Radical Scavenging Potential Research Articles

An investigation of the pigments, antioxidants and free radical scavenging potential of twenty medicinal weeds found in the southern part of Bangladesh.

Despite their overlooked status, weeds are increasingly recognized for their therapeutic value, aligning with historical reliance on plants for medicine and nutrition. This study investigates the medicinal potential of native weed species in Bangladesh, specifically pigments, antioxidants, and free radical scavenging abilities. Twenty different medicinal weed species were collected from the vicinity of Khulna Agricultural University and processed in the Crop Botany Department Laboratory. Pigment levels were determined using spectrophotometer analysis, and phenolics, flavonoids, and DPPH were quantified accordingly. Chlorophyll levels in leaves ranged from 216.70 ±9.41 to 371.14 ±28.67 µg g-1 FW, and in stems from 51.98 ±3.21 to 315.89 ±17.19 µg g-1 FW. Flavonoid content also varied widely, from 1,624.62 ±102.03 to 410.00 ±115.58 mg CE 100 g-1 FW in leaves, and from 653.08 ±32.42 to 80.00 ±18.86 mg CE 100 g-1 FW in stems. In case of phenolics content Euphorbia hirta L. displaying the highest total phenolic content in leaves (1,722.33 ±417.89 mg GAE 100 g-1 FW) and Ruellia tuberosa L. in stems (977.70 ±145.58 mg GAE 100 g-1 FW). The lowest DPPH 2.505 ±1.028 mg mL-1was found in Heliotropium indicum L. leaves. Hierarchical clustering links species with pigment, phenolic/flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity. PCA, involving 20 species and seven traits, explained 70.07% variability, with significant PC1 (14.82%) and PC2 (55.25%). Leaves were shown to be superior, and high-performing plants such as E. hirta and H. indicum stood out for their chemical composition and antioxidant activity. Thus, this research emphasizes the value of efficient selection while concentrating on the therapeutic potential of native weed species.

PH-tailored delivery of a multitarget anticancer benzimidazole derivative using a PEGylated β-cyclodextrin-curcumin functionalized nanocomplex

In this study, we aimed to enhance the bioavailability of a benzimidazole derivative with potent anticancer potential through a nano-based approach. Benzimidazole-loaded polyethylene glycol-β-cyclodextrin–functionalized curcumin nanocomplex (BMPE-Cur) was prepared and characterized for its physicochemical properties and drug release profiles under different pH conditions. In addition, the biological activities of the nanocomplex including antioxidant potentials and pro-apoptogenic properties, against HepG2, PC3, and the chemo-resistant MCF-7-ADR cell lines relative to the normal Wi-38 cell line were in vitro assessed and compared with those of the free benzimidazole compound. In addition to FTIR, XRD, and NMR spectral studies, a polymeric nanocomplex with an average particle size of 467.7 nm and high stability was successfully developed, as indicated by the negative zeta potential (−28.24 mV). The nanocomplex also showed prolonged pH-sensitive sustained drug release under conditions that replicated the tumor's extra/intracellular pH. The formulated nanocomplex also demonstrated potent radical scavenging capacity owing to the inclusion of curcumin, a known radical quencher. In addition, compared with the free compound, BMPE-Cur induced DNA fragmentation-driven cell cycle arrest in HepG2, PC3, and MCF-7-ADR cells at the G1/S, G1 & S phases; respectively, with remarkable selectivity. In conclusion, the newly formulated BMPE-Cur nanocomplex represents an attractive multitarget anticancer candidate.

Impact of extraction techniques and process optimization on antioxidant and antibacterial potential of Kalanchoe pinnata leaf extract

