Radicals In Body Research Articles

Oxidative stress indicators during peripartum uterine infection of buffaloes: A review

The transition of dairy animals from the period of pregnancy to next lactation considerably enhances the need for source of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and other nutrients for various metabolic activities. At the same time, the dry matter intake is generally decreased resulting to negative energy balance ultimately compromising the immunity, which leads to oxidative stress as a result of enhanced free radicals in body and makes the animal vulnerable to metabolic as well as infectious diseases. Diseases related to reproductive system especially uterine infections viz. endometritis, metritis during the peri partum period is the most widespread reason of infertility in dairy sector leading to enhancing the interval for uterine involution, occurrence of first oestrus, number of services/ conception and service period. The adverse effects on fertility of animal, health status and the treatment cost prove that uterine infections are considered as one of the most serious and expensive conditions, challenging the buffalo sector. Hence, current researchers aim to find some indicator molecules which will predict the diseases before their onset so that by managemental and nutritional interventions it can be minimised, further animal will suffer less, and better management and welfare will be achieved. The objective of this review article is to discuss about the occurrence of oxidative stress during peripartum period and the physical status of Murrah buffaloes during the said period by assessing the Nitric oxide (NO), Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) status.

Aktivitas Peredaman Ekstrak Daun Pandan Wangi (Pandanus amaryllifolius) dengan Metode DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil)

Background: Antioxidants are compounds that prevent an oxidation reaction from free radical compounds and important role in capturing free radicals in the human body. Excessive free radicals in the body can cause tissue damage and degenerative diseases. Pandanus amarillyfolius are known to act as natural antioxidant that have the potential to capture free radical compounds, because of their presence of flavonoid compounds. Objective: This study aims to determine the free radical scavenging activity of DPPH against the leaf extract of Pandanus amaryllifolius. Method: Pandanus amaryllifolius extraction was carried out using the maceration method with methanol as solvent (1:10). Concentration was carried out using a rotary evaporator to obtain a thick extract. Phytochemical screening and TLC test were carried out qualitatively using the mobile phase n-butanol: acetic acid: water (6:2:2) and phytochemical testing including flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids or terpenoids to determine the presence of flavonoid compounds as antioxidants. Free radical scavenging activity was tested using DPPH free radical scavenger with concentrations of vitamin C 2, 4, 5, 6, 8 ppm and pandanus fragrance extract concentrations of 10, 15, 20, 25 ppm and measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer to calculate the IC50 value. Result: The results of the phytochemical screening test of fragrant pandan indicate the presence of flavonoid compounds. The Rf value of the TLC test obtained 0.765 quarcetin and 0.787 extract and the resulting yellow spots, the Rf value of pandan extract which was almost the same as the Rf value of quercetin indicated that the pandan extract may contain the same compounds as quercetin, namely flavonoid compounds. The results of the free radical scavenging activity of methanol extract of pandan leaves were 86,861 g/ml and for comparison, vitamin C was 39,103 g/ml. Based on the statistical analysis of the T-Test, it is known that there is a difference between the sample and the standard with a significant value (p <0.05), namely 0.001 and 0.023. Conclusion: The Pandanus amaryllifolius extract test using the DPPH method is in the strong category (IC50 <50 -100 g/ml) and the comparison of Vitamin C is in the very strong category (IC50 <50 g/ml).

Multimodality Ayurveda Management of Beejashaya Granthi - A Lifestyle Disorder w.s.r to Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Polycystic ovarian syndrome is disorder that affects the whole life of a female, can begin in utero in genetically predisposed subjects, manifests clinically at puberty, and continues during the reproductive years. According to Ayurveda can be considered under Agni vaishamyajanya vikara and it can consider as Beeja kosha granthi. The basic concept of Ayurveda is Hetu-linga and Aushadha to make diagnosis and to cure this disorder. Excess Kapha dusthikara nidana overall causes Agnimandhya, then this causes Amotpatti (free radicals in body). Aam causes Artavavaha srotas rodha, these causes Dhatvagnimandhya and as a result Apachit ras dhatu and Uttarotara dhatu apachana leading to Meda dhatu dushti and Alpartava. Triphala and Guggulu act on Meda dhatu, Medohara in property. This proved to be act on adiponectin. 5-7% reduction in weight improves symptom of PCOS effectively. Pathya like Masha, Tila, Matsya, Kulatha, Udvisha, Dadhi, Sura, fruits helps in increasing the Agneyatwa of aartava dhatu. Organs involved in PCOS is ovary, adrenal gland, pancreas and pituitary gland, Agni of these organs are affected by modern stressful lifestyle. Ayurveda protocols of Dincharya, Ritucharya, Swastwrit, Acharya rasayan, Tri upsthambh- Aahara, Nidra and Bhrahmcharya, Shodhasha sanskara, Rajaswala paricharya, Garbhini paricharya, Sutika paricharya etc should be maintained for remaining disease free and to improve quality of life of a female, for making healthy female, healthy family and healthy nation.

