Radical Scavenging Activity Assay Research Articles

Optimising ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions for maximising phenolic, flavonoid content and antioxidant activity in hog plum peel and seed: A response surface methodology approach

This study optimised ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) temperature, time, and ethanol concentration to investigate total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity (DPPH free radical scavenging activity assay) from hog plum peel and seed. Optimisation used Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a Box-Behnken design (BBD) of three factors at three levels. The variables for both peel and seed were temperature (40–60 °C), time (30–60 min), and ethanol concentrations (40–80 %). Fifteen experimental runs were conducted, using a second-order polynomial model (quadratic) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) to predict the responses and validate the model. The results revealed that the moisture, protein, fat, crude fibre, ash, and carbohydrate content of hog plum seed and peel differences in their nutrient content. Additionally, peel contains a TPC of 95–104 mg GAE/100 g DM, DPPH activity of 68–92 %, and TFC of 1.622–2.312 mg QE/g DM, while TPC varies between 97 and 110 mg GAE/100 g DM, DPPH activity ranges from 71 to 95 %, and TFC of 1–22 mg QE/g DM for seed. The R2 value of both peel and seed for TPC, TFC, and DPPH activity was 0.99, indicating that the quadratic model is satisfactory for analysing interactions between response and independent variables. Furthermore, RSM analysis identified the optimal extraction conditions of both peel and seed for maximising TPC, TFC, and DPPH activity at a temperature of 59.82 °C, a time of 41.08 min, and 76.64 % ethanol concentration. Under the optimal settings, the observed values were 108.34 ± 7.23 (peel) and 101.45 ± 3.65 mg GAE/100 g DM (seed) for TPC, 2.98 ± 2.10 (peel), and 3.98 ± 1.34 mg QE/g DM (seed) for TFC, and 85.13 ± 5.43 (peel), and 84.35 ± 4.10 % (seed) for DPPH activity. This study establishes a framework for further investigation into UAE parameters and extraction solvents to enhance the extraction efficiency of hog plum seed and peel.

Differential Effects of In Vitro Simulated Digestion on Antioxidant Activity and Bioaccessibility of Phenolic Compounds in Purple Rice Bran Extracts.

Pigmented rice varieties are abundant in phenolic compounds. Antioxidant activity and bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds are modified in the gastrointestinal tract. After in vitro simulated digestion, changes in antioxidant activity and bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds (phenolic acids, flavonoids, and anthocyanins) in purple rice brans (Hom Nil and Riceberry) were compared with undigested crude extracts. The digestion method was conducted following the INFOGEST protocol. Antioxidant activity was determined using the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity assays. The bioaccessibility index (BI) was calculated from the ratio of digested to undigested soluble phenolic content. Overall results showed that the in vitro simulated digested rice brans had lower antioxidant activity and lower total phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents. However, the concentration of sinapic acid was stable, while other phenolic acids (gallic, protocatechuic, vanillic, ρ-coumaric, and ferulic acids) degraded after the oral, gastric, and intestinal phases. The BI of sinapic, gallic, vanillic, and ferulic acids remained stable, and the BI of quercetin was resistant to digestion. Conversely, anthocyanins degraded during the intestinal phase. In conclusion, selective phenolic compounds are lost along the gastrointestinal tract, suggesting that controlled food delivery is of further interest.

Influence of enzyme treatment approach on the phenolics content and antioxidant potential of sorghum grain samples

Enzyme-assisted extraction of phenolics was performed from commercial broom, and GK Emese and Farmsugro 180 hybrid sorghum grain residues with cellulolytic and esterolytic cocktails of Rhizomucor miehei NRRL 5282, Gilbertella persicaria SZMC 11086 and Mucor corticolus SZMC 12031 fungi. Results showed an increasing tendency for total phenolic content (TPC) during incubation that was in a positive relation with total flavonoid content (TFC) for most treatments. Best TPC and TFC yields were obtained on broom sorghum with maximal values of 256.9 ± 11.7 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g dry matter (DM) and 159.4 ± 6.8 mg catechin equivalent (CE)/100 g DM, respectively, achieved during R. miehei enzyme treatment. Reducing power and radical scavenging activity assays demonstrated improved antioxidant activity for most treated samples that was in positive correlation (0.942 ≥ r ≥ 0.522) with the TPC and TFC variables. Chromatography analysis revealed hydroxybenzoates, i.e., protocatechuic, 4-hydroxybenzoic and vanillic acids, as major phenolics with yields ranging from 5.40 ± 0.57 to 132.85 ± 14.21 μg/g DM, but the content of hydroxycinnamates increased to a greater extent during the treatments. The enzyme treatments can be reliable methods for enriching phenolic antioxidants in sorghum substances utilizable in gluten-free food products.

