Radical Scavenging Values Research Articles

Development of polyethylene films coated with gelatin and mango peel extract and the effect on the quality of margarine

Abstract Polyethylene (PE) films coated with an active layer of gelatin and mango peel extract (MPE) were developed for margarine product. MPE as an antioxidant source was incorporated into a fish gelatin-based film-forming solution (FFS). The FFS was coated onto PE films with different thicknesses (10, 20, 40, and 60 μm) to form polyethylene/gelatin bilayer films (PE/G). The physical and antioxidant properties of the PE/G films were determined. Thicker coatings produced coloured films, which improved light barrier properties and increased DPPH radical scavenging values. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed the bilayer films were compatible with one another and produced compacted film integrity. Also, the PE/G60 film improved the oxidation stability of margarine up to 28 days of storage period at 4 °C. The results suggest that bilayer films have potentials to be used as active packaging materials for delaying lipid oxidation.

Antibacterial, antioxidant and antihypertensive properties of polyphenols from argentinean red wines varieties

The aims of this study were to determine the phenolic profile of three Argentinean wine varieties and their antioxidant, antihypertensive and antibacterial activities. Gallic acid, quercetin and rutin were the principal phenolic compounds identified in wines. All wines possess a high antihypertensive and antioxidant activities. Among 3 wines, merlot and malbec possess the higher ferric reducing power and DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity. Lower ferric reduced power and radical scavenging values were found in clarified wines. High correlation coefficients were found between phenolic content and antioxidant and antihypertensive capacities, confirming that phenolic compounds are likely the responsible for these activities in wines. The inhibition of biofilm formation and MIC and MBC values of wines polyphenols against E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and L. monocytogenes was demonstrated. The higher antibacterial, antioxidant and ACEI activities of merlot and malbec wines compared with cabernet sauvignon could be related to the higher concentration of individual phenolic compounds, such as quercetin, rutin, kaempferol, caffeic acid and gallic acids in malbec and merlot wines.

Phenolic Characterization, Antioxidant Activity, and Enzyme Inhibitory Properties of Berberis thunbergii DC. Leaves: A Valuable Source of Phenolic Acids.

Berberis species are known for their use in traditional medicine. Here, we report the phenolic composition and bioactivity of methanolic and aqueous extracts of Berberis thunbergii DC. leaves. The phenolic profiling and the quantitation of the main compounds were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array and mass spectrometry detections. The most abundant compounds in both extracts were caffeoylquinic acids (chlorogenic acid, particularly, with a concentration of 90.1–101.3 mg g−1 dried extract), followed by caffeoylglucaric acids and quercetin glycosides. Antioxidant and radical scavenging assays (phosphomolybdenum, DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, FRAP, metal chelating activity), as well as enzyme inhibitory assays (acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, amylase, glucosidase, and lipase), were carried out to evaluate the potential bioactivity of B. thunbergii. The methanolic extract presented the highest antioxidant and radical scavenging values, in agreement with its higher phenolic content. Regarding enzyme inhibitory potential, the methanolic extract was also more potent than the aqueous one. Hence, B. thunbergii leaves represent a suitable candidate for the preparation of pharmaceutical or nutraceutical products.

Comparison among Activities and Isoflavonoids from Pueraria thunbergiana Aerial Parts and Root.

Kudzu (Pueraria thunbergiana Benth.) has long been used as a food and medicine for many centuries. The root is the most commonly used portion of the plant, but the aerial parts are occasionally used as well. In this study, we investigated the constituent compounds and biological activities of the aerial parts, leaves, stems, and sprouts, and compared their constituents and activities with those of roots. Leaf extract showed a significantly higher TPC level at 59 ± 1.6 mg/g and lower free radical scavenging (FRS) values under 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), and NO inhibition at 437 ± 11, 121 ± 6.6 μg/mL and 107 ± 4.9 μg/mL, respectively, than those of sprout, stem, and root extract. Leaf extract also significantly suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The main components of leaf extract were found to be genistin and daidzin. This study suggests that the leaves of kudzu are a good source of biological activities and isoflavones that can be used in functional or medicinal foods and cosmetics for the prevention or treatment of diseases related to inflammation and oxidative stress.

