Radicalization Research Articles

Degradation and detoxification of ribavirin by UV/chlorine/Fe(II) process in water treatment system.

Ribavirin (RBV), which is extensively used to treat viral diseases such as COVID-19, is considered one of the major emerging contaminants due to its long-term existence and health risk in the aqueous environmental system. However, research on effective removal of RBV still remains insufficient. In this study, we investigated the RBV degradation kinetics and mechanism in UV/chlorine/Fe(II) process. The degradation rate constant kobs-RBV of RBV was 2.52 × 10-4 s-1 in UV/chlorine/Fe(II) process, which increased by 1.6 times and 1.3 times than that in chlorine alone and UV/chlorine process, respectively. Notably, trace amount Fe(II) promoted RBV degradation in UV/chlorine system through Fe2+/Fe3+ cycles, enhancing the yield of reactive species such as HO· and certain species reactive chlorine radicals (RCS). The contributions of HO· and RCS toward RBV degradation were 53.91% and 16.11%, respectively. Specifically, Cl·, ClO·, and Cl2·- were responsible for 8.59%, 2.69%, and 4.83% of RBV removal. The RBV degradation pathway indicated that the reactive species preferentially attacked the amide moiety of RBV, which cleaved the ether bond and the hydroxyl group. The toxicity evaluation of RBV degradation products elucidated that UV/chlorine/Fe(II) process was beneficial for RBV detoxification.

Enabling creativity: the interplay of participative leadership, coworkers’ knowledge sharing behavior and employee’s creative idea validation

PurposeBased on theory Z of leadership, this research aims to investigate the direct relationship between participative leadership (PL) and creative idea validation (CIV) fostering both radical (RC) and incremental creativity (IC). Additionally, by utilizing attribution theory, it explores the moderating effect of coworkers’ knowledge-sharing behavior (KSB) on both the direct and indirect relationships.Design/methodology/approachData were collected through a descriptive approach and convenient sampling from three sources – leaders, subordinates and coworkers – in R&D departments at multi-levels within 97 high-tech firms in China. Data comprised 446 employees (subordinates and coworkers) and 94 leaders, and multilevel path analysis was conducted using Mplus software.FindingsThe results indicate that PL exhibits both a direct and indirect positive association with RC and IC through the CIV. Moreover, the relationship is enhanced by coworkers’ high-KSB.Practical implicationsOur study offers implications that managers can leverage to foster employee creativity. Leaders are encouraged to embrace a PL style for collective idea validation. However, to overcome coworkers’ reciprocal behavior, they may facilitate trust and team-building exercises, enabling employees to strengthen relationships and share critical information and knowledge resources for the development and validation.Originality/valueThis study is the first to empirically extend the relationship between PL and CIV, utilizing a multilevel approach to assess its impact on distinctive types of creativity – namely, radical and incremental. Further, it testifies the significance of coworkers’ knowledge as an attribution effect influencing the relationships.

The nexus between servant leadership and employee's creative deviance for creativity inside learning and performance goal-oriented organizations

PurposeThis study, based on motivated information processing theory and theories of leadership (contingency and functional), investigates how servant leadership (SL) could be an effective leadership style for employee creative deviance engagement (CDE) to foster radical (RC) and incremental creativity (IC) in two different goal-oriented organizations: learning (LGO) and performance (PGO) goal-oriented organizations.Design/methodology/approachThis study employed descriptive and comparative approaches and surveyed two sources (leaders and team members). Using multi-source data involving 486 LGO-based and 498 PGO-based employee–supervisor dyads from 104 LGO-based and 104 PGO-based high-tech firms in China, the authors distinguish comparative support for assumed hypotheses by using the Monte Carlo simulation technique for the indirect effects and Mplus for multilevel path analysis.FindingsThe study outcomes found that SL transmits the effects of employee CDE directly and nurtures RC and IC indirectly. It identified that an organization's LGO strengthens the direct and indirect relationships between SL and creativity via employee's CDE when the organization's LGO is high. However, an organization's PGO strengthens the direct relationship when it's low and strengthens the indirect link between SL and IC when it's high. In addition, the organization's PGO demonstrated an insignificant effect on the indirect relationship between SL and RC.Originality/valueThis study is the first to verify SL as the specific leadership style for responding employee's CDE and identify its distinctive effects on RC and IC. Additionally, there has been no effort to associate SL with employee's CDE for nurturing distinctive types of creativity under the different organizational dispositions (LGO and PGO).