Effect of Andaliman Fruit Extract (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) on The Liver of Tartrazine Induced Rat (Rattus norvegicus L.)

Effect of tartrazine as synthetic food coloring that is consumed for long time has a toxic effect by free radicals in large quantities creating an imbalance in body and triggering disturbances, namely liver function. Free radicals can be minimized with antioxidants so they can reduce free radicals in body. Antioxidants can be found in all types of plants, one of which is Andaliman fruit. The purpose of this study was to determine effect ethanol extract of Andaliman fruit on SGOT-SGPT levels and histology of tartrazine-induced white rats. The research design used 25 white rats with 5 treatments and 5 replications for 30 days. Negative control group induced by 1% CMC, positive control induced by tartrazine 15 mg/kg BW, treatment groups 1, 2, 3 induced by tartrazine 15 mg/kg BW and ethanol extract andaliman fruit 150 mg/kg BW, 300 mg/kg BW, and 450 mg/kg BW. The stages in this study were screening for phytochemicals, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity as well as measurement of SGOT-SGPT levels and observation of liver histology. Data were analyzed using one way Anova and Duncan's further test. Results showed that phytochemical screening of Andaliman fruit extract contained flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids and tannins. Total flavonoid content in extract was 7.8163 mgQE/g extract. And level antioxidant activity in the extract has an IC50 value of 102.35 ppm. The results of this study also showed that the extract had an effect on decreasing levels of SGOT-SGPT and could minimize liver histological damage after being induced by tartrazine. Keywords: Andaliman, tartrazine, SGOT-SGPT, liver histology

Evaluation of Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activity in Medicinal Herbs

Abstract: As the presence of excess free radicals in body can cause damage to the system and may lead to several diseases like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Cancer, Atherosclerosis and many more. Free radicals should be neutralized or eliminated out of the body. Apart from the antioxidants present in biological system natural antioxidants available from the diet help in the removal of free radicals from the body. Therefore, the antioxidants present in fruits, vegetables and medicinal herbs can be used to scavenge free radicals and treat the disorders due to oxidative stress. Five different medicinal herbs were collected locally to quantitate phytochemicals, antioxidant activity and inhibition of lipid, protein and sugar oxidation. Among the different samples, highest Phenolics, flavonoid and antioxidant activity was seen in aqueous extract of Ocimum basilicum. This study demonstrates that it can be used in nutraceuticals and can be a potential source of natural antioxidants to combat the free radical mediated diseases.

Anti-Diabetic and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Phlomis stewartii Plant Phytochemicals on Cigarette Smoke Inhalation and Alloxan-Induced Diabetes in Wistar Rats.

