mm-waves has been subject of intensive research in the latest years. However, within the initial deployment of 5G, mm-waves are still relegated and there is a generalized idea that the mm-wave channel for radio access, in comparison to the sub-6 GHz channel, is not only sparse but also troublesome for outdoor applications. In the present paper we introduce simultaneous multi-band measurements comparing the sub-6 GHz with the mm-waves channel at 30 GHz and 60 GHz in street canyon scenarios using the same measurement equipment in Germany and Japan. An analysis on the propagation and radio channel characteristics shows that the mm-waves channel offers similar opportunities as the sub-6 GHz. Consequently, the challenge relies on the design of an adequate radio interface matching the channel characteristics. In that regard, aspects as the location of clusters and spatial consistency gain importance within geometry-based stochastic channel models (GBSCMs). The analysis of the large-scale parameters (LSPs) has shown a large influence of the geometry of the scenario on the channel, encouraging the introduction of deterministic modelling components within GBSCMs targeting these scenarios.

Enabling Flexible Link Capacity for eCPRI-Based Fronthaul With Load-Adaptive Quantization Resolution

Bandwidth-efficient 5G optical fronthaul interfaces, such as the Ethernet-based common public radio interface (eCPRI), with novel low layer split (LLS) are being actively investigated. Regarding the uplink eCPRI, the burdened wireless resource blocks (RBs) are delivered and the traffic aggregation is leveraged; therefore, the eCPRI traffic is highly dynamic depending on the time-varying mobile traffic load. This dynamic property will lower the average fiber link utilization and complicate the sizing of link bandwidth for the deployment of low-latency fronthaul. To tackle this issue, we propose a load-adaptive quantization resolution scheme that enables elastic fronthaul capacity. By adjusting the quantization resolution of the resource elements in RBs, the fronthaul link capacity, measured by the amount of bearable RBs, can be scaled to fit the mobile traffic load. Specifically, a full resolution is applied during low-load period, while for high-load case, to boost the link capacity, a stringent resolution is performed by removing the least significant quantization bits (LSQBs). Besides, to minimize the signal fidelity deterioration caused by the decline of resolution, the resolution redundancy is evaluated based on the detected wireless signal quality at central unit, and the location of LSQBs is fed back to the radio unit through the eCPRI control plane. With the enhanced link flexibility, the required fronthaul bandwidth can be significantly reduced, while the user experience is barely compromised. Based on our developed low-MAC and PHY-layer wireless system model following 3GPP specifications and the 25-Gb/λ experimental fiber transmission, the bandwidth of eCPRI user data can be saved by 40%.

Analysis of 5G New Radio Uplink Signals on an Analogue-RoF System Based on DSP-Assisted Channel Aggregation

The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is in the process of developing 5th generation (5G) radio access technology, the so-called new radio (NR). The aim is to achieve the performance requirements forIMT-2020 radio interface technology. In this paper, we focus on the analysis of the transmission of 5G NR uplink physical channels, such as physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) and physical uplink control channel (PUCCH), dedicated for data and control channels, respectively, as specified in the 3GPP standard, using digital signal processing (DSP)-assisted frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and time division multiple access (TDMA) channel aggregation techniques on an analogue radio-over-fiber (A-RoF) architecture. We verified that there is ~34% spectral efficiency gain and lower error vector magnitude (EVM) achieved using the TDMA technique.

Silicon photonics traveling wave photodiode with integrated star coupler for high-linearity mm-wave applications.

Next-generation wireless communication will require increasingly faster data links. To achieve those higher data rates, the shift towards mmWave frequencies and smaller cell sizes will play a major role. Radio-over-Fiber has been proposed as a possible architecture to allow for this shift but is nowadays typically implemented digitally, as CPRI (Common Public Radio Interface). Centralization will be important to keep next-generation architectures cost-effective and therefore shared optical amplification at the central office could be preferable. Unfortunately, limited power handling capabilities of photodetectors still hinder the shift towards centralized optical amplification. Traveling wave photodetectors (TWPDs) have been devised to allow for high-linearity, high-speed opto-electronic conversion. In this paper, an architecture is discussed consisting of such a TWPD implemented on the iSiPP25G silicon photonics platform. A monolithically integrated star coupler is added in the design to provide compact power distribution while preserving the high linearity of the TWPD. The traveling wave structure (using 16 photodetectors) has a measured 3 dB bandwidth of 27.5 GHz and a fairly flat S21 up to 50 GHz (less than 1 dB extra loss). Furthermore, the output referred third-order intercept point at 28 GHz, is improved from -1.79 dBm for a single Ge photodiode to 20.98 dBm by adopting the traveling wave design.