MP42-16 BLADDER PRESERVATION OR COMPLETE CYSTECTOMY DURING PELVIC EXENTERATION OF PATIENTS WITH RECTAL CANCER. WHAT SHOULD WE DO?

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023MP42-16 BLADDER PRESERVATION OR COMPLETE CYSTECTOMY DURING PELVIC EXENTERATION OF PATIENTS WITH RECTAL CANCER. WHAT SHOULD WE DO? Catalina Palma, Charlotte Van Kessel, Michael Solomon, Scott Leslie, Nicola Jeffery, Peter Lee, and Kirk Austin Catalina PalmaCatalina Palma More articles by this author , Charlotte Van KesselCharlotte Van Kessel More articles by this author , Michael SolomonMichael Solomon More articles by this author , Scott LeslieScott Leslie More articles by this author , Nicola JefferyNicola Jeffery More articles by this author , Peter LeePeter Lee More articles by this author , and Kirk AustinKirk Austin More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003280.16AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: In patients with locally advanced (LARC) or recurrent (LRRC) rectal cancer and bladder involvement, pelvic exenteration (PE) with partial (PC) or radical (RC) cystectomy can potentially be curative. Urinary tract reconstruction involves ileal/colonic conduit for RC, or either primary bladder repair or ureteric reimplantation with Boari flap and psoas hitch for PC. Where PC potentially provides less post-operative morbidity, a radical resection is the most important prognostic factor for survival. The purpose of this study was to compare PC and RC in PE patients in terms of oncological outcome and post-operative complications. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort analysis of a prospectively maintained surgical database. Patients who underwent PE for LARC or LRRC with bladder involvement between 1998 and 2021 were included. Post-operative complications and overall survival were compared between patients with PC and RC. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. RESULTS: 329 patients were included; 60 patients with PC and 269 with RC. No significant difference in R0 resection was observed between PC and RC groups (81.8% versus 84.7%, p=0.621). 10 patients in PC group had a positive margin; in 3/10 patients this was at the bladder or ureter margin. Patients with LRRC and PC had poorest oncological outcome with 69% R0 resection; patients with LARC and PC demonstrated highest R0 rate of 96.3% (p=0.008). Overall survival (OS) was 88 months versus 58 months in the PC and RC group, respectively (p=0.265). 1-, 3- and 5-year OS were 90.8%, 68.1% and 58.6% in PC group, and 88.7%, 62.2% and 49.5% in the RC group. Factors that were significantly associated with poorer OS included age, positive resection margin and longer duration of surgery. RC patients demonstrated longer operating time, higher intra-operative blood loss, and longer hospital stay. RC patients also experienced significantly higher rates of wound related complications (25.0% vs. 39.8%, p=0.032). Rates of urinary sepsis or urological leaks did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that PC as part of a PE can be performed safely without compromising oncological outcome in patients with LARC. In patients with LRRC, PC results in poor oncological outcome and a more aggressive surgical approach with RC seems justified. The main benefit of PC is a reduction in wound related complications compared to RC, although more urological re-interventions are observed in this group. Source of Funding: None © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023Page: e574 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Catalina Palma More articles by this author Charlotte Van Kessel More articles by this author Michael Solomon More articles by this author Scott Leslie More articles by this author Nicola Jeffery More articles by this author Peter Lee More articles by this author Kirk Austin More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Degradation of odorous 2,4,6-trichloroanisole in chlorinated water by UV-LED/chlorination: kinetics and influence factors.

2,4,6-Trichloroanisole (2,4,6-TCA) has aroused a special concern for their odor problem and potential threats. In this study, the degradation of 2,4,6-TCA by UV/chlorination with different UV sources was compared, including low-pressure mercury lamp (LPUV, 254nm) and ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV-LED, 275 and 285nm). The maximum removal of 2,4,6-TCA can be achieved by 275-nm UV-LED/chlorination in neutral and alkaline conditions which was 80.0%. The reaction, kinetics, and water matrix parameters on 2,4,6-TCA degradation were also evaluated. During UV-LED (275nm)/chlorination, 2,4,6-TCA degradation was mainly caused by direct UV photolysis and indirect hydroxyl radical (HO·) oxidation, while reactive chlorine radicals (RCSs) had a negligible contribution. The second-order rate constant between HO· and 2,4,6-TCA was determined as 3.1 × 109M-1s-1. Increasing initial chlorine dosage and decreasing 2,4,6-TCA concentration or pH value significantly promoted 2,4,6-TCA degradation during UV/chlorination process. The presence of natural organic matter (NOM) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) can inhibit 2,4,6-TCA degradation, while chloride ion (Cl-) had a negligible effect. The kinetic model for 2,4,6-TCA degradation was established and validated, and the degradation pathways were proposed based on the identified intermediates. Furthermore, UV-LED (275nm)/chlorination also exhibited a promising effect on 2,4,6-TCA removal in real water, which can be used to control 2,4,6-TCA pollution and odor problems.

