Radical Scavenging Capability Research Articles

A dual-nano drug system capable of potential interference and free radical scavenging to treat bacterial nephritis

ABSTRACT Bacterial nephritis is a bacterial infection that affects unilateral or bilateral kidneys. Its clinical treatment is limited due to bacterial infection and high oxidative stress, along with a lack of effective treatment strategies. This study aimed to develop a novel dual-nano drug system (TA@Ce3+ + CS-PL) for its potential therapeutic effects in bacterial nephritis. This system combines potential interference and free radical scavenging capabilities to provide synergistic antibacterial and antioxidant stress therapies. Electron spin resonance spectra revealed that TA@Ce3+ significantly reduced the signals of reactive oxygen species. Live-dead cell staining results indicated that the dual-nanosystem can effectively kill Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and is no toxicity. Hematoxylin and eosin staining results confirmed that the dual-nanosystem could protect mouse kidney tissue from bacterial infection and inflammatory effects in vitro. These results suggest that the TA@Ce3+ + CS-PL dual-nanosystem exhibited significant antibacterial and antioxidant stress effects on bacterial nephritis in vitro. It is non-toxic to normal cells, suggesting it as a potential therapeutic candidate for bacterial nephritis.

Innovative engineering of superoxide dismutase for enhanced cardioprotective biocatalysis in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury

The present research compares the stability, catalytic activity, and cardioprotective benefits of the designed superoxide dismutase (SOD) variation SOD-M3 to those of the naturally occurring enzyme, along with additional alternatives. SOD-M3 exhibited a 51.5 % increase in expression yield, reaching 50 mg/L, compared to the wild-type's 33 mg/L. In structural biology, the average distance between atoms of stacked proteins or molecules is measured by RMSD. Testing the precision of protein-ligand docking models is a typical application. The projected structure closely resembles the reference or native structure when the RMSD is low. The enzyme's durability improved significantly, resulting in negligible aggregation in the Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) and root mean square deviation (RMSD) of 2.1 Å. SOD-M3 catalytically increased superoxide radical scavenging capability by 40 % and inhibited nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction by 90 % at 1 μg/mL concentration. The material exhibited increased stability, as seen by its decomposition temperature (Tm) of about 80 °C, as opposed to 65 °C in the wild-type strains. In cardiomyocyte protection experiments, SOD-M3 reduced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) production by 55 % while decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations by 60 %. Since a 51.5 % increase in expression yield for SOD-M3 indicates improved production efficiency, which makes large-scale manufacturing more viable for clinical applications, it is therapeutically essential. Higher expression yields mean more cost-effective manufacture for enzyme-based therapy research and commercialization. In vivo, SOD-M3 decreased myocardial infarction diameter by 44 % while improving cardiac function, including increased ejection percentage and fractional contraction. The histopathological investigation revealed undamaged heart tissue and less necrotic areas. The results reported here demonstrate SOD-M3's superior activity of enzymes, cardioprotective perspective, and stability, making it a promising therapeutic alternative for illnesses related to cellular oxidation & ischemic cardiac diseases. An increase in enzyme concentrations can enhance the obtaining of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which build up during ischaemia episodes; therefore, this increase is essential. Improving the enzyme's solubility and stability by site-directed modifications makes SOD-M3 more stable and effective in physiological circumstances where its activity is crucial for therapeutic efficacy maximization. A further benefit of increased expression yield is that it can lower manufacturing costs, which will help get SOD-M3 into clinical settings. These modifications raise SOD-M3's cardioprotective potential, making it a strong contender for novel therapies against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion impacts.

Assessing the effects of dual functional V-type cornstarch films added with kiwifruit peel extracts on preservation of fresh-cut kiwifruits: A metabolomics study.