ABSTRACT Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. is an ethnomedicinal plant known for its antioxidant, antibacterial, and therapeutic potential. The current study was an effort to explore the impact of extraction technique on the phytochemical, antioxidant, and antibacterial profile of the plant extracts. K. pinnata leaf extracts were prepared using conventional solvent extraction (100% methanol; 50% methanol: 50% water; 100% water), microwave-assisted extraction at 700-W power (3 min; 6 min; 9 min), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) (3500 psi; 4500 psi; 5500 psi). Best results were attained from SFE in terms of total phenolic content (240 ± 3 mg GAE/g), total flavonoid content (165.2 ± 0.4 mg QE/g), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging potential (91.9 ± 0.4%), 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid assay value (8.04 ± 0.03 mMol TE/g) and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay value (471.7 ± 0.8 µg/mL). K. pinnata leaf extracts have been found to be most effective against Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (22.20 ± 0.95 mm) and least effective againstProteus vulgaris (0 ± 0 mm). High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of K. pinnata extract showed that it contains flavanol quercetin (2.0 ± 0.1 mg/g). It is evident from the findings of current study that K. pinnata extract can effectively treat bacterial infections and can cure metabolic disorders by reducing oxidative stress. Application of advance extraction techniques enhances the biological activity of plant extracts.

Inhibition and Scavenging Free Radicals Activities by Natural Antioxidant: Honey Nanoparticles

Honey nanoparticles have shown numerous unique characteristics such as biocompatibility and are excellent agents for biological applications. This study aims to investigate honey nanoparticles for 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and their ability to offer protection against gamma radiation. In vitro antioxidant activity study of honey nanoparticles has shown good free radical scavenging activity for DPPH radical assayed within a concentration range of (0.05–2.5)[Formula: see text]×[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]g/l, at higher concentrations of nanoparticles showed reverse trend in absorbance and inhibition indicating this finite range of concentration is suitable for scavenging free radicals, also nanoparticles were found to have significant antioxidant capacity and thus can be used as potential radical scavenger against deleterious damages caused by the free radicals.

Development of multifunctional chitosan-based composite film loaded with tea polyphenol nanoparticles for strawberry preservation

Incorporating polysaccharide-based composite films with nanobiotechnology offers a new strategy for food preservation. This study initially focuses on the preparation of tea polyphenol nanoparticles (TPNP), novel and derived from natural antibacterial agents, which serve to improve stability. Afterwards chitosan-based composite films loaded with TPNP (CTN film) were developed using solution casting method. The incorporation of TPNP significantly improved the UV/water/oxygen barrier properties, mechanical properties and thermal stability, alongside notable physical properties including water contact angle (93.65 ± 0.04°), low water vapor permeability (33.72 ± 3.32 g/m2h) and oxygen permeability (0.11 ± 0.02 g/m2h), tensile strength (61.83 ± 0.70 %), and elongation at break (31.60 ± 6.12 %). The CTN film not only exhibited exceptional biodegradability and nontoxicity, but also demonstrated remarkable antimicrobial efficacy against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Additionally, it showcased potent antioxidant activity, boasting DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging rates up to 89.25 ± 0.18 % and 93.84 ± 0.42 %. The CTN film was successfully formed on the surface of strawberries through dip-coating process and their shelf life was extended from 4 to 6 days at 20 °C without side-effect on the weight loss, harness, pH and total soluble solids, illustrating its potential for enhancing food preservation.

Green ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction of polysaccharides from Flammulina velutipes residues by response surface methodology

Flammulina velutipes residues, the by-products of Flammulina velutipes industry, cause environmental pollution. The aim of the current work was to evaluate the extraction efficiency of polysaccharides from Flammulina velutipes residues by an ultrasonic assisted snailase enzymatic extraction (UAEE) method, following the principles of green chemistry, mainly solvent and energy saving. The optimized parameters obtained by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) were determined as follows: ultrasonic power at 150 W, extraction time of 90 min, and extraction temperature of 55 °C. The experimental extraction yield (109.54 ± 5.44 mg/g) was closely matched the predicted yield (110.92 mg/g). Polysaccharides from Flammulina velutipes residues (UE-FVRP) had the molecular weight of 170 kDa and a composition comprising 8 monosaccharides, primarily xylose (Xyl, 24.71%), mannose (Man, 17.29%), arabinose (Ara, 11.48%), and galactose (Gal, 15.63%). FT-IR analysis suggested that UE-FVRP likely contained pyranose with α-glycoside bonds. In vitro antioxidant activity assays revealed that UE-FVRP displayed potent DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing ability. Additionally, UE-FVRP demonstrated the ability to promote the growth of two Lactobacillus strains, indicating its potential as a novel polysaccharide with high in vitro prebiotic properties. Therefore, these findings proposed a novel, green, and efficient extraction method for extracting polysaccharides from Flammulina velutipes residues, highlighting the potential of utilizing Flammulina velutipes residues as a valuable ingredient in both food and feed applications, contributing to the sustainable reuse of agricultural by-products.