Bladder preservation or complete cystectomy during pelvic exenteration of patients with locally advanced or recurrent rectal cancer, what should we do?

IntroductionIn patients with locally advanced (LARC) or locally recurrent (LRRC) rectal cancer and bladder involvement, pelvic exenteration (PE) with partial (PC) or radical (RC) cystectomy can potentially offer a cure. The study aim was to compare PC and RC in PE patients in terms of oncological outcome, post-operative complications and quality-of-life (QoL). Materials & methodsThis was a retrospective cohort analysis of a prospectively maintained surgical database. Patients who underwent PE for LARC or LRRC cancer with bladder involvement between 1998 and 2021 were included. Post-operative complications and overall survival were compared between patients with PC and RC. Results60 PC patients and 269 RC patients were included. Overall R0 resection was 84.3%. Patients with LRRC and PC had poorest oncological outcome with 69% R0 resection; patients with LARC and PC demonstrated highest R0 rate of 96.3% (P = 0.008). Overall, 1-, 3- and 5-year OS was 90.8%, 68.1% and 58.6% after PC, and 88.7%, 62.2% and 49.5% after RC. Rates of urinary sepsis or urological leaks did not differ between groups, however, RC patients experienced significantly higher rates of perineal wound- and flap-related complications (39.8% vs 25.0%, P = 0.032). ConclusionPC as part of PE can be performed safely with good oncological outcome in patients with LARC. In patients with LRRC, PC results in poor oncological outcome and a more aggressive surgical approach with RC seems justified. The main benefit of PC is a reduction in wound related complications compared to RC, although more urological re-interventions are observed in this group.

Role of adjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of patients with node-positive bladder adenocarcinoma: An analysis of the National Cancer Database.

e16504 Background: Given the rarity of bladder adenocarcinoma, there is a paucity of data examining the role of adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) in patients with regional lymph node positivity. This study aims to elucidate the oncologic and survival outcomes of patients with node-positive disease treated with or without AC. Methods: A retrospective cohort analysis of patients with node-positive primary bladder adenocarcinoma who had either received AC or did not receive AC after either radical (RC) or partial cystectomy (PC) was performed using the National Cancer Database from 2006 to 2016. Non-metastatic node-positive was defined as pT(any)N1-3 (pN+) disease. Demographic and clinicopathological variables were compared to adjust for confounding covariates in multivariable analysis to determine appropriate oncologic and surgical outcomes. Results: A total of 106 patients met inclusion criteria, of whom 38 received AC and 68 did not. Receipt of AC was significantly associated with improved survival relative to those who did not receive AC (overall survival: 29% vs 2.7%; adjusted hazards ratio = 0.43; p = 0.003) independent of extent of surgery. There was a trend toward higher receipt of adjuvant radiation along with AC, independent of surgical margin status. Receipt of AC additionally trended towards a significant association with decreased odds of 90-day mortality and 30-day unplanned readmission (Table). Conclusions: Based on the improved survival outcomes, positive nodal status may be a useful indicator of those who may benefit from AC, and potentially adjuvant radiation therapy, in bladder adenocarcinoma. Though compelling, larger studies will be required to make more conclusive statements regarding the most appropriate treatment course in these patients.[Table: see text]

How Conventional Places Breed Unconventional Ideology: Space, Place, and the Expansion of Far‐Right Radicalization

How Conventional Places Breed Unconventional Ideology: Space, Place, and the Expansion of Far‐Right Radicalization

The impact of adjuvant chemotherapy on oncologic outcomes of patients with locally advanced bladder adenocarcinoma: An analysis of the National Cancer Database.