Fresh-cut fruit, with nutrition and convenience, has a broad market demand. However, its shelf life is shortened due to its tissue damage. Therefore, the development of cost-effective and eco-friendly multifunctional packaging materials to extend the shelf life of fresh-cut fruits is urgently needed. A cornstarch-based film (CS film) was successfully prepared using V-type corn starch as an ethylene scavenger and kiwifruit peel extract (KPE) as an antioxidant. The film containing 4.00 % (v/v) KPE had a DPPH radical scavenging capability of 52.1 % ± 2.4 % and ABTS radical scavenging capability of 70.4 % ± 4.4 %. The amount of ethylene harvested was 17.27 cm3 g-1. In addition, the malondialdehyde content of fresh-cut kiwifruits covered by CS film decreased by 42.82 % compared with PE film after 72 h, and the hardness increased 71.20 %. And the CS film could regulate ethylene and oxygen concentration, and extending the fresh life of kiwifruit from 3 days to 15 days. Metabolomics and transcriptomic analyses revealed that the CS film regulated ethylene self-promotion and the balance of reactive oxygen species metabolism. As a result, these reduced sugar synthesis and metabolism, which helped to maintain the freshness of fresh-cut kiwifruit. These findings can serve as a reference for developing techniques to preserve the packaging of fresh-cut fruits.

Novel ionic chitosan derivatives based on pyridinium sulfonate: Synthesis, characterization, and studies on antimicrobial, antioxidant, and biocompatibility properties.

To improve the solubility, antimicrobial efficacy, antioxidant capacity, and biocompatibility of chitosan for broader applications, a series of novel ionic chitosan derivatives were synthesized in this study by amidating chitosan with carboxyl pyridinium sulfonate. These derivatives were characterized through various analytical techniques, including FTIR, 1H NMR, UV, TGA, and XRD. Proton NMR was particularly utilized to determine the degree of substitution. The modified chitosans showed improved water solubility. Their antimicrobial activity against gram negative E. coli and gram positive S. aureus was evaluated in vitro through inhibition rates, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC), demonstrating high effectiveness at low concentrations. Additionally, antioxidant tests indicated that these derivatives possess significantly greater antioxidant activities compared to original chitosan, particularly the 5OHNASCS derivative which showed exceptional radical scavenging and reducing capabilities. Furthermore, the CCK-8 assay was employed to assess cytotoxicity in 293T cells (human embryonic kidney cells), with all samples exhibiting no toxicity. Hemolysis tests were also conducted, revealing that the newly synthesized series of ionic chitosan derivatives showed no hemolytic activity, indicating good biocompatibility and potential for application as wound dressings. In summary, these newly developed ionic chitosan derivatives demonstrated excellent water solubility, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant capacity, and biocompatibility, suggesting their potential use in food and biomedical materials.

Evaluation of Spirooxindole-3,3'-pyrrolines-incorporating Isoquinoline Motif as Antitumor, Anti-Inflammatory, Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Antioxidant Agents.

A series of novel 2-(isoquinolin-1-yl)-spiro[oxindole-3,3'-pyrrolines] were synthesized by a one-pot three-component reaction involving dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate, 3- phenylimidazo[5,1-a]isoquinoline and N-alkylisatins in chloroform at ∼60 °C for 24 h. This study aimed at the synthesis of novel spirooxindole-3,3'-pyrrolines derivatives and in vitro evaluation of cytotoxicity affinities in cross-correlations with their antiinflammation and radical scavenging capacities. The objective of this study was to use a one-pot, three-component reaction to synthesize a novel set of spirooxindole-3,3'-pyrrolines derivatives. A novel set of spirooxindole-3,3'-pyrrolines (8a-i) was synthesized by a one-pot threecomponent reaction involving dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate, 3-phenylimidazo[5,1-a]isoquinoline and N-alkylisatins in chloroform at ∼60 °C for 24 h. These new compounds were characterized by 1HNMR, 13C-NMR, and HRMS spectral data and screened for their antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities. The new synthetic spirooxindole-3,3'-pyrrolines (8a-i)-tested compounds displayed significant anti-inflammatory properties and were noncytotoxic on PDL fibroblasts. However, they lacked antioxidative-DPPH radical scavenging capabilities. Notably, Doxorubicin and cisplatin demonstrated antiproliferative effects on various cancer monolayers. Moreover, compounds 8b, 8d, 8f, 8h, and 8i exhibited pronounced viability reduction properties in colorectal and pancreatic cancer monolayers, as well as across skin, lung, prostate, and cervical adenocarcinomas, with higher cytotoxicity in mammary cancer cells MCF7 and T47D. None of the tested compounds had significant antibacterial activity against S. aureus or E. coli. However, compounds 8c, 8d, and 8f exhibited notable antifungal properties, indicating potential for further investigation. Eight new synthetic spiro[indoline-3,3-pyrroles] were prepared, characterized, and evaluated for their anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic properties. The compounds showed significant anti-inflammatory effects and promising cytotoxicity against various cancer monolayers, especially in colorectal and pancreatic cancers. Some compounds also exhibited antifungal properties. However, they did not exhibit significant antibacterial activity.