Some Phytochemicals and Anti-inflammation Effect of Juice from <i>Tiliacora triandra</i> Leaves

Tiliacora triandra (TT), native to Southeast Asia, has been widely used as folk medicine and in cuisines in many areas. Although little scientific evidence supports the health benefits of TT leaves, the juice extracted from TT leaves has become popular for consumers among all socioeconomic classes. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the phytochemical profile and anti-inflammatory properties of juice extracted from TT leaves. The result revealed that, the highest total phenolic contents (199.92 mg GAE/g), total flavonoid contents (29.76 mg RUE/g), and extraction yield (61.2%) of the lyophilized TT leaves juice powder were found in the solvent mixture of ethanol, water, and acetone extracts. The highest DPPH radical scavenging value (90.95%) of the lyophilized TT leaves juice powder was found in hot water extract. By HPLC analysis, total phenolic compounds of the lyophilized TT leaves juice powder was 3,938.1 mg/kg. Tannic acid, gallic acid, and rutin are the major phenolic compound and the juice is a rich source of chlorophyll compound (3,551.6 mg/kg). The lyophilized TT leaves juice down-regulated the induction of inflammatory iNOS and COX-2 proteins in LPS-stimulated macrophages. The results suggest that intake of TT leaves juice, providing various phenolic and chlorophyll compounds, has great potential for reducing the inflammatory process.

1,3-diphenylpropan-1-ones as allosteric modulators of α7 nACh receptors with analgesic and antioxidant properties.

Nicotine acethylcholine receptors (nAChRs) play critical roles in cognitive processes, neuroprotection and inflammation. According to their substituents, 1,3-diphenylpropan-1-one derivatives act as α7 nAChRs negative allosteric modulators (NAM, OMe) or Type I positive allosteric modulators (PAMs, OH). Compounds 7 and 31 were the most effective (989 and 666% enhancement of ACh-induced currents) and potent (EC50: 12.9 and 6.85 μM) PAMs. They exhibited strong radical scavenging values. Compound 31, selective over other neuronal nAChR subtypes and with acceptable pharmacokinetic profile, showed antinociceptive effects in a model of inflammatory pain. Compound 31 is a novel, potent and selective α7 nAChR PAM, displaying antioxidant and analgesic activities. The 1,3-diphenylpropan-1-one scaffold could be the base toward more advanced type I PAMs for the treatment of nAChR-mediated diseases.

Phytochemical investigation of crude methanol extracts of different species of Swertia from Nepal.

BackgroundThe genus Swertia is reported to contain potent bitter compounds like iridoids, xanthones and c-glucoflavones that are known to heal many human disorders. In contrast to high ethnomedicinally valued Swertia chirayita, its other species have not been studied extensively, in spite of their common use in traditional medicinal system in Nepalese communities. So, the present study attempts to investigate the content of total polyphenols, flavonoids, antioxidant activity and estimate the rough content of amarogentin, swertiamarin and mangiferin from different species of Swertia from Nepalese Himalayas.MethodsWhole plant parts of S. chirayita (SCH), S. angustifolia (SAN), S. paniculata (SPA), S. racemosa (SRA), S. nervosa (SNE), S. ciliata (SCI) and S. dilatata (SDI) were collected; total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified spectrophotometrically and in vitro DPPH free radical scavenging assay was measured. Thin layer chromatography was performed on TLC aluminium plates pre-coated with silica gel for identification of swertiamarin, amarogentin and mangiferin from those species and semi quantitative estimation was done using GelQuant.NET software using their standard compounds.ResultsThe phenolic content was highest in the methanol extract of SCH (67.49 ± 0.5 mg GAE/g) followed by SDI, SRA, SNE, SCI, SPA and SAN. The contents of flavonoids were found in the order of SCH, SPA, SRA, SNE, SDI, SCI and SAN. Promising concentration of phenolics and flavonoids produced promising DPPH free radical scavenging values. The IC50 values for the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging test was lowest in SCH (23.35 ± 0.6 μg/ml), even lower than the standard ascorbic acid among the seven studied species. A significant correlation of 0.977 was observed between the polyphenol content and antioxidant values. The TLC profile showed the presence of all three major phytochemicals; amarogentin, swertiamarin and mangiferin in all of the plant samples.ConclusionAmong the seven studied species, SCH showed anticipating results in total phenol content, flavonoid content and DPPH radical scavenging test. The less considered species of Swertia can be a potential source of bioactive amarogentin, and other useful therapeutic compounds in the alarming status of Swertia chirayita as shown by the phytochemical analysis.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1753-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Assessment of anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant activities of Cajanus cajan L. seeds cultivated in Egypt and its phytochemical composition