A Study of the Extremum of the Total Energy of the Selective Signals Constructed by Quadratic Splines

The development of mobile communication networks in the direction of 5G networks implies the use of the radio interface that is based on new signal-code structures, the choice of which will determine their further development and the ability of operators to provide innovative services. The use of quadratic splines for the synthesis of selective signals with a finite spectrum, free from intersymbol interference, is proposed. An analytical expression for the synthesized signal in the time and frequency domains is obtained. A study was made of the dependence of the total energy of a selective signal on the parameters of a quadratic spline, which is used to interpolate the spectral density in the transition region using the methods of differential calculus of functions of several variables. To study the extremum of the total energy of a selective signal, the parameters of the width of the transition area α was used and the coefficient of rounding the spectrum ρ, the variation of whose spectral density allowed us to establish the limits of the change in the total energy of the signal in question. Conducted studies allow us to synthesize the signal and formulate recommendations on how by changing the parameters of the signal, you can get a signal with the desired properties. This will allow to obtain the optimal waveform in accordance with the selected criteria, providing for the required energy performance of the signal in the radio interface of 5G networks.

5G and Beyond: Smart Devices as Part of the Network Fabric

5G networks mainly rely on infrastructure-centric cellular solutions to address data traffic and service demands. Continuously scaling infrastructure-centric cellular networks is not exempt of challenges, and beyond 5G networks should consider the active coexistence and coordination of infrastructure-centric and device-centric wireless networks. Device-centric wireless networks will build from D2D and MCNs. Device-centric wireless networks can push the limits of edge computing and networking to smart devices (including smartphones, vehicles, machines and robots), and exploit their mobile computing, storage and connectivity capabilities. These capabilities can be more efficiently utilized using demand-driven opportunistic networking that establishes the connections between devices and nodes based on their capacity to support the requested demand and services. This paper presents results from experimental field tests that demonstrate the cellular spectral efficiency gains that can be achieved from the combined use of device-centric wireless communications and demand-driven opportunistic networking. The field trials demonstrate that these technologies can improve the cellular spectral efficiency of conventional cellular communications by up to a factor of 4.7 and 12 in outdoor pedestrian and vehicular scenarios, respectively. These gains have been obtained using 4G and IEEE 802.11 technologies. However, the potential of device-centric wireless networks is not constrained to any particular radio interface. The results presented in this paper provide empirical evidences that further motivate progressing towards a new paradigm where edge networking capabilities are moved to smart mobile devices that become part of the network fabric, and can opportunistically and locally integrate network management functions to ensure that sufficient resources are placed where the demand arises.

C-RAN Traffic Aggregation on Latency-Controlled Ethernet Links

Centralized/Cloud Radio Access Networks (C-RAN) are deployed in converged fixed-mobile networks to exploit the flexibility coming from joint application of Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and Software Defined Networking (SDN). In this context, optical links connecting C-RAN nodes, possibly based on the Ethernet standards, may carry traffic with different requirements in terms of latency and throughput. This paper considers the problem of traffic aggregation on C-RAN optical Ethernet links with latency control for fronthaul traffic and throughput capability for backhaul traffic. Integrated hybrid network technique is applied to show how time transparency can be enforced for Ethernet encapsulated Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI) traffic while allowing statistical multiplexing of backhaul traffic. Simulation results show the effectiveness of segmentation of backhaul traffic to allow exploitation of the available bandwidth even with high capacity CPRI options.