PH-responsive cationic guar gum-based multifunctional hydrogel with silver nanoenzymes: Combined photothermal antibacterial therapy and antioxidant properties for MRSA infected wound healing.

Managing wounds infected with multi-drug-resistant (MDR) bacteria remains a significant public health challenge in clinical settings. While multifunctional hydrogels are commonly employed to treat skin infections, there is a scarcity of hydrogels that effectively combine cationic guar gum (CG) with both potent antimicrobial and safe therapeutic actions. This study introduces a novel pH responsive, dual-dynamically crosslinked hydrogel (CFC-PDA/Ag), synthesized by crosslinking CG with polydopamine (PDA)-coated silver nanozymes (PDA/PM-AgNPs). The formulated hydrogel demonstrates pH-sensitive peroxidase (POD)-like activity and notable photothermal conversion efficiency (58.39 ± 2.45 %). It exhibits optimal mechanical properties (elastic modulus, G': 0.99 kPa; viscous modulus, G": 0.26 kPa), excellent injectability, self-healing within one minute, and efficient pH -responsive nanozyme release (82.64 % at pH 7.4 and 95.73 % at pH 6.4), enabling targeted bactericidal and anti-inflammatory effects. Extensive in vitro assessments confirm the hydrogel's robust photothermal properties (temperature range: 25-55 °C), outstanding antibacterial activity (kill rates of 99.12 ± 0.26 % against MRSA and 97.57 ± 1.22 % against E. coli), and effective free radical scavenging capabilities (DPPH: 91.25 ± 1.55 %, PTIO: 63.66 ± 8.32 %). In vivo studies on rat models with full-thickness MRSA-infected skin wounds demonstrated that CFC-PDA/Ag effectively eradicates MRSA, reduces inflammation, and enhances angiogenesis and collagen deposition, significantly accelerating the wound healing process. Collectively, these findings underscore the transformative potential of CFC-PDA/Ag hydrogel as an innovative therapeutic platform for treating wounds infected with MDR pathogens.

Self-Assembled EGCG Nanoparticles with Enhanced Intracellular ROS Scavenging for Skin Radioprotection.

Skin radiation damage is a prevalent form of tissue injury encountered during radiotherapy, radiation accidents, and occupational exposure. The only clinically approved radioprotective agent, amifostine, is associated with numerous side effects, underscoring the urgent need for the development of safe and effective radioprotective agents. Natural products with reductive properties possess high antioxidant activity and biocompatibility, but their low bioavailability limits their radioprotective efficacy and clinical application. To address this, we utilized epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) as a model compound and employed nanotechnology to enhance cellular uptake of natural compounds, thereby improving their free radical scavenging capabilities. EGCG nanoparticles (EGCG NPs) with robust intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging ability were prepared via self-assembly. The morphology, size distribution, and antioxidant capacity of EGCG NPs were characterized. Cytocompatibility, intracellular ROS levels and DNA damage, cell migration and immune response of EGCG NPs to macrophages were tested in vitro. The in vivo radiation protection and biocompatibility of EGCG NPs were assessed in murine model. The EGCG NPs was successfully prepared and compared to free EGCG, EGCG NPs demonstrated better cellular uptake, significantly enhancing their biocompatibility, intracellular ROS scavenging capacity, and ability to mitigate DNA damage. Furthermore, EGCG NPs facilitated fibroblast proliferation and migration, while inhibiting the polarization of macrophages towards the M1 phenotype in vitro. In animal levels, EGCG NPs exhibited markedly improved radioprotective efficacy over free EGCG, effectively reducing skin edema and ulceration, alleviating pathological conditions such as interstitial edema, dermal fluid accumulation, and inflammatory infiltration, decreasing the duration of skin injury, and promoting wound healing. This work offers novel insights into the therapeutic application of EGCG NPs as a potential alternative for skin radioprotection and provides a powerful approach for developing radioprotective agents derived from natural products.