Context: Cajanus cajan L. (Fabaceae), a food crop, is widely used in traditional medicine.Objectives: The phytochemical composition of C. cajan seeds and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antinociceptive, and antioxidant activities were studied.Materials and methods: Unsaponifiable matter and fatty acids were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The n-butanol fraction was chromatographed on polyamide column. The anti-inflammatory activity of hexane extract (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) was evaluated using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema at 1, 2, and 3 h. The serum tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and immunoglobulin G levels were detected by ELISA. The hexane extract antinociceptive activity was determined by adopting the writhing test in mice. DPPH radical scavenging, total reduction capability, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation of butanol fraction were evaluated.Results and conclusion: Twenty-one unsaponifiable compounds (mainly phytol, 2,6-di-(t-butyl)-4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1-one, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol), as well as 12 fatty acids (primarily 9,12-octadecadienoic and palmitic acids) were identified in hexane extract of C. cajan seeds. n-BuOH fraction contains quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, orientin, vitexin, quercetin, luteolin, apigenin, and isorhamnetin. For the first time, quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside is isolated from C. cajan plant. The hexane extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) inhibited carrageenan-induced inflammation by 85 and 95%, respectively, 3 h post-carrageenan challenge. This was accompanied by an 11 and 20%, 8 and 13%, respectively, decrease of TNF-α and IL-6, as well as significant decrease in IgG serum levels. Moreover, hexane extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) decreased the number of writhings by 61 and 83%, respectively. The butanol fraction showed DPPH radical scavenging (inhibitory concentration (IC50) value: 9.07 μg/ml).

Changes in phytochemical synthesis, chalcone synthase activity and pharmaceutical qualities of sabah snake grass (Clinacanthus nutans L.) in relation to plant age.

In the current study, changes in secondary metabolite synthesis and the pharmaceutical quality of sabah snake grass leaves and buds were considered in relation to plant age (1 month, 6 months, and 1 year old). The activity of the enzyme chalcone synthase (CHS, EC 2.3.1.74) was measured, as it is a key enzyme for flavonoid production. Significant differences in total flavonoid (TF) production were observed between the three plant growth periods and the different plant parts. The highest contents of TF (6.32 mg/g dry weight [DW]) and total phenolic (TP) (18.21 mg/g DW) were recorded in 6-month-old buds. Among the flavonoids isolated in this study the most important ones based on concentration were from high to low as follows: catechin > quercetin > kaempferol > luteolin. Production of phenolic acids increased from 1 to 6 months, but after 6 months up to 1 year of age, they decreased significantly. The highest contents of caffeic acid (0.307 mg/g DW) and gallic acid (5.96 mg/g DW) were recorded in 1-year and 6-month-old buds, respectively. The lowest and highest activity of CHS was recorded in 1-month and 6-month-old buds with values of 3.6 and 9.5 nkat/mg protein, respectively. These results indicate that the increment in flavonoids and phenolic acids in 6-month-old buds can be attributed to an increase in CHS activity. The highest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activity was observed in the extract of 1-year-old buds followed by 6-month-old buds, with 50% of free radical scavenging (IC50) values of 64.6 and 73.5 µg/mL, respectively. Interestingly, a ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay showed a higher activity in 6-month-old buds (488 μM of Fe(II)/g) than in 1-year-old buds (453 μM of Fe(II)/g), in contrast to the DPPH result. Significant correlations (p < 0.05) were observed between CHS enzyme activity and FRAP activity, TF, catechin, and kaempferol content. Extracts of 6-month-old bud exhibited a significant in vitro anticancer activity against HeLa cancer cells with IC50 value of 56.8 µg/mL. These results indicate that early harvesting of snake grass (6-month-old) may yield increased concentrations of secondary metabolites, which are potent antioxidant compounds.