495 Background: The relatively poor prognosis associated with locally advanced bladder adenocarcinoma necessitates investigation of the utility of adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) and risk stratification of those who would benefit from such systemic therapy. This study seeks to evaluate the oncologic and surgical outcomes of those with locally advanced disease treated with and without AC. Methods: A retrospective cohort analysis was performed using the National Cancer Database from 2006 to 2016. Patients with non-metastatic locally advanced pT3-4 or pT(any)N1-3 primary bladder adenocarcinoma who received AC only or did not receive AC after radical (RC) or partial cystectomy (PC) were included. The AC cohort was further sub-stratified by surgery type (PC versus RC) and disease origin (urachal versus non-urachal subtypes). Survival, oncologic, and surgical outcomes were compared between cohorts. Results: Inclusion criteria identified 79 AC patients and 251 no AC patients. Of the 79 patients who received AC, 23 had PC procedure, 56 had RC procedure, 10 had urachal origin and 69 had non-urachal origin. Receipt of AC was significantly higher in RC relative to PC (27.6% vs 18.1%; p = 0.049). Urachal vs. non-urachal subtype did not impact receipt of AC (25.3% vs 17.5%; p = 0.214), but urachal subtype was associated with improved overall survival compared to non-urachal (47% vs 18%; HR = 0.37; p = 0.04). Although receipt of AC was significantly associated with higher odds of positive margins (46% vs 23%; odds ratio = 2.85; p < 0.01), no difference in overall survival was detected between the AC and no AC cohorts (23% vs 19%; hazards ratio [HR] = 0.98; p = 0.91). Of note, independent of AC, PC was associated with improved survival compared to RC (51% vs 12%; HR = 0.25; p < 0.01). Conclusions: There is no detected survival benefit to the use of a non-standardized AC regimen in locally advanced bladder adenocarcinoma. Within the AC treated population, survival outcomes suggest that urachal subtype may confer survival advantage and that those patients selected for PC tend to have improved survival. Although employing a national dataset, statistical power was limited given the rarity of this disease. Further investigation is warranted on a larger scale in order to assess the impact of AC regimen, afford proper patient selection, and enhance risk stratification for oncologic outcomes.

Radicalization : trajectories in research, policy and practice

Radicalization : trajectories in research, policy and practice

A Threat to Open Societies? Conceptualizing the Radicalization of Society

Which are the factors that favor societal radicalization? Few studies in international and national radicalization research have been directly interested in investigating the societal level and discussing the impact of radicalized groups, milieus and strata on society and its potential radicalization. This article provides on overview of current research and discusses factors favoring the radicalization of societies. The latter arises when the legitimacy of the political system is called into question and a society witnesses a departure from prevailing social norms in political dealings, especially if the use of political violence is no longer rejected. All in all, radicalized individuals, groups, milieus or strata can hold the potential for radicalizing societies. Increasing and incremental socio-political changes can lead to decreasing social cohesion. In view of this possibility, the authors call for strengthening social resilience and civilizing the public debate.

What Do We Know about Radicalization? A Commentary on Key Issues, Findings and a Framework for Future Research for the Scientific and Applied Community

This IJCV focus section presents seven articles that resulted from a project involving a mix of researchers and practitioners working jointly on different aspects of radicalization. The current commentary provides an overview of these, examining how the findings inform our wider understanding, support previous findings and provide a framework for future research. It also synthesizes the issues raised and explores where this takes the scientific and applied community. Whilst based primarily on literature and lessons learned from Germany, many of the findings and recommendations are applicable to the wider international context. This collection of articles on the subject of radicalization therefore provides the reader with a broad and up-to-date understanding of key concepts, themes and issues, and an in-depth understanding of specific topics, ongoing challenges and knowledge gaps. It also provides a solid basis to inform evidence-based practice and highlights practitioner require-ments and gaps in understanding that need to be addressed. The knowledge presented here can therefore inform Preventing/Countering Violent Extremism efforts, which need to be practical, feasible, affordable and evidence-based.

Evident and Effective? The Challenges, Potentials and Limitations of Evaluation Research on Preventing Violent Extremism

Radicalization and its prevention have increasingly become the subject of public debate in academia and in the political arena. The impact of prevention efforts is subject to public scrutiny – not only because these efforts, if successful, contribute to the common good, but also because many countries have increased public spending on prevention based on this justification. Evaluations can analyze impact and effectiveness and thereby advance knowledge about how prevention operates within different social contexts and what kind of outcomes it produces. However, there are significant challenges to developing a robust basis of evidence in the field of Preventing Violent Extremism (PVE). On the one hand, practitioners and scholars debate the notion of “evidence-based approaches”, e.g. with regard to methods of data collection or appropriate evaluation designs, while some fundamentally question the concept itself. On the other hand, expectations regarding the capability and feasibility of outcome evaluations are often inflated and incompatible with real-world conditions in PVE practice. This article addresses some of the challenges that researchers face when conducting outcome evaluations in the field of PVE and it suggests pragmatic solutions. It sheds light on the state of evaluation in PVE, focusing on the German context, and gives recommendations pertaining to the commissioning, planning, implementation and utilization of (outcome) evaluations.