Exploring the antimicrobial and antioxidative potential of Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link: Phytochemical screening, molecular docking, and HR-LC/MS profiling against SARS-CoV-2 protein 3CLPro, Spike and RDB

BackgroundLeucas aspera (Willd.) Link, a member of the Lamiaceae family and commonly known as "Thumbai," is found throughout India and has been utilized in traditional Indian medicine to treat various ailments. PurposeThis study entails methanolic extraction of Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link using a Soxhlet apparatus, followed by phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity assessment. MethodsThe L. aspera methanolic leaf extract displayed a phenolic content of 100 µg/ml, consisting of 3.02 mg of gallic acid dry weight equivalents and a flavonoid content of 100 µg/ml with 3.35 mg quercetin equivalents per dry weight. The extract's free radical scavenging capabilities were at 150 µg/ml in DPPH, showing an 87% effectiveness compared to the standard ascorbic acid 49% inhibition capacity. The ABTS radical scavenging activity in 100 µg/ml extract measured 64.32%, phosphomolybdate assay indicated 86.89%, and hydroxide radical scavenging capacity showed 126.72%. Antibacterial activity was also assessed through agar well diffusion assays against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, and Leucobacter sp., Where K. pneumoniae exhibits the highest zone of inhibition. The methanolic crude extract of L. aspera was further using TLC, FT-IR and HR-LC/MS to identify functional groups and phytocompound present in the extract. ResultsHRLC-MS was used to conduct metabolite profiling of the methanolic crude extract of L. aspera leaves, discovering 37 positive and 43 negative compounds. To evaluate the ADMET properties and predict the drug-likeness of these 80 phytochemicals, an in silico analysis was performed. The results of this analysis revealed that only 19 of the compounds met the ADMET limitations and had suitable Log P values. Molecular docking of the 19 compounds against the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (3CLPro) protein (PDB ID: 6LU7) and spike protein receptor binding domain (SGp-RBD) protein (PDB ID: 2GHV) revealed Famprofazone and Loxtidine compounds having the highest binding affinity with LibDock scores of 105.53 and 116.70 respectively. ConclusionThus, our findings could serve as potential active molecules of L. aspera against this target protein. This study provides further proof of bioactive compounds produced by the L. aspera leaf extract.

Efficacy of foliar application of Chlorella vulgaris extract on chemical composition and biological activities of the essential oil of spearmint (Mentha spicata L.)

The microalgal have an essential role in agriculture, where they are used as biofertilizers. This study aimed to determine the effect of C. vulgaris extract on the chemical composition and biological activities of the Essential Oil (EO) of Mentha spicata. The extract of C. vulgaris was prepared and applied at three different concentrations (50, 75, and 100 %). The EOs of M. spicata were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The DPPH radical scavenging capability and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) techniques were used to assess the antioxidant activity of EOs. The antimicrobial activity of EO was evaluated using the microdilution method against Staphylococcus aureus. The results of GC-MS analysis of EOs identified 46 components, with Carvone (77.5–65.4 %), Limonene (10.31–6.9 %), β-elemene (1.56–0.98 %), and Caryophyllene (10.92–4.77 %) being the predominant constituents. From the highest concentration ranged from 100 % C. vulgaris extract to control respectively, yield and EO content ranged from 171.24 to 131.74 g/m2 and 0.34 to 0.18 %, respectively; Antioxidant activity by DPPH and FRAP methods varied from 1.56 to 4.45 mg/mL, and 405.63 to 68.68 μMFe2+/g, respectively; the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) ranged from 2.4 to 9.6 mg/mL in various treatments. The results indicated that the C. vulgaris extract significantly increased the yield, EO%, Carvone, Limonene, and antioxidant and antibacterial activities compared to the control. The extract of C. vulgaris showed promise as a biofertilizer to enhance the yield, chemical composition, and biological activities of M. spicata.