Antioxidant activity of jambu bol [Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. and Perry] leaf extract

Jambu bol [Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. and Perry] is well known to be used in folk medicine and reports are proving the biological activity of each part of this plant. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of S. malaccense L. leaf extract. The methods used in this study were total phenolic content (TPC) assay, 2,2-Diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•) radical scavenging activity assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The results showed that the extract contained TPC of 44.10±0.06 mg GAE/g. The IC50 scavenging activities of DPPH and ABTS• were 0.0334 mg of Ascorbic acid E/g and 0.1352 mg of TE/g, respectively, while the antioxidant reducing power was 1013.50±0.07 mM Fe2+ / g. In conclusion, S. malaccense L. leaf extract was found to possess antioxidant activity, and this extract has potential to be developed to be used in food as a natural antioxidant agent.

Molecular Identification and Phytochemical Analysis and Bioactivity Assessment of Catharanthus roseusLeaf Extract: Exploring Antioxidant Potential and Antimicrobial Activities.

Plants have long been at the main focus of the medical industry's attention due to their extensive list of biological and therapeutic properties and ethnobotanical applications. Catharanthus roseus, sometimes referred to as Nithyakalyani in Tamil, is an Apocynaceae family member used in traditional Indian medicine. It also examines the plant's potential antimicrobial and antioxidant activities as well as its preliminary phytochemical makeup. Leaf material from C. roseus was analyzed and found to include a variety of phytochemicals including alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, saponins, glycosides, quinones, and steroids. Four of the seven secondary metabolic products discovered in C. roseus leaves showed bioactive principles: 3-methylmannoside, squalene, pentatriacontane, and 2,4,4-trimethyl-3-hydroxymethyl-5a-(3-methyl-but-2-enyl)-cyclohexene. Catharanthus roseus is rich in the anticancer compounds vinblastine and vincristine. Whole DNA was isolated from fresh leaves, then amplified, sequenced, and aligned to find prospective DNA barcode candidates. One DNA marker revealed the restricted genetic relationship among C. roseus based on genetic distance and phylogenetic analysis. The antioxidant activity of the plant extract was evaluated using the DPPH, ABTS, phosphomolybdenum, FRAP, and superoxide radical scavenging activity assays, while the antibacterial potential was evaluated using the agar well diffusion assay. The ethanol extract of C. roseus was found to have the highest reducing power. In addition, a 4- to 21-mm-wide zone of inhibition was seen when the C. roseus extract was tested against bacterial and fungal stains. In conclusion, C. roseus has the most promise as an antibacterial and antioxidant agent.

Relationship between Flavonoid Chemical Structures and Their Antioxidant Capacity in Preventing Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Formation in Heated Meat Model System.

The relationship between the chemical structures of six flavonoids and their abilities to inhibit the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a heated meat model system was investigated. The PAH8 forming in samples was analyzed by using QuEChERS coupled GC-MS. Inhibitory effects of PAHs were myricetin (72.1%) > morin (55.7%) > quercetin (57.3%) > kaempferol (49.9%) > rutin (32.7%) > taxifolin (30.2%). The antioxidant activities of these flavonoids, assessed through (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity assay (DPPH), [2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)] free radical scavenging activity assay (ABTS) and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) assays, exhibited a significant negative correlation with PAH reduction. Notably, myricetin that contained three hydroxyl groups on the B-ring, along with a 2,3-double bond in conjugation with a 4-keto moiety on the C-ring, demonstrated strong antioxidant properties and free radical scavenging abilities, which significantly contributed to their ability to inhibit PAH formation. However, rutin and taxifolin, substituted at the C-3 position of the C-ring, decreased the PAH inhibitory activity. The ABTS assay proved the most effective in demonstrating the correlation between flavonoid antioxidant properties and their capacity to inhibit PAH formation in heated meat model systems. Thus, the inhibition of PAHs can be achieved by dietary flavonoids according to their chemical structures.