The generation of free radicals in body causes oxidative stress and consequently different metabolic disorders. There are numerous environmental and emotional factors that trigger free radical generation, cigarette smoke (CS) is one of them. In addition to free radical production, it also increases the risk of developing type II diabetes, cancer, and has adverse effects on other organs such as liver and kidneys. In the present study, extracts of leaves, flower, and whole plant of P. stewartii Hf. in methanol were analyzed using LC-ESI-MS and investigated for their cytotoxic properties against HepG2 cell line and CS alloxan-induced diabetes in Wistar albino rats model. A total of 24 rats were kept in aerated cage for eight weeks and exposed to CS following the administration of single dose of alloxan@140 mg/kg body weight at the end of six weeks to induce diabetes mellitus (DM). The cytotoxic activity of extracts against HepG2 was recorded in the order; leaves methanol (LM) > flower methanol (FM) and whole plant methanol (WPM). The IC50(1/4) values were in the order of 187 (LM) > 280 (FM) > 312 (WPM) µg/mL against HepG2. In positive control group, CS- and alloxan-induced diabetes significantly increased (p < 0.05) the level of alanine alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), low density lipoprotein (LDL), bilirubin, total protein, creatinine, uric acid, blood urea, globulin, total oxidant status (TOS), and malondialdehyde (MDA), as compared to negative control group. In conclusion, according to the results of this study, P. Stewartii methanol extracts showed good antioxidant, anticancer activity and worked well to recover the tested clinical parameters in CS/alloxan-induced diabetes animals, which indicated the extracts also possess good antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, and nephroprotective potential.

Functionalized Selenium Nanoparticles Synergizes With Metformin to Treat Breast Cancer Cells Through Regulation of Selenoproteins.

Owing to high blood sugar level and chronic inflammation, diabetes tend to cause the overproduction of free radicals in body, which will damage tissue and cells, reduce autoimmunity, and greatly increase the incidence of tumors. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) exhibit high antioxidant activity with anti-tumor ability. In addition, metformin is considered as a clinical drug commonly for the treatment of stage II diabetes. Therefore, in this study, different functionalized SeNPs combined with metformin were performed to detect the feasibility for cancer therapy. The combination of Tween 80 (TW80)-SeNPs and metformin was found to have a synergistic effect on MCF-7 cells. The mechanism of this synergistic effect involved in the induction of DNA damage by affecting the generation of reactive oxygen species through selenoproteins; the upregulation of DNA-damage-related proteins including p-ATM, p-ATR, and p38; the promotion of p21 expression; and the downregulation of cyclin-dependent kinases and cyclin-related proteins causing cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, the expression of AMPK was affected, which in turn to regulate the mitochondrial membrane potential to achieve the synergistic treatment effect.

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF PTEROCARPUS SANTALINUS L.F. PLANT PARTS

Objective: Oxidation is a normal process in many biological metabolisms in living beings, but in this technology era radiation, pollution, irregular life style, and unhealthy diet leads to excessive oxidation resulting in imbalance between antioxidants and free radicals in body called oxidative stress, which may result in cardiac problems, diabetes, and carcinogenic diseases. Therefore, exploration of natural antioxidants in flora and fauna is becoming important. In this motive a phytochemical study was taken up on various parts of Pterocarpus santalinus L.f. plant belonging to Leguminosae family to check the presence of antioxidant activity (AA).&#x0D; Methods: The leaves, flowers, fruits, and roots of this plant were extracted with six different organic solvents from polar to non-polar. To estimate the AA of these extracts, four types of antioxidant tests were done on them, namely, α, α – Diphenyl – β – Picryl - Hydrazyl free radical scavenging activity (DPPH RSA) assay, relative reducing power (RRP) assay, Ferric thiocyanate (FTC) assay, and β - carotene bleaching assay with Butylated Hydroxy Toluene (BHT) as synthetic standard.&#x0D; Results: In extraction, Me extracts showed highest yields. Qualitative phytochemical screening has revealed many bioactive components in the Me and Et extracts of plant parts majorly. In DPPH RSA assay, Me extracts of leaves showed RSA activity almost equal to reference standard. In RRP assay, Me floral extracts showed AA higher than standard. FTC and β – Carotene assays showed that Me sample extracts possess good AA than BHT. In FTC assay, lower absorption values specify high AA, whereas in β – Carotene assay, high absorption values indicate high AA of the sample extracts.&#x0D; Conclusion: Among six solvents methanol showed highest extraction efficiency and also revealed highest number of phytochemicals in its extracts. These four AA assays revealed that the methanol extracts of all plant parts, that is., leaves, roots, fruits, and flowers possess better AA compared other solvent extracts.