Study on Extraction and Bioactivity of Polysaccharides from Viburnum sargentii Koehne with Deep Eutectic Solvent.

The fruits of Viburnum sargentii Koehne (Vsk) are rich in bioactive polysaccharides and polyphenols, which exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hypoglycemic properties. This study explored the use of deep eutectic solvents (DES), specifically urea-choline chloride, as a green extraction medium to maximize polysaccharide yield from Vsk polysaccharides. Extraction conditions, including solvent composition, temperature, and time, were optimized using response surface methodology, achieving significantly higher yields and purity compared to hot water extraction. The polysaccharides extracted through DES showed a more homogeneous molecular structure, with reduced protein and pigment impurities. Bioactivity assays confirmed potent antioxidant and hypoglycemic effects, with DES-extracted polysaccharides displaying enhanced reducing power, free radical scavenging capabilities, and notable α-amylase inhibition compared to those obtained by conventional methods. These findings highlight DES extraction as an effective approach not only to improve yield and purity but also to enhance the bioactivity of extracted compounds. Consequently, DES-extracted Vsk polysaccharides show potential for use in developing functional foods and nutraceuticals. This study advances sustainable extraction technologies, positioning Vsk polysaccharides as valuable bioactive compounds with promising health applications.

Fullerenols as efficient ferroptosis inhibitor by targeting lipid peroxidation for preventing drug-induced acute kidney injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is characterized by rapid and significant deterioration of renal function over a short duration with high mortality. However, the intricate pathophysiological mechanisms underlying AKI have hindered the development of effective therapeutic strategies. Recent research has highlighted the crucial role of ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of AKI and has identified it as a promising therapeutic target. Herein, we investigated the prophylactic efficacy of fullerenol nanoparticles, renowned for their broad-spectrum free radical scavenging capabilities and favorable biocompatibility, in preventing and mitigating ferroptosis-mediated cisplatin-induced AKI. Our findings demonstrate the remarkable potential of fullerenols in mitigating AKI. Specifically, fullerenols exert their protective effects primarily by suppressing renal lipid peroxidation and ferrous iron accumulation, which are two defining hallmarks of ferroptosis. Notably, fullerenols significantly inhibited the upregulation of key enzymes involved in the intracellular lipid peroxidation induced by cisplatin, including acyl-coA synthetase long chain family member 4 (ACSL4), arachidonate lipoxygenase 3 (ALOXE3), and cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR), and enhanced antioxidant systems xc-/Glutathione (GSH)/Glutathione Peroxidase 4 (GPX4). Fullerenols also significantly suppressed the increase in mRNA expression of iron regulation-related genes and prevented the elevation of low-valent iron levels in the kidney tissue of AKI mice. Collectively, our study presents fullerenol as a promising drug candidate for the prevention of AKI in clinical settings, and provides valuable insights into the management of various ferroptosis-associated diseases.

Colon-targeted self-assembled nanoparticles loaded with berberine double salt ameliorate ulcerative colitis by improving intestinal mucosal barrier and gut microbiota

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic, recurrent inflammatory bowel disease marked by disturbances in intestinal mucosal barriers, persistent inflammation, oxidative stress, and dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota. Traditional treatments often fail to adequately address these issues, primarily targeting inflammation. To address these limitations, this study developed an innovative approach using self-assembled nanoparticles for oral administration that target colonic inflammation. Berberine hydrochloride and ursodeoxycholic acid were combined to form a double salt (BeU), enhancing solubility and encapsulation. An amphiphilic polymer (FU-PA) was created by esterifying fucoidan with palmitic acid. FU-PA/BeU nanoparticles were prepared using the nanoprecipitation method and further encapsulated in acid-resistant sodium alginate microspheres (FU-PA/BeU NPs@MS) for targeted delivery to colonic lesions. The aggregation rate of nanoparticles with mucus was significantly reduced to 59 % of free berberine, while the apparent permeability coefficient increased by 2.4 times. In vitro, FU-PA/BeU NPs effectively targeted inflammatory macrophages, reducing IL-6 and NO levels while increasing IL-10 level (to 42.5 %, 26.8 %, and 539 % of the LPS-treated group, respectively). Additionally, the ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging capabilities of FU-PA/BeU NPs were 177.8 % and 151.7 % of BeU, respectively. In dextran sulphate sodium-induced UC mice, oral FU-PA/BeU NPs@MS significantly improved epithelial and mucosal barriers, restored gut microbiota diversity, reduced inflammation and oxidative stress. Remarkably, the mean colon length in the FU-PA/BeU NPs@MS group was 1.2 times longer than that in the sulfasalazine group. These dual-targeted FU-PA/BeU NPs@MS show great potential for UC treatment.