Antioxidant and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory activities of red lionfish (Pterois volitans L.) muscle protein hydrolysates obtained using pepsin-pancreatin system

Despite being an invasive species and representing a threat in the area, red lionfish (Pterois volitans L.) meat is valued for its pleasant taste and high protein content. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition (ACE-I) and the antioxidant activities of red lionfish muscle protein hydrolysates in vitro. Hydrolysates were obtained using the pepsin-pancreatin system, and their degree of hydrolysis (DH), electrophoretic, and amino acid profile were determined. Subsequently, their ACE-I and ABTS+ radical scavenging activity were evaluated, selecting those with the highest response. The highest DH (66.1%) was found in the hydrolysate obtained at 120 min of reaction time (H120); electrophoresis revealed the action of the enzymes on the muscle proteins. The highest bioactivities occurred during hydrolysis with pepsin for 60 min (H60), obtaining the highest ACE-I of 68.8% (evaluated with 500 µg protein) with a DH of 16.8%, ACE-I related amino acid content of 33.6%, and hydrophobic amino acid content of 42.9%. With the 30 min hydrolysates (H30), the highest Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity of 60.3 mM/mg protein was obtained with 18.4% DH and 22.1% radical scavenger amino acids; its comparison with H120 proved that higher DH did not produce a greater response in ABTS+ radical scavenging activity, DPPH, reducing power, and copper chelation assays; with β-carotene bleaching being the exception. Therefore, it can be concluded that red lionfish muscle hydrolysates could be a promising source of peptides with antihypertensive and antioxidant properties, and can be suitable as functional ingredients.

MICROMERIA MYRTIFOLIA BOISS. & HOHEN’İN BİYOLOJİK AKTİVİTELERİNİN BELİRLENMESİ

Objective: Lamiaceae family has a wide variety of well-known and lesser-known plants with strong medicinal qualities. The genus Micromeria Benth. is a member of this family consisting of herbaceous plants with a variety of significant biological, phytochemical, and ethnobotanical uses. In this study, the biological activities of methanol and ethanol extracts of Micromeria myrtifolia were evaluated. Material and Method: To demonstrate the antioxidant activity DPPH radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content assays were done. The effects of the extracts on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and monoamine oxidase-A were then assessed. Result and Discussion: Methanol extract showed the highest DPPH scavenging activity, at the dose of 10 mg/ml with a value of 96.55%. For the highest concentration that can be applicable, AChE inhibitions for the methanol and ethanol extracts were 25% and 27%, respectively. On the other hand, the inhibitory effects of the ethanol and methanol extracts of the plant on MAO-A were determined; for the ethanol extract IC50 value was found as 32.5876 ± 0.89 g/ml, and for the methanol extract it was found as 34.6544 ± 0.76 g/ml. It can be told that M. myrtifolia can act as a potential antioxidant. With further research and investigation, it is thought that Micromeria myrtifolia could be used as a natural source for the treatment of various neurological diseases.

Cardioprotective effects of Callicarpa tomentosa leaf extract in Wistar albino rats against isoproterenol-induced myocardial necrosis: Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant study

BackgroundGlobally, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the foremost cause of mortality. Conventional medications are associated with several complications, necessitating an alternative, safe and efficacious medicine. Therefore, the study was planned to assess the cardioprotective efficacy of Callicarpa tomentosa (CT) leaf extract against isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial failure in experimental rats. Materials and methodsCT leaf extract was subjected to phytochemical analysis, total phenolic and flavonoid content measurement, and in vitro antioxidant evaluation. Additionally, the protection from myocardial injury was evaluated based on the estimation of biomarkers including CK-MB, CKNAC, and LDH in both the low-dose (200 mg/kg) and high-dose (400 mg/kg) groups of rats. We measured endogenous antioxidants in heart tissue to estimate the antioxidant potential. Histopathological analysis confirmed the biochemical results. ResultsThe findings of this study indicated that the CT leaf extract contained several phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids and triterpenoids, cardiac glycosides, carbohydrates, phenols, saponins, and tannins. The CT's total phenol content was 33.3 ± 0.14 mg GAE (Gallic Acid Equivalent) per gram of extract, while its total flavonoid concentration was 76.5 ± 1.2 mg QUE (Quercetin Equivalent). In the DPPH assay, CT had a mean inhibitory effect of 60.06 ± 1.358 g/ml, whereas its IC50 in the H2O2 radical scavenging activity assay was 102.85 ± 0.194 g/ml. The electrocardiograms of the treated animals demonstrated considerable recovery from ISO-induced electrophysiological abnormalities as well and the amount of endogenous biomarkers was significantly reduced in animals that receivedCT treatment. Additionally, the use of CT reversed the effects of ISO administration on SOD activity, increased GSH levels, and lowered LPO levels. The damage to the heart tissues was significantly reduced, with the tissue architecture appearing closer to normal in groups that received high doses of CT. ConclusionThese results suggest that C. tomentosa leaf extract has potent antioxidant activity and provides protection against isoproterenol-induced cardiac necrosis in Wistar albino rats. The cardioprotectivebenefits are attributed to the presence of active components in the extract, which aid in the restoration of antioxidant equilibrium and the reduction of damage caused by oxidative stress.