Radicalization and Political Violence – Challenges of Conceptualizing and Researching Origins, Processes and Politics of Illiberal Beliefs

Recently, radicalism and radicalization have been gaining a great deal of public attention and are considered one of many signs of political crisis. Yet, this belies the ambivalence of these terms. The present article argues for a broader understanding of radicalization in order to explore the entire spectrum of radicalization phenomena: from radicalization without violence to radicalization into violence and radicalization within violence. A broader concept helps to ensure that radicalization is not conflated with situations marked by imminent threats of violence, which too often result in the curtailment of civil liberties and forms of social and political stigmatization. In addition, a broader understanding can open a discursive and regulative space in the area of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention.

Factors of Individual Radicalization into Extremism, Violence and Terror – the German Contribution in a Context

The question as to why individuals join extremist groups, radicalize or even go on to commit acts of terror have been a focus of research for many decades and a multitude of researchers from different disciplines have advanced theories and hypotheses in an attempt to provide an answer. The German literature on the topic has also offered a number of promising contributions worth discussing in the context of general international literature. We begin by examining factors pertaining to the individual as such (personality features, cognitions and emotions) and then move on to address theories that focus on the interaction between individuals and their social environment and long-term socialization processes.

Dissecting deradicalization: challenges for theory and practice in Germany

Compared to the topic of radicalization, deradicalization was long treated as secondary in research, at least until recently. This article outlines the most important findings from theory and practice in three steps by: (1) discussing and reviewing existing classifications and typologies, (2) suggesting a conceptualization of the term “deradicalization” while considering discourses about the roles of ideology, identity and risk, and, based on this, (3) providing an overview of the empirical case of practical work in Germany. It turns out that central actors from practice, academia, (security) authorities and politics not only use different definitions, but there is also little agreement on what deradicalization (practically) means. The German case shows that the landscape of deradicalization, differentiated into four fields of action, is highly diverse. However, the existing hybrid model of state and civic competences as well as the variety of approaches and actors should – with proper accentuation – be seen as an opportunity.

Contradicciones del capitalismo y transformaciones sociales en América Latina

Latin American societies today are crackling with the emergence of new forms of political radicalization which, far from challenging capitalism, seem more like channels for occluding their democratic boundaries. How can we understand this process in which there is a mysterious intertwining of neoliberalism and the darkest forces opposed to the fundamental principle of equal freedom for the members of a political community? In this paper we approach this problem by interpreting the social transformations that have taken place in the region since the last great economic crisis of capitalism. In order to do so, we examine some discussions of contemporary Critical Theory about these effects on the specific level of the forms of integration that structure our social world. In this sense, we are guided by a question that has accompanied Sociology since its beginnings, namely: how the infrastructure of the collective supports of the individual can be eroded by the historical transformations of the capitalist economic system. The article ends with an analytical approach to the role played in our present by recent reconfigurations of neoliberal culture for contemporary subjectivity.

Descentralização do jogador: Minecraft e a dimensão sensorial da comunicação jogador-jogo

Para que a indústria dos videogames funcione e se expanda, necessita de métodos produtivos e criativos que almejam prever e prescrever as ações e comportamentos de seus jogadores. Nesse sentido, desenvolve formas de centralizar o jogador como critério-chave de todas as decisões que guiam a construção de um mundo de jogo. Em 2009, no entanto, Minecraft surge como um rompimento radical com as diretrizes da indústria, invertendo em todos os aspectos a noção de que o jogador é o centro do mundo de jogo. A proposta deste trabalho é compreender essa inversão, que chamaremos de descentralização dos jogadores. Defendemos que sua emergência expõe a necessidade de repensar epistemologicamente a conexão entre jogo e jogador. Tomamos esta tarefa como objetivo deste trabalho, tratando-a em três etapas: primeiro, definindo o fenômeno da descentralização como um tipo de tessitura conectiva entre jogador e jogo. Depois, aprofundando a dimensão material da experiência de atuação em um mundo de jogo. Por fim, radicalizando a noção de descentralização, identificando-a como força potencial em qualquer jogo.Palavras-chave: Videogames. Minecraft. Mundos de jogo. Sensorialidade.

Mutual radicalization and the coronavirus pandemic.

Mutual radicalization and the coronavirus pandemic.

Immigration, Islamic Radicalization and Security Policies in Italy: Reflections around Migrants’ Expulsions for Security Reasons

Immigration, Islamic Radicalization and Security Policies in Italy: Reflections around Migrants’ Expulsions for Security Reasons