Inspecting the potential of thymol as a therapeutic agent for treating Alzheimer's disease.

Thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol) is the main monoterpene phenol occurring in essential oils isolated from plants, like thyme, belonging to the Lemnaceae family.1 Due to its antioxidant, free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antispasmodic, antibacterial, antifungal and antiseptic properties, thymol has been used since ancient times for therapeutic purposes.2 This letter specifically focuses on using thymol in treating Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder which is caused due to the extracellular accumulation of amyloid B (AB) plaques and intracellular aggregations of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) formed due to hyperphosphorylation of microtubule associated t (tau) protein. The accumulation of these substances in various parts of the brain causes neuronal damage and death.3 Due to its free radical scavenging and antioxidant capabilities, thymol is able to scavenge the reactive oxygen species produced by the amyloid aggregates, thus attenuating the potential oxidative damage that they would cause. Thymol can also alleviate protein kinase C activity as a memory-related protein.4 thymol has proved to reduce the cognitive defects and was also found to alleviate learning and memory impairment in rat models.5,6 Although thymol has a lot of beneficial effects against cognitive impairment caused by Alzheimer’s, all of the experiments have been done on rat models; hence thymol’s therapeutic potentials in modulating and preventing Alzheimer in humans need to be fully explored.

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Hemolytic Properties of Ylang-Ylang (Cananga odorata) Essential Oil: Potential Therapeutic Applications in Dermatology

Background/Objectives: This study investigates the chemical composition, antioxidant, antibacterial, and hemolytic properties of ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata) essential oil, with a focus on its potential therapeutic applications for dermatological diseases and the importance of transforming such bioactive properties into a stable, safe, and effective formulation. Methods/Rsults: Essential oils were extracted from flowers harvested in northern Grande Comore using hydro distillation at three different distillation times to examine the impact on yield and quality. Gas chromatographic analysis identified a complex mixture of compounds, including linalool, geranyl acetate, and benzyl benzoate. Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH, FRAP, TAC, and beta-carotene bleaching inhibition assays, revealing significant radical scavenging capabilities, with DPPH IC50 varying between 1.57 and 3.5 mg/mL. Antibacterial activity was tested against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, showing promising inhibition zones and minimum inhibitory concentrations. Hemolytic tests indicated varying degrees of red blood cell damage, emphasizing the need for careful concentration management in therapeutic applications. Molecular docking studies highlighted potential therapeutic targets for dermatological conditions, identifying high binding affinities for specific compounds against proteins involved in acne, eczema, and psoriasis. Conclusions: This comprehensive analysis underscores the potential of ylang-ylang essential oil (YEOs) as a natural alternative for antimicrobial treatments and dermatological applications, with its success dependent on optimized extraction methods and precise formulation to reduce cytotoxic effects. A formulation approach is crucial to ensure controlled release, improve bioavailability, and minimize skin irritation.

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Six Allium Extracts Using Protein-Based Biomimetic Methods.