Catechin ameliorates hepatocellular damage caused by coadministration of isoniazid and rifampicin

It is well known that phyto-constituents possess hepatoprotective properties. The radical scavenging potential of catechin has received substantial research. The goal of the current study was to assess the beneficial effect of Catechin to safeguard rats from liver damage caused by isoniazid and rifampicin. In this investigation, Wistar rats were employed. Administration of isoniazid (100 mg/kg) with rifampicin (100 mg/kg) for 21 days caused hepatocellular injury. The dosages of catechin used were 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg body weight. Blood was drawn at the end of the study, and biochemical tests were performed to determine the enzyme levels. Restoration of AST, ALT, and ALP was brought about by catechin administration (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg body weight). The administration lead to in a restoration of the SOD and catalase levels. The expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MDA, and nitric oxide decreased. The findings prove that catechin had a significant hepatoprotective impact. The hepatoprotective action of catechin might be mediated by the radical scavenging and cytokine suppressing effects.

Hepatoprotective potential of sciadopitysin against paraquat induced liver damage in rats

Paraquat (PQ) is among the most widely used herbicides in the agriculture sector worldwide and is extremely noxious to both animals and humans. Paraquat exposure damages various organs in the body, particularly the liver. Sciadopitysin (SCD), a biflavonoid that is reported in Ginko biloba leaves, shows diverse biological potentials such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The primary focus of this research was to estimate the effects of SCD against PQ-instigated hepatic toxicity in rats. Forty-eight male albino rats were randomly split into 4 groups: control group, PQ (5 mgkg−1) treated group, PQ (5 mgkg−1) + SCD (2 mgkg−1) co-treated group and SCD (2 mgkg−1) only treated group. After 30 days of experimentation, PQ exposure lowered the expression of Nrf-2 and antioxidants genes, while increasing the expression of Keap-1. The activities of antioxidants, including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GSR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione (GSH) as well as total protein levels, were reduced following PQ administration. Moreover, malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents were elevated in PQ exposed rats. PQ intoxication also increased the expressions of Bax and Caspase-3, while down-regulating Bcl-2 expressions. Furthermore, PQ exposure induced morphological alterations in the liver. Nevertheless, SCD treatment reduced all PQ-elicited damages in the liver of rats owing to its free radical scavenging potential.

Chemical Composition and Antioxidants of Senecio vulgaris (Asteraceae)

The study included the antioxidant and chemical compounds of methanolic extract of Senecio vulgaris in Iraq. S. vulgaris has a rich history in traditional medicine for treating different health problems. The results gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) chromatogram of S. vulgaris extract showed 19 peaks, which indicates the presence of 19 compounds (phytochemical constituents). Most of the chemical components extracted from S. vulgaris include oleic acid (40.46%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (23.40%), 5,9-dimethyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-1-cyclodecanone (6.52%), octadecanoic acid (3.57%) and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester (3.27%). The antioxidant activity of overall methanol extract contents of S. vulgaris was determined by adding different concentrations of methanol extract to 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyle (DPPH). The inhibitory activity was evaluated by using five different concentrations of methanol extract of S. vulgaris. The results showed that the antioxidant activity in concentration 3 μL/mL was 41.23%, while the highest antioxidant activity was 98.33% in 25 μL/mL compared with vitamin C, which was 16% in 3 μL/mL and recorded 91.97% in 25 μL/mL. The total antioxidant capacity of S. vulgaris methanol extract was evaluated as vitamin C equivalents per gram. The DPPH radical scavenging potency with a minimum IC50 value in S. vulgaris was 5.64 μL/mL, while vitamin C was 3.09.