System of Monitoring and Guidance of Autonomous Vehicles based on Machine Vision

Objectives: To describe the design and implementation of an autonomous vehicle monitoring and guidance system (AGV) based on machine vision. Methods/Analysis: The design of each of the modules was established: Machine vision that obtains the position, orientation and identification of each AGV from the recognition of the detector codes. The wireless communication interface from the use of the Xbee module and that establishes the communication between the AGVs and the central host. And the central controller makes the decision of the host for each AGV as the control of traffic and movement. Findings: For each of these modules the relevant tests were carried out in 3 stages in which the first one tested the HMI that allows the user to control the whole system. The second stage tests were performed on each of the modules for one and two cameras, and the last stage examines the behavior of the complete system from the data obtained from the second stage. Improvements: By using a better resolution camera the system can operate with better results. Keywords: Detector Code, Host, Machine Vision, Wireless Communication, AGV

5G features from operation perspective and fundamental performance validation by field trial

The fast deployment and penetration of 4G has cultivated human behaviors on mobile data consumption, leading to explosive growth in mobile traffic and stimulating new requirements on the capabilities of mobile networks. To meet the requirements of mobile networks toward year 2020, the next generation of mobile networks (termed as IMT-2020, or 5G) is designed to support 100 Mbps-1 Gbps user-experienced data rate, 1 ms radio transmission latency, and 1 million connections per square kilometer. Recalling the vision and requirements of 5G targeting for commercial launch in 2020, this article overviews the key features of 5G and compares with those of 4G, and reports the world first field trials conducted to validate the key performance of 5G radio interface in 3.5 GHz band. The trial results show that a 1 ms transmission latency and 1 Gbps data rate are achievable.

INTEGRATED SYSTEM FOR SPOTTING THE FALLS OF BALLISTIC ARTILLERY SHELLS AND MISSILES

A system monitoring the falls of artillery projectiles within the area of live firings consists of detectors, separated by distances no larger than 50 m in the ground and 100 m in water, having a single core microcomputer with GPS localiser, radio link interface and a powering battery. For this reason a data transmitter is placed near the area and a receiver of transferred data and a computer with the software for visualisation of projectile impact sites is placed on a centre for controlling (commanding) and evaluating the results of firing. The managing software reconstructs an event and its position and displays it in the real time into the picture of the area shown on the monitor by analysing the data received from detectors in the form of compressed records of digital data. The received data can be used for verification and evaluation of performed firing assignments.

Spectrally efficient digital mobile fronthaul with discrete cosine transform and multi-band quantization.

A spectrally efficient digital mobile fronthaul (MFH) with discrete cosine transform and multi-band quantization (DCT-MBQ) is first proposed and experimentally demonstrated. In this approach, the baseband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols are segmented into individual blocks and independently transformed by DCT to obtain a set of transform coefficients. Different from digitizing each OFDM sample with the same number of quantization bits (QBs) in previous digital MFH, MBQ is introduced to separately digitize different parts of the coefficients with different numbers of QBs according to the significance of these coefficients. Furthermore, the part of transform coefficients with little significance is discarded. Thus, the total number of required QBs for digitizing an OFDM symbol can be greatly reduced and, thereby, high bandwidth efficiency can be achieved. In the experiment, the proposed DCT-MBQ-based digital MFH transmission is demonstrated over a 25Gb/s four-level pulse amplitude modulation intensity modulation-direct detection optical link supporting up to 16×100 MHz 5G new radio carriers with 1024 QAM, achieving an error vector magnitude of 0.65%. The equivalent common public radio interface rates from 55 to 158Gb/s are supported.

5G standardization in ETSI

This article will introduce the reader to the process by which ETSI has focused on the creation of standards for 5G and how we have ensured that we can deliver on its potential. The article will detail the ETSI approach of creating building blocks for 5G systems—that both support and go beyond 3GPP aspects. ETSI’s work on Network Functions Virtualisation, Multi-access Edge Computing and Zero Touch Network & Service Management are examples of how ETSI is acting as an incubator and an accelerator of key 5G solutions. We will consider how the 3GPP Radio group settled on a new 5G radio interface and what that means. The role of the next generation core network is key, too, and we will look at how a Service Based Architecture and Network Slicing are being addressed. The 5G network will be a resource for new sectors and a new type of engagement in our standards work. This article will conclude with a look at how the concept of the ‘Internet of things’ has impacted ETSI.