Medicinal plants are a valuable reservoir of novel pharmacologically active compounds. ROS and free radicals are primary contributors to oxidative stress, a condition associated with the onset of degenerative diseases such as cancer, coronary heart disease, and vascular disease. In this study, we used different spectrophotometry methods to demonstrate the antioxidant properties of 6 Allium extracts: Allium fistulosum; Allium ursinum; Allium cepa: Arieș red cultivar of A. cepa, and white variety of A. cepa; Allium sativum; and Allium senescens subsp. montanum. HPLC-MS determined the chemical composition of the extracts. Among the tested extracts, the Arieș red cultivar of A. cepa stands out as having the best antioxidant activity, probably due to the high content of polyphenols and alliin (12.67 µg/mL and 3565 ng/mL, respectively). The results obtained in this study show that Allium extracts have antioxidant activity, but also free radical scavenging capabilities. Also, their interactions with cytochrome c and hemoglobin can be the basis of future studies to create treatments for oxidative stress-related diseases.

Structural Characterization, and Antioxidant, Hypoglycemic and Immunomodulatory Activity of Exopolysaccharide from Sanghuangporus sanghuang JM-1

Sanghuang as a medicinal fungus in China has a history of more than 2000 years, and is known as the “forest gold”. Most notably, the polysaccharides of Sanghuangporus sp. have attracted widespread attention due to their significant bioactivity in recent years. At present, extensive studies are being carried out on the extraction methods, structural characterization, and activity evaluation of polysaccharides. Here, we aimed to evaluate the structure and bioactivity of LEPS-1, an exopolysaccharide derived from the S. sanghuang JM-1 strain. The structure was elucidated by chromatography/spectral methods and hydrolyzation, and the solubility, the antioxidant activity, hypoglycemic activity and immunomodulatory activity were investigated. Results showed that LEPS-1 contained a →2)-α-Manp(1→6)-α-Galp(1→[2)-α-Manp(1→]n→2,6)-α-Manp(1→6,2)-α-Manp(1→3)-α-Manp(1→ backbone substituted at the O-6 and O-2 positions with side chains. These two branching fragments were β-Manp(1→. The molecular weight of LEPS-1 is 36.131 kDa. The results of biological activity analysis suggested that LEPS-1 was easily soluble in water, with reducing capability and DPPH radical scavenging capability. Furthermore, the IC50 values of LEPS-1 against α-amylase and α-glucosidase were 0.96 mg/mL and 1.92 mg/mL. LEPS-1 stimulated RAW264.7 cells to release NO, TNF-α and IL-6 with no cytotoxicity, showing potent potential for immunomodulatory activity. These findings describe a potential natural exopolysaccharide with medicinal value and a basis for the development of S. sanghuang exopolysaccharides.

Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Medicinal Plant Extracts: Insights into Potential Therapeutic Applications .

This study evaluates the phytochemical composition and in-vitro antioxidant activities of various extracts such as Boswellia serrate (Bs), Zingiber officinale (Zs), Tribulus terrestris (Tt), Camellia sinensis (Cs), Withania somnifera (Ws), and Piper longum (Pl). Using soxhlet extraction, the plants were processed with various solvents, including n-hexane, dichloromethane, methanol, ethanol, and water. Phytochemical screening revealed a diverse range of compounds, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins, varying by extract. The antioxidant activities were assessed using superoxide, hydroxyl radical scavenging assays, and lipid peroxidation assays. The hydroalcoholic extract of C. sinensis exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, with significant superoxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging capabilities. T. terrestris and W. somnifera also demonstrated strong antioxidant properties, aligning with their traditional medicinal uses. Moderate activity was observed in P. longum, attributed to its bioactive compound, piperine. Meanwhile, B. serrata and Z. officinale showed lower antioxidant activities but are noted for their anti-inflammatory benefits. This research corroborates previous findings on the antioxidant potential of these plants, highlighting the importance of further investigations into their pharmacological applications. The study underscores the therapeutic potential of these extracts in oxidative stress-related conditions and supports their continued exploration in modern medicine.