Asterias Rolleston starfish gonad lipids: A novel source of Omega-3 fatty acids - assessment of major components and their antioxidant activities

The major lipids and antioxidant activities of Asterias rolleston gonad lipids were evaluated systematically. Major lipids of A. Rolleston gonad lipids were triacylglycerols (TAGs) and phospholipids (PLs). Total lipids were composed of 15.62% of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and 40.81% of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). The most abundant PUFA were C20:5n-3 (EPA) (6.28%) and C22:6n-3 (DHA) (5.80%). Predominantly composed of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), polar lipids were rich in PUFAs and could contain up to 34.59% EPA and DHA, and PE and PI (phosphatidylinositol) were also found to be the main carriers of EPA and ARA (arachidonic acid) in polar lipids. The MUFA and PUFA of Sn-2 in TAG are 39.72% and 30.37%, respectively. A total of 64 TAG species were identified, with Eo-P-M, Eo-Eo-M, and M-M-Eo being the main TAGs components. Moreover, A. rollestoni gonad lipids exhibited potent radical scavenging activities and reducing power in a dose-dependent manner.

Exploration of Anethum graveolens diversity from North Western Himalayan

Anethum graveolens L., an aromatic plant grown during winter season belongs to the family Apiaceae. The leaves and seeds of the plants are widely consumed in India. The seeds of the plants are rich in aroma, due to the richness of essential oils whereas the leaves hold immense potential due to their antioxidant and heavy metal stress alleviation properties. However, the genetic diversity of A. graveolens from North Western Himalayan has not been explored so far. Therefore, the genetic diversity of A. graveolens was investigated using 33 random amplified polymorphic (RAPD) and 27 inter sequence specific region (ISSR) markers. Out of the 33 random primers, only 4 RAPD markers resulted in PCR amplification whereas 18 ISSR markers resulted in reproducible PCR amplification. Out of these ISSR markers, 11 markers accounted for 75–100 % of the polymorphism across all the accessions. Additionally, protein profiling was also used to investigate the diversity of A. graveolens landraces. Overall, the cluster analysis using Neighbor joining (N-J) and unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) method followed by principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the accessions of A. graveolens irrespective to their geographic distribution shared the common group. Furthermore, the antioxidant potential of the local landraces was also investigated based on the free radical scavenging potential using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The present current study on exploration of A. graveolens diversity can be helpful in developing conservation strategies of its local germplasm prevalent in North Western Himalayan region.

EXPLORING THE THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF TOMATO VARIETIES IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: A FOCUS ON RADICAL SCAVENGING ABILITIES AND ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE INHIBITION.

Alzheimer's disease presents a signicant global health challenge, with limited effective treatments available. Natural compounds, particularly those found in fruits and vegetables, have garnered attention for their potential therapeutic benets in Alzheimer's disease. In this study, investigation was carried out on the antioxidant and neuroprotective properties of three tomato varieties Trichosanthes cucumerina (Snake tomato), Solanum lycopersicum Linn (Hausa variety), and Solanum lycopersicum Linn (Yoruba variety) in an Alzheimer's disease model induced by aluminum chloride using Drosophila melanogaster. Through in vivo and in vitro analysis, the radical scavenging abilities and acetylcholinesterase inhibition of each tomato variety was assessed. Findings reveal that Snake tomato exhibits potent radical scavenging abilities and signicant AChE inhibition, suggesting its therapeutic potential in mitigating Alzheimer's disease pathology. Additionally, the antioxidant properties of Snake tomato correlated with its phenolic and avonoid contents, highlighting its neuroprotective effects. While Solanum lycopersicum Linn (Hausa and Yoruba varieties) also demonstrated antioxidant properties, Snake tomato emerged as the most promising candidate for Alzheimer's disease management. These results show the importance of exploring natural compounds as alternative therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer's disease and warrant further investigation into the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of tomato varieties.

Pharmacological Properties of White Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Leaves: Suppressing Migratory and Invasive Activities Against A549 Lung Cancer Cells.