In Vitro Antioxidant and Antidiabetic properties of leaves aqueous extract of Sonchus maritimus

One of the most serious health issues facing worldwide today is diabetes mellitus. Although they have inevitable adverse effects, conventional antidiabetic medications are effective. However, plants might also provide an alternate source of anti-diabetic chemicals. This study was focused on determining the antioxidant activities of the leaves aqueous extract of Sonchus maritimus using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing ability assay power (FRAP), as well as its antidiabetic activities, which were performed using different protocols, including alpha-amylase inhibitory properties, glucose uptake by yeast cell’s ability, and glucose adsorption capacity. It was noted that S. maritimum extract exhibited moderate activities to scavenge the free radical DPPH and to reduce ferric iron to ferrous iron compared to standard (ascorbic acid). However, the aqueous extract of S. maritimus showed better alpha-amylase inhibitory activity compared to acarbose. It also showed good adsorption strength for binding to glucose molecules. Moreover, the extract showed excellent improvement in glucose uptake by yeast cells at different glucose concentrations in the medium compared to metformin. In conclusion, the aqueous extract of S. maritimus leaves is a promising source of potential antidiabetic compounds that can help prevent diabetes complications and alleviate associated oxidative stress.

<em>In-Vitro</em> antioxidant activity of essential oils and oleoresins of cinnamon, clove bud, ginger and their synergistic interactions

Essential oils (EOs) and oleoresins (ORs) are well distinguished for their antioxidant properties and they can be widely used in the food industry as preservatives. The present study was executed for evaluating the synergistic interactions on antioxidant efficacy of EOs and ORs of cinnamon, clove bud and ginger and their combinations. EOs and ORs were obtained by hydro-distillation and solvent extraction. In-vitro antioxidant properties were investigated by DPPH free radical scavenging assay, phosphomolybdenum method (Total Antioxidant Capacity, TAC) and ABTS radical scavenging activity assay. EOs and ORs which consisted with different chemical constituents and different Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Flavanoid Content (TFC) exhibited a range of variation in the inhibition percentage of DPPH and IC50 values (0.1645-6.5181 mg/mL). The TAC of EOs and ORs was within the range of 0.27-3.94 mg AAE/mg. The ORs showed higher inhibition percentages and TAC compared to EOs of the same spice. This study revealed that clove buds contains higher antioxidant properties than cinnamon and ginger. Significant reductions in IC50 values were shown in EO blends compared to the ORs blends. The combination of cinnamon EO/clove bud EO and combination cinnamon EO/ginger EO showed strong synergy in tested samples. Therefore, both EOs and ORs of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Syzygium aromaticum, Zingiber officinale and their blends are excellent sources for natural and effective natural antioxidant agents in the food industry.

Study on phytochemical properties and antioxidant activities of marine macroalgae Padina tetrastromatica Hauck

An abundance of beneficial plant life can be found in aquatic areas, particularly in marine ecosystems. These resources have, therefore, been in use for hundreds of years. Seaweeds have long been closely associated with human life as a source of food, fodder, fine chemicals, fertilizer and pharmaceutically significant drugs. Algae are an important group of organisms with the largest source of biogenic compounds. They are found to possess significant antioxidant and phytochemical activities. The aim of the present study was to investigate the phytochemical and antioxidant activity of active compounds present in the methanol extract of the brown algae, Padina tetrastromatica Hauck. The antioxidant activity of extracts was evaluated by DPPH scavenging activity and Hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity assays. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, carbohydrates, proteins and phenolic compounds etc.