SOD

A major concern for today’s smartphones is their much faster battery drain than traditional feature phones, despite their greater battery capacities. The difference is mainly contributed by those more powerful but also much more power-consuming smartphone components, such as the multi-core application processor and the high-definition (HD) display. While the application processor must be active when any smart apps are being used, it is also unnecessarily waken up, even during idle periods, to perform operations related to basic phone functions (i.e., incoming calls and text messages). In addition, the power-hungry HD display is also used unnecessarily for such basic functions. In this article, we investigate how to increase the battery life of smartphones by minimizing the use of application processor and HD display for operations related to basic functions. We find that the application processor is often waken up by a process running on it, called the Radio Interface Layer Daemon (RILD), which interfaces the user and apps to the GSM/LTE cellular network. In particular, we demonstrate that a great amount of energy could be saved if RILD is stopped, such that the application processor can sleep more often. Based on this key finding, we design a Smart On Demand (SOD) configuration that reduces the smartphone energy consumption by running RILD operations on a secondary low-power microcontroller and by using a secondary low-power display to interface the user with basic functions. As a result, basic phone functions can be handled at much lower energy costs and the power-consuming components, i.e., application processor and HD display, are waken up only when one needs to use any smart apps, in an on-demand manner. We have built a hardware prototype of SOD and evaluated it with real user traces. Our results show that SOD can increase its battery life by up to 2.5 more days.

Flexible and efficient hardware platform and architectures for waveform design and proof-of-concept in the context of 5G

Several technical contributions are emerging nowadays to fulfill the new requirements foreseen in the 5th generation (5G) of mobile communication systems. Among these contributions, different variants of waveform design are proposed for the new radio air interface as alternative to orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) adopted in 4G. However, in order to prove the feasibility and the benefits of the proposed waveforms, practical hardware implementations are necessary. This paper presents one of the first flexible and efficient hardware platforms for waveform design and proof-of-concept. The proposed platform constitutes a complete hardware/software development environment, with digital processing, radio frequency boards, and all associated interfaces for control, communication, and display. Furthermore, the proposed platform allows the support of several communication scenarios as foreseen in 5G. Promising waveform candidates are implemented, in addition to OFDM, with careful architectural choices to allow fair comparisons. Particularly, this paper presents novel hardware architectures for the UF-OFDM transmitter and receiver.

2-D quantization scheme utilizing SOFM neural network clustering for a DRoF system.

A two-dimensional (2-D) quantization scheme for the digitized radio-over-fiber (DRoF) transmission system is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. By using a self-organizing feature map (SOFM) neural network clustering method to implement the 2-D quantization, the spectral efficiency of the DRoF system can be effectively improved, and a better transmission performance is achieved. Compared with the conventional scalar quantization based on pulse code modulation in the common public radio interface, the sampled sequence is constructed as a 2-D array, and the SOFM neural network clustering method is employed to obtain an optimized quantization codebook, which can achieve a better error vector magnitude performance with the same quantization bits. In the experiments, the proposed scheme for the DRoF transmission is demonstrated in a 25km 5 Gbaud/λ four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) intensity modulation and direct detection optical link. For the 5G NR standard, carrier aggregations of 27, 20, 16, and 13 100MHz orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with 4, 16, 64, and 256 QAM at quantization bits per sample of 3, 4, 5, and 6 are successfully achieved, respectively.