Morus alba known as a white mulberry is a medicinal plant that has been used in food ingredients and traditional medicine. M. alba leaves contain various bioactive phenolic compounds, in particular chlorogenic acid (CGA), which is a major bioactive ingredient. Their anticancer potency of M. alba leaf extracts derived from Soxhlet extraction was evaluated based on cytotoxicity and antimigratory and antiinvasive properties. The dichloromethane extract exhibited the highest nitric oxide radical scavenging activity with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 780μg/mL, promising cytotoxicity against HuCCA-1, MCF-7, and A-549 cells with IC50 values of 59.18, 62.20, and 103.25μg/mL, respectively. CGA selectively inhibited the growth of MCF-7 cells with an IC50 value of 26.75μg/mL and showed potent radical scavenging activity against DPPH radicals (IC50 = 18.85μg/mL). An ethanolic extract derived from the gradient Soxhlet extraction suppressed A549 lung cancer cell migration and invasion more effectively than CGA with no migratory inhibition effect on noncancerous HaCaT cells. Furthermore, the ethanolic extract and CGA accelerated HaCaT wound closure at 20µg/mL, which was the same as allantoin. Bioactive ingredients including triterpenes, steroids, phenolics, and flavonoids were mainly detected in all extracts. The highest content of CGA (52.23g/100g dry weight) was found in the ethanolic extract derived from the gradient Soxhlet extraction. These findings show the potency of the dichloromethane extract as a cytotoxic agent against various cancer types and the ethanolic extract as an antimetastatic agent by their antimigratory and antiinvasive activities.

Syzygium aromaticum Bud Extracted Core–Shell Ag–Fe Bimetallic Nanoparticles: Phytotoxic, Antioxidant, Insecticidal, and Antibacterial Properties

Today, there is the roar of sustainable material development around the globe. Green nanotechnology is one of the extensions of sustainability. Due to its sustainable approach, the green fabrication of nanoparticles has recently surpassed their classical synthesis in popularity. Among metal nanoparticles, contemporary findings have demonstrated that bimetallic nanoparticles possess more potential for different applications than monometallic nanoparticles due to the synergistic effects of the two metals. So, we are presenting facile, one-vessel, and one-step phyto-fabrication of Ag–Fe BMNPs using the bud extract of Syzygiumaromaticum. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV-VIS, XRD, EDX, FTIR, and SEM. The synthesized NPs and the extract underwent biological studies. The radical scavenging potential of the NPs and the extract was found to be 64% and 73%, and the insecticidal potential was found to be 80% and 100%, respectively. Similarly, the NPs and the extract both exhibited good antibacterial activity. The zone of inhibition using 100 mg/mL of extract and NPs was found to be 1 cm against all bacterial species, i.e., K. pneumonia, E. coli, and S. aureus. It was 1.5 cm, 1.3 cm, and 1 cm against K. pneumonia, E. coli, and S. aureus, respectively, showing that the antibacterial activity of the extract is higher than that of the NPs. So, this study unlocks the synthesis of Ag–Fe bimetallic nanoparticles using eco-safe, cost-effective, facile, and least-harmful green methodology with potential applications of both NPs and SA extract in medical and agricultural fields, a step towards sustainability.

Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant Potential and Antibacterial Activities of Different Anatomical Parts of Hypericum cordifolium Choisy.

The genus Hypericum comprises a large number of species. The flower, leaf, stem, and root of the Hypericum species are widely used in traditional medicine in different cultures. Many Hypericum species have been well investigated phytochemically and pharmacologically. However, only a few reports are available on the H. cordifolium native to Nepal. The present study aims to evaluate the phytochemical composition of different extracts, qualitative analysis of methanol extract of the flower and leaf using thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and the antioxidant properties of components by the TLC-DPPH. assay. The phenolic and flavonoid contents were estimated in different extracts of the leaf and stem, and their antioxidant and antibacterial activities were evaluated. In the phytochemical screening, phenolics and flavonoids were present in ethyl acetate, methanol, and 50% aq methanol extracts of both the leaf and stem. In TLC analysis, the methanol extract of flowers showed the presence of 11 compounds and the leaf extract showed the presence of 8 compounds. Both extracts contained chlorogenic acid and mangiferin. Hyperoside and quercetin were present only in the flower extract. In the TLC-DPPH. assay, almost all of the flower extracts and 5 compounds of the leaf extract showed radical scavenging potential. Estimation of phenolics and flavonoids showed that all the leaf extracts showed higher amounts of phenolics and flavonoids than stem extracts. Among leaf extracts, greater amounts of phenolics were detected in 50% aqueous methanol extract (261.25 ± 1.66 GAE/g extract) and greater amounts of flavonoids were detected in methanol extract (232.60 ± 10.52 CE/g extract). Among stem extracts, greater amounts of flavonoids were detected in the methanol extract (155.12 ± 4.30 CE/g extract). In the DPPH radical scavenging assay, the methanol extract of the leaf showed IC50 60.85 ± 2.67 µg/ml and 50% aq. methanol extract of the leaf showed IC50 63.09 ± 2.98 µg/ml. The methanol extract of the stem showed IC50 89.39 ± 3.23 µg/ml, whereas ethyl acetate and 50% aq. methanol extract showed IC50 > 100 µg/ml. In the antibacterial assay, the methanol extract of the leaf showed the inhibition zone of 12-13 mm and the stem extract showed the inhibition zone of 7-11 mm against S. aureus, E. coli, and S. sonnei, whereas both extracts were inactive against S. typhi. The findings of this study support the traditional use of this plant in Nepal for the treatment of diseases associated with bacterial infections. The present study revealed that the underutilized anatomical parts of H. cordifolium could be the source of various bioactive phytochemicals like other Hypericum species.