Beta-cyclodextrin–Phyllanthus emblica emulsion for zinc oxide nanoparticles: Characteristics and photocatalysis

Abstract This study presents a new approach for producing zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) utilizing an emulsion of beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract. When synthesized, the particles were around 90 ± 5 nm in size. The zeta potential investigation yielded a value of −27.1 mV. The generated ZnONPs exhibited 83.70% anti-oxidant activity as well as good radical scavenging capabilities. The catalytic activity of ZnONPs was investigated using rhodamine B dye, and they displayed that maximum photocatalytic degradation was found to be 90.32% when exposed to UV light and 50.5% when not exposed to UV light. The kinetic investigation of photocatalytic degradation employs pseudo-first-order rate kinetics, with a rate constant of 2.5 × 10−2 under UV irradiation and 1.1 × 10−2 without irradiation. Anti-bacterial tests against Escherichia coli bacteria demonstrated the particles’ anti-bacterial characteristics. Anti-cancer studies were carried out using KB-31 cancer cells at varying particle concentrations. The studies confirmed that the particles produced are anti-cancer. In conclusion, this study reports a new green synthesis method to fabricate ZnONPs with high anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer properties and suitable for various biomedical applications.

Standardisation and quality evaluation of millet-based Chikki using Quinoa and Bajra

Millet Chikki is a nutritionally enriched snack crafted from millet grains, an ancient gluten-free staple. This innovative take on traditional Chikki blends the goodness of millets with essential nutrients, catering to modern health-conscious consumers. Since, millets are known to be rich in proteins, fibre, vitamins, and minerals, it provides a sustainable source of energy. This study focuses on the standardization and quality evaluation of millet-based Chikki incorporating quinoa and bajra, with jaggery syrup as a sweetener. Three different formulations of Chikki were prepared: Sample-A (60% roasted quinoa, 30% jaggery syrup, 10% other ingredients), Sample-B (60% roasted bajra, 30% jaggery syrup, 10% other ingredients), and Sample-C (30% roasted quinoa, 30% roasted bajra, 30% jaggery syrup, 10% other ingredients). Sensory evaluation revealed that Sample-A had superior sensory attributes, including aroma, appearance, texture, taste, and overall acceptability, compared to Sample-B and Sample-C. Nutritional analysis showed that Sample-A had the highest energy content (699 kcal/100g) and a balanced nutrient profile. Antioxidant assays demonstrated significant free radical scavenging and reducing capabilities in Sample-A, while microbiological analysis confirmed its safety with low microbial load and absence of harmful pathogens. These findings highlight that the inclusion of roasted quinoa enhances both the sensory appeal and nutritional value of millet-based Chikki, making Sample-A the optimal formulation.

Alamandin and especially melatonin attenuate pulmonary arterial hypertension induced by monocrotalin.

Despite the available treatments, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) prognosis is poor. We aimed to investigate the effects of the alamandine (ALA), melatonin (MEL), and ALA + MEL in PAH. The rats were randomly divided into Control (n = 10), monocrotaline (MCT) (n = 12), ALA (n = 12), MEL (n = 12), and ALA + MEL (n = 12) groups. PAH was induced by MCT. The ALA, MEL, and ALA + MEL groups received 50 μg/kg/day ALA, 10mg/kg/day MEL, and ALA + MEL, respectively, for 35 days. Echocardiographic and hemodynamic measurements and tissue analyses (morphometric, histopathological, ELISA, and western blot) were performed. Monotherapies, especially MEL, reduced the right ventricular (RV) systolic pressure. Only MEL increased the pulmonary artery acceleration time. MCT increased the RV/left ventricle (LV) + interventricular septum (IVS) ratio. While ALA and ALA + MEL slightly decreased the RV/(LV + IVS), MEL significantly restored it. MCT increased the tunica intima-media (TIM) thickness, PCNA and α-SMA of pulmonary arterioles, histopathological score (HS) (inflammatory infiltration etc.) of the lung, and RV. All treatments reduced the TIM thickness (especially MEL), PCNA, and α-SMA. All treatments significantly decreased the HS of the lung; however, MEL and ALA + MEL produced greater benefits. All treatments attenuated the HS of RV. MCT caused a significant increase in lung lysyl oxidase (LOX) activity. All treatments restored the LOX; however, MEL and ALA + MEL provided greater improvement. While lung Nrf-2 was increased in MCT-treated rats, MEL reduced it. ALA, MEL, and ALA + MEL attenuate PAH and protect RV via antiproliferative, anti-remodeling, antihypertrophic, anti-inflammatory, and free radical scavenging (only MEL) capabilities. Overall, MEL produced the best outcomes.