국내 다소비 십자화과 새싹채소 추출물의 항산화 활성

Brassica spp. vegetables have been known to have biological activities such as anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we investigated the in vitro physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activities of commonly used Brassica spp. sprout vegetables such as kohlabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongyloides), red radish (RaphanussativusL. var. sativus), broccoli (B. oleraceavar. italica), cabbage (B. rapavar. glabra Regel), rape (B. napus), radish (R. sativus), and tatsoi (B. campestris var. narinosa) sprouts. Our results showed that the vegetables with the highest total phenolics contents were the radish sprout (24.40±1.24 mg TAE/g) and kohlabi sprout extracts (23.97±0.46 mg TAE/g). Furthermore, the vegetable with the highest total flavonoid content was the radish sprout extract (15.30±1.35 mg CE/g). However, the kohlabi sprout extract showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging value (IC50= 1.95 mg/mL) and ORAC value (79.03 mM TE/g). In addition,the six kinds of Brassica spp. sprout vegetable extracts, except tatsoi, significantly inhibited the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and showed thatintracellular oxidative stress is closely related tothe accumulation of differentiated adipocytes and fat during the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. These results suggest that Brassica spp. sprout vegetables, especially kohlabi and radish sprout extracts, can be used to develop natural antioxidants.

Screening of anti-oxidant status in selected mangrove plants in Pichvaram mangrove forest (south east coast of India)

Mangroves have long been used in fisherman for traditional folk medicine to treat many diseases, however till date; these plant species have been not tested scientifically to validate their traditional uses. Hence our present studies to test antioxidant capacity of selected mangrove plants in picahvaram mangrove forest. Antioxidant activity of defatted Methanol extract of some mangrove plant leaves were studied for its free radical scavenging property on different In vitro models. 1, 1-diphenyl-2 picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), Superoxide and total phenolic content were analyzed. The extracts showed good dose dependent free radical scavenging property in all samples. In this model high SOD and radical scavenging value indicated in, Excoecaria agallocha and low SOD and radical scavenging value was indicated in Avicennia marina Although the highest total phenolic content was found in Rhizophora mucronata extract, and low activity fund in Avicennia marina there is no positive correlation between evaluated antioxidant activities and the phenolic contents of examined the Pichavaram mangrove plants. The results clearly confirmed the antioxidative and free radical scavenging activity of the extract. In our feature study identification of the antioxidative constituents of the plants and evaluation of their probable anti-diabetic, anti-cancer and cardiac vascular disease properties is in progress.

Antioxidant and Antiradical Activities Assessment in Two Hawthorn Species Fruit Components

This study was conducted to evaluate in vitro phenolic content and antioxidant activities of Crataegus meyeri (red color berry) and Crataegus pontica (yellow color berry) fruit components. The extracts were screened for total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as for antioxidant activities by determining 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitrite and H2O2 free radical scavenging; chain breaking speed and reducing ability assays. Crataegus meyeri pulp had higher phenolic and flavonoid contents. Mean percent DPPH value was higher for C. pontica pyrenes (95.46±0.09%) followed by that of C. meyeri (95.43±0.074%). The highest nitrite radical scavenging value was recorded in C. pontica flesh (161.40±1.668%) and the lowest one for its seeds (40.42±1.463%). In nearly all studied factors, the interspecies flesh comparison results were inversely proportional to those of their seeds. It can be concluded that C. meyeri and C. pontica may represent a relatively important alternative source for natural antioxidants. Keywords: Antioxidants, crataegus meyeri, crataegus pontica, hawthorn, phenolics, fruit, antiradical, assessment, natural, seeds