Immunomodulatory activities of polysaccharides isolated from Amauroderma rugosum (Blume and T. Nees) Torrend and their structural characterization

Amauroderma rugosum (Blume and T. Nees) Torrend is a traditionally well-known mushroom that is used for the treatment of cancer. In order to evaluate the pharmacological activities of A. rugosum polysaccharides, the mushroom powder was subjected to hot water extraction and pure polysaccharides (ARPs) were isolated by gel-filtration method. Three important APRs called ARP-1, ARP-2 and ARP-5 were identified with average molecular weights of 1494, 450, and 7 kDa respectively. Their antioxidant abilities were estimated by examining free radical scavenging potential against 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid radical (ABTS●+), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH●), and hydroxyl radical. Immunomodulatory potentials of these ARPs were determined using murine macrophage cells. These polysaccharides exhibited high antioxidant abilities and stimulated mouse macrophages leading to the generation of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Excellent activities were displayed by ARP-1 and APR-2. Gas chromatography and spectroscopic (FT-IR and NMR) methods were employed in order to carry out their structural characterisation. The two high molecular weight ARPs (ARP-1 and ARP-2) displayed β-(1 → 3)-D-glucan backbone structure with branching of β-(1 → 6)-d-glucopyranosyl. These observations suggest high potential of ARPs for immunotherapeutic applications.

In vitro anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antileishmanial, enzymes inhibition and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of organotin(IV) derivatives of 4-bromophenoxyacetic acid

Organotin(IV) derivatives {(n-C4H9)3SnL (1), (CH3)3SnL (2), (n-C4H9)2SnL2 (3) and (CH3)2SnL2 (4)} of 4-bromophenoxyacetic acid (HL) were synthesized and characterized by elemental, FT-IR, NMR and single crystal XRD diffraction analyses. The carboxylate ligand showed bridging/chelating bidentate coordination. The complexes 1 and 2 have adopted polymeric chain structures consisting tin atoms in distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry. Complex 3 has shown highest DPPH radical scavenging (IC50 = 33.46 µg/mL) and antileishmanial activity (IC50 = 27.06 µg/mL). Complex 3 was also the most efficient agent in acetylcholinesterase (IC50 = 5.12 µg/mL), butyrylcholinesterase (IC50 = 13.79 µg/mL) and Monoamine oxidase (IC50 = 8.50 µg/mL) inhibition assays. Complex 4 (IC50 = 18.73 µg/mL) was the most potent ABTS radical scavenger. Complex 1 with IC50 values of 27.50 and 71.32 µg/mL was the most efficient α-glucosidase and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 enzyme inhibitor, respectively. While complex 2 was found the most potent Cyclooxygenase-2 (7.81 µg/mL) and 5-Lioxygenase (6.69 µg/mL) inhibitor. MTT assay revealed highest inhibitory potency of complexes 4 (IC50 = 8.035 ± 0.05 μg/ml), and 1 (IC50 = 10.16±0.17 μg/ml) towards the brain cancer cell line. The in vivo study performed on mice have shown potent anti-inflammatory effects of 1 and 2 comparable to the standard, indomethacin.