Evaluation of Some the Cytotoxic Effects of Edible Mushroom Extracts Pleurotus ostreatus

Background: Pleurotus genus or oyster mushroom is the richest of all edible mushroom because of Its medicinal and therapeutic value for human health, their medicinal importance due to their active compounds and enzymes that have been classified as biologically active, antitumor, anticancer, antihypersensitivity and antiaging, and in the treatment of HIV and high blood pressure.
 Objective: To testing the cytotoxic effects of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of an Iraqi strain of edible mushroom Pleurotus osteratus in the presence of the positive control represented by the toxic drug methotrexate and measuring the percentage of free radical scavenging of these extracts. 
 Patients and Methods: The dried powder of fruiting bodies of Iraqi strain Pleurotus ostreatus was prepared aqueous (hot and cold) and ethanol 96% extracts at three different concentrations (100, 200, 300) µg/ml, the cytotoxic effects of theses extracts was investigated using peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and (0.65) µg/ml of methotrexate (MTX) drug was counted as positive control. The slides were microscopically examined (10X), and at least 1000 cells were inspected to determine the Blastogenic Index BI), Mitotic Index MI and chromosomal aberration (TCA) and Antioxidant Test of the theses extracts s were evaluated byDPPH radical-scavenging activity assay (2,2- diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazylhydrate ).
 Results: the results of toxic effects of hot , cold aqueous and ethanol extracts on peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) showed no significant differences in ( TCA) % with negative control in comparison with positive control .,While , There has been a noticeable change in (MI) %and (BI) %with negative control , likewise, Scavenging activity was the highest for aqueous and ethanol extracts with increasing the concentrations when compared with the control ascorpic acid .
 Conclusion: Aqueous and ethanol extracts of Pleurotus ostreatus are free of any toxic effect on lymphocytes of the peripheral blood , which can be considered a mitogenic agent.

Evaluation of Some the Cytotoxic Effects of Edible Mushroom Extracts Pleurotus ostreatus

Background: Pleurotus genus or oyster mushroom is the richest of all edible mushroom because of Its medicinal and therapeutic value for human health, their medicinal importance due to their active compounds and enzymes that have been classified as biologically active, antitumor, anticancer, antihypersensitivity and antiaging, and in the treatment of HIV and high blood pressure. Objective: To testing the cytotoxic effects of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of an Iraqi strain of edible mushroom Pleurotus osteratus in the presence of the positive control represented by the toxic drug methotrexate and measuring the percentage of free radical scavenging of these extracts. Patients and Methods: The dried powder of fruiting bodies of Iraqi strain Pleurotus ostreatus was prepared aqueous (hot and cold) and ethanol 96% extracts at three different concentrations (100, 200, 300) µg/ml, the cytotoxic effects of theses extracts was investigated using peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and (0.65) µg/ml of methotrexate (MTX) drug was counted as positive control. The slides were microscopically examined (10X), and at least 1000 cells were inspected to determine the Blastogenic Index BI), Mitotic Index MI and chromosomal aberration (TCA) and Antioxidant Test of the theses extracts s were evaluated byDPPH radical-scavenging activity assay (2,2- diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazylhydrate ). Results: the results of toxic effects of hot , cold aqueous and ethanol extracts on peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) showed no significant differences in ( TCA) % with negative control in comparison with positive control .,While , There has been a noticeable change in (MI) %and (BI) %with negative control , likewise, Scavenging activity was the highest for aqueous and ethanol extracts with increasing the concentrations when compared with the control ascorpic acid . Conclusion: Aqueous and ethanol extracts of Pleurotus ostreatus are free of any toxic effect on lymphocytes of the peripheral blood , which can be considered a mitogenic agent Keywords: Aqueous and ethanol extracts ; Pleurotus ostreatus ; Total Chromosomal Abbreviation ( TCA) ; (DPPH) assay

Biological evaluations and computational studies of newly synthesized thymol-based Schiff bases as anticancer, antimicrobial and antioxidant agents

Three new thymol-based molecules were synthesized and evaluated as anticancer, antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. Liver, colon, lung and prostate cancer cell lines were utilized in cytotoxicity tests. The results demonstrated that synthesized molecules had a cytotoxic effect against the screened cell lines. One of the molecules (4a) was found to have a higher efficacy towards the colon cancer cell line (DLD-1) with an IC50 value of 12.39 µM and the other (4c) towards the prostate cancer cell line (PC3) with an IC50 value of 7.67 µM than the positive control drug cisplatin. To assess the antimicrobial activity of molecules (4a–c), Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and yeast were subjected to agar disc diffusion and broth microdilution assays. The investigation of antioxidant potential was