한방생약재를 이용한 약선차의 항산화 및 항암효과

Various types of tea are consumed as a popular beverage worldwide particularly in Asian countries such as Korea, China, and Japan. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mineral contents, antioxidant properties and anticancer activity of Yak-Sun tea that is prepared by six oriental medicinal herbs. The results of the mineral contents were as follows; Ca, Mg, and Na contents were higher than those of green tea, whereas Fe, P, and K contents were lower than those of green tea. The total phenolics and flavonoid content of the Yak-Sun tea were higher than those of green and black teas. The <TEX>$IC_{50}$</TEX> values of DPPH radical, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging of Yak-Sun tea were 0.78, 1.58, and 2.04 <TEX>$mg/m{\ell}$</TEX>, respectively, whereas the radical scavenging values of <TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX>-tocopherol was 0.06, 0.05, and 0.09 <TEX>$mg/m{\ell}$</TEX>, respectively. When cancer cells were treated with Yak-Sun tea, the anticancer activity increased in a dose dependent manner. HCT116 colon cancer cell lines were dramatically increased, as compared to other cancer cell lines, such as MCF-7, H460, and MKN45 cell lines. The results of this study demonstrated that Yak-Sun tea could function as a tea to enhance health conditions for antioxidant and anticancer activity.

스테비아(Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni)에 있어서 유사미소중력, 진동 및 저온처리에 의한 항산화 활성 변화

A medicinal herb, Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni which is grown under physical stresses such as simulated microgravity, shaking, and low temperature for 4 days, showed fresh weight decrease of 3.6%, 21% and 8.7% compared with the respective control. On control plants, the radical scavenging value of DPPH represented 86% and 55%, respectively in the leaves and stems extracts. Relatively weak antioxidant activities of 22% and 27% were measured respectively in AA (ascorbic acid) and BHA (beta-hydroxyacetic acid) known as synthetic antioxidants. The radical scavenging effect of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydazal) in stevia plants under a simulated microgravity was observed to be consistently higher relative to the control, whereas those effects of shaking and low temperature treatments rapidly increased and then reduced after 6 hours in case of shaking process and 24 hours in case of low temperature treatment, which results had similar levels of scavenging effects to the control. The plants under simulated microgravity showed the highest level of activity with the value of 147% and the shaking and low temperature treatments showed the increases of SOD activity by 121% and 125%, respectively. From the above results, it is clarified that the simulated microgravity is more effective to the antioxidant activity than those of other abiotic stresses.

Characteristics of Cheonggukjang produced by the rotative fermentation method

This study was to develop a processing method for improving the quality of a fermented soybean food, cheonggukjang. Bacillus sp. AS-2 isolated from traditionally fermented cheonggukjang was selected for the production of cheonggukjang with the rotative fermentation method (RFM). The pH value of cheonggukjang made by RFM (cRFM) was 6.1±0.25. The amount of crude protein (329.0±0.92 mg/g) and amino-type nitrogen (120.6±21.81 mg%) were similar to those in traditionally fermented cheonggukjang (cTFM). The amount of ammonium-type nitrogen was 173.0±1.72 mM/g and nearly 4 times lower than that in cTFM. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging values in the traditional product were between 1.62±0.08 and 1.27±0.05, while with the RFM, the values were between 1.38±0.02 and 0.78±0.20. The antioxidative activity of the sauce-type cRFM was approximately 1.7 times higher than that of cTFM. The sensory scores for cRFM were uniformly higher than those for cTFM.

Antioxidant Properties, Phytochemical Composition, and Antiproliferative Activity of Maryland-Grown Soybeans with Colored Seed Coats

This study characterized and compared 18 colored seed coat soybeans for the isoflavone, total phenolic, and cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cy-3-glc) contents of their flour extracts and the fatty acid composition and carotenoid and alpha-tocopherol contents of their oils. Antioxidant assays also assessed activity of the flour extracts against peroxyl, hydroxyl, and ABTS(+) radicals. Black seed coat soybeans had the highest TPC, ORAC, HOSC, and ABTS(+) radical scavenging values, in addition to the highest isoflavone content, and were the only color to contain Cy-3-glc. Five soybeans (two black and one each brown, yellow, and green) were selected to test their effects on HT-29 human colorectal cancer cell growth. The effects of the hydrolyzed and unhydrolyzed extracts were compared to an aglycone isoflavone standard mixture of the same total molar concentration as the highest soybean concentration of 15 mg of seed flour equiv/mL of treatment media. All high doses of hydrolyzed soybean treatments except the green genotype significantly reduced cell number compared to control at 3 h of treatment time, whereas the high dose of isoflavone standard treatment took 72 h to show a significant reduction (P < 0.05).