Effects of Food-Derived Antioxidant Compounds on In Vitro Heavy Metal Intestinal Bioaccessibility

Environmental contamination by heavy metals (HMs) has emerged as a significant global issue in recent decades. Among natural substances, food-deriving polyphenols have found a valuable application in chelating therapy, partially limited by their low water solubility. Thus, three different hydroalcoholic extracts titrated in quercetin (QE), ellagic acid (EA), and curcumin (CUR) were formulated using maltodextrins as carriers, achieving a powder with a valuable water solubility (MQE 91.3 ± 1.2%, MEA 93.4 ± 2.1, and MCUR 89.3 ± 2%). Overcoming the problem of water solubility, such formulations were tested in an in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion experiment conducted on a water sample with standardized concentrations of the principal HMs. Our results indicate that regarding the nonessential HMs investigated (Pb, Cd, As, Sb, and Hg), MQE has been shown to be the most effective in increasing the HMs’ non-bioaccessible concentration, resulting in concentration increases in Cd of 68.3%, in As of 51.9%, in Hg of 58.9%, in Pb of 271.4, and in Sb of 111.2% (vs control, p < 0.001) in non-bioaccessible fractions. Regarding the essential HMs, MEA has shown the greatest capability to increase their intestinal bioaccessibility, resulting in +68.5%, +61.1, and +22.3% (vs control, p < 0.001) increases in Cu, Zn, and Fe, respectively. Finally, considering the strong relation between the antiradical and chelating activities, the radical scavenging potentials of the formulations was assayed in DPPH and ABTS assays.

Evaluation of antioxidant potential of crude extract of metabolites from endophytic fungi isolated from <i>Annona senegalensis</i> Pers

Degenerative diseases resulting from free radicals can be prevented through the use of natural antioxidants. This study aimed to assess the free radical scavenging potential of the underexplored endophytic fungal metabolites from Annona senegalensis Pers (wild custard apple). Freshly collected root, midrib, and leaf tissues were planted on malt extract agar following surface sterilization with 70% ethanol for 3 minutes, washed twice with distilled water, immersed in a sodium hypochlorite solution (4%) for 5 minutes, and subsequently rinsed with sterile water. Seven endophytic fungi were isolated, and the antioxidant activity of their metabolites was evaluated using the 2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging method, with ascorbic acid serving as a reference antioxidant. The crude extract from the seven endophytic fungal isolates demonstrated concentration- dependent antioxidant activities. LB2 exhibited a strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 38.15 μg/ml. Extracts from RT1 and LB1 showed antioxidant activities, with the highest inhibition of 60% and 65%, respectively, observed at a concentration of 1000 μg/ml. This was compared favorably to ascorbic acid, which exhibited 94% inhibition. This indicates that the crude extract from endophytic fungi isolated from A. senegalensis possesses free radical scavenging properties. Further purification and elucidation of the crude extract will reveal the bioactive compounds responsible for the antioxidant activities.

Reuse of almond by-products: Scale-up production of functional almond skin added semolina sourdough breads

The present work reports the application of powdered almond skin (PAS) for industrial bread production. Three trials were conducted involving seven bread shapes, including control production (CTR), and two experimental productions with PAS addition [5–10 % (w/w), 5-PAS and 10-PAS, respectively]. Sourdough inoculum determined the acidification of all doughs and the levels of lactic acid bacteria increased. Spore-forming aerobic bacteria, members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, and total coliforms were not detected until the end of the fermentation process. PAS addition determined a lower weight loss, an increase of firmness, a diminution of specific volume, and a different sensory profile of the breads. Mafalda was the most appreciated bread shape and was subjected to photothermal aging. 10-PAS sample, after nine-day stress, still showed a significant total phenolic compound TPC content (111.0 mg GAE/g extract). The radical scavenging potential increased with PAS with a final IC50 of 103.3 μg/mL in 10-PAS breads. Experimental breads exhibited a notable enhancement in protection against lipid peroxidation. Mold-free shelf life assessment showed a 10-day shelf life for CTR breads, while a 12-day shelf life in presence of PAS. Collectively, the data suggest that PAS holds significant promise as a functional additive for industrial production of bread.