Wireless Brain Computer Interface for Smart Home and Medical System

The number of aged and disabled people has been increasing worldwide. To look after these people is a big challenge in this era. However, scientists overcome the problems of handicapped people with the help of the latest communication technologies. The smart home and medical systems are a predominant concept in research and development, specially utilizing the brain-computer interface (BCI) technology to control the daily use appliances. BCI acquires the brain signals that transmit to a digital device for analyzing and interpreting into further command or action but this approach limits the communication range between the brain and the system and becomes bulky because of the wired interface of a brain with the system. Therefore, the main purpose of this research was to design and evaluate a system that empowered the immobilized, handicapped or elderly people to carry out their basic routine tasks wirelessly, for instance, operating home appliances and monitoring vital signs without any dependency. In addition, the subject should have a properly functioning brain and controlled with eye muscle movement. In this research work, wireless BCI (WBCI) technology that is a commercial electroencephalogram headset is used to control home and medical appliances such as a light bulb, a fan, a digital blood pressure monitor and an Infrared deep pain therapeutic belt for dependent people. An Android application is developed name “Smart Home Monitor” that monitors the data from the headset. The designed device is tested on younger (50-year-old) and older (> 50-year-old) individuals to achieve an attention level (0–100). The younger male reached attention level 74.78 within 26.20 s; quicker than younger female and older people. Overall, this research work is unique for the reason that it is suitable for all those people, whose brain and eye muscles are functional even if the rest of the body is paralyzed. This analysis evaluated WBCI device enables the system to be wireless, handy, portable and reliable. Thus, the whole system can be commercialized for immobilized or handicapped people to provide better care and facility at home. Especially, the disable people appreciated this system and want to see its implementation as soon as possible.

The EML as Analogue Radio-Over-Fiber Transceiver—A Coherent Homodyne Approach

Analogue radio-over-fiber schemes avoid transmission overhead as they dismiss digitization and processing of radio signals at head- and tail-end of the mobile optical fronthaul. Typically laid out following an intensity-modulation/direct-detection methodology, such systems do not scale well in terms of optical spectral efficiency and sensitivity. Here, I propose and experimentally demonstrate an opto-electronic engine for coherent homodyne radio-over-fiber transmission. The complexity is greatly reduced by relying on a cost-effective component that is well adopted in telecommunication and datacenter networks: the externally modulated laser (EML). Taking advantage of all-optical injection locking of its monolithic integrated laser section, homodyne reception is facilitated through the electro-absorption property of the EML. The radio carrier frequency is exactly translated between the electrical and the optical domain despite the use of coherent reception without additional signal processing. Using a commercial off-the-shelf EML device, a low error vector magnitude of 4.6% is achieved for radio-over-fiber transmission of a 100-MHz 64-ary quadrature amplitude modulated orthogonal frequency division multiplexed radio signal over a 27.5 km reach, 1:128 split fronthaul network. Extension to 1-GHz wideband radio signals is investigated. On top of this, full-duplex analogue radio-over-fiber transmission is implemented with a single EML through simultaneous use of its modulation property. Signal integrity can be retained through frequency division duplex, as it is evidenced by a small error vector magnitude penalty of 0.7% for downlink reception while transmitting a symmetric uplink radio signal with the same EML. With this, a cost-effective full-duplex radio-over-fiber solution based on a coherent analogue remote radio head interface with single fiber and single radio frequency port for its opto-electronics is provided.

Adaptive Energy Detection Based Solution for Fronthaul Problem in C-RAN

It hasbeen anticipated that the fifth generation (5G) wireless systems will deliver an efficient growth of the energy and spectral efficiency. To accomplish these goals, centralized radio access networks (C-RAN) is presented as the advanced wireless access networks paradigm with centralized baseband units (BBUs) and remote radio heads (RRHs). Although it is affected by Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI) limitations which requires high bandwidth for existing BBU/RRH interfaces. Moreover, the fronthaul links the BBU and RRH. But CPRI limits the deployment of C-RAN for fronthaul networking due to its fixed-rate fronthaul interface which transmit CPRI streams even in the absence of traffic load. However, this causes data transmission inefficient. So, the classical fronthauling method demands high bandwidth and the failure of fronthaul will cause losing a very high bandwidth. The purpose of this paper is to develop energy detection (ED) based algorithm which permits the secondary users to use the channel without interfering the primary users, so that the bandwidth in the fronthaul can be used in an efficient manner. A dynamic threshold with noise uncertainty based ED algorithm is proposed in this paper. It compares the fixed threshold with dynamic threshold by comparing probability of detection with probability of false alarm. Finally, by using this proposed algorithm, it can be concluded that performance of the probability of detection improves even with the presence of noise uncertainty.