Glutathione S-Transferase Pi-Ile 105 Val Polymorphism and Susceptibility to T2DM in Population from Turabah Region of Saudi Arabia.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and associated with oxidative stress resulting from accumulation of free radicals in body's tissues, which especially affects beta cells in pancreas and is an important factor in the development of diabetes and its complications. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a family of antioxidant enzymes that play important roles in decreasing ROS species and act as a kind of antioxidant defense. In a case-control study, we investigated the role of GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphism in predisposition to T2DM in patients from Tarabah province, Saudi Arabia. The polymorphism was screened by PCR-RFLP in 90 T2DM patients and 87 healthy controls. The genotypes and alleles frequencies in cases and controls were assessed using Cochran-Armitage trend test and odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in different genetic models of inheritance were calculated. Our data indicate that G allele (Val) is associated with an increased risk for T2DM in this population in any combination (OR 4.101, 95% CI 1.986-8.469, P=0.00008). This indicates that individuals who are carriers for the mutant allele, either in homozygous (GG) or heterozygous (AG) state, are at fourfold higher risk for development of T2DM than other subjects in this population.

MDA and Histologic Profile of Pancreatic Diabetic-Rats Model Administered With Extract of Glycine max (L.) Merr.

Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by leveling up glucose in human blood and affects increasing of free radicals in body as well as leading to cellular oxidative stress. Experimentally, this condition is able to be characterized by increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) level in cell and histological changing in pancreas appearance. Consumption of antioxidant substances was reported able to reduce the MDA quantity as free radicals. Black soybean or Glycine max (L) Merr. was reported contains important antioxidant agents such as anthocyanin and isoflavone. This paper discloses recent investigation on application of black soybean water extract to reduce the MDA level on diabetes mellitus-rat model induced by STZ (DM) and also reports the pancreas histological changing of the DM rats. Investigation revealed that black soybean water extract significantly affect decreasing of MDA level by 4.9%, 27.1% and 45.7% in three different doses theraphy (500, 750, and 1000 mg/kg BW). Histologically, it also clearly indicates repairing of pancreas tissue of the DM rats.

The protective effect of N-acetylcysteine magnesium against liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension in rat

To study the effects of acetylcysteine magnesium on the vasoactive substances and hepatic fibrosis indexes in liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension of rats. The rat liver cirrhosis model was made with 12 microg/kg dimethylnitrosamines. Then acetylcysteine magnesium was injected respectively with 25, 50, and 100 mg x kg(-1) dose daily into abdominal cavity. After 8 weeks treatment, pathological section, TGF-beta1, NO, TNOS and iNOS of hepatic tissue were detected to assess the effect of acetylcysteine magnesium against cirrhosis portal hypertension. After the DMNA modeling was completed, the HE and Sweet reticulocyte staining of liver pathological section showed that cirrhosis of the liver was in the III-IV phase, the infiltration of lymphocytes and formation of pseudolobuli in liver were alleviated in three acetylcysteine magnesium treatment groups (low, medium, and high dose), and the degree of liver fiber sclerosis in three groups was significantly lower than control group. Compared with control group, TGF-beta1, NO, TNOS and iNOS were significantly reduced in all treatment groups (P < 0.05). Acetylcysteine magnesium is probably a distinctive antioxidant which can remove various free radical in body and modulate ligand-dependent signal transduction and the growth of cell. It also have protection in the liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension of rats induced by dimethylnitrosamine.

Antioxidant Peptides from the Protein Hydrolysates of Conus betulinus

The current study aims at the isolation and characterization of the peptides, believed to have antioxidant activity, from Conus betulinus by using different types of enzymes. The body and viscera of C. betulinus were treated with three enzymes viz. trypsin, pepsin and papain to obtain peptide hydrolysates. The activities of the hydrolysates were analyzed by DPPH and hydroxyl radical assay by using electron spin resonance (ESR) device. Active hydrolysates were purified using ion exchange chromatography followed by gel filtration chromatography. The activity of the separated fractions was analyzed by ESR; in which the result showed that trypsin hydrolysate of body (28.48 and 76.00%) and viscera (38.45 and 83.00%) respectively have high activity than the other hydrolysates. The HPLC result of purified fraction showed, presence of active amino acids viz., metheonine, cystine, histidine etc. This purified peptide has more antioxidant activity that could reduce the excess free radicals in body in order to prevent free radical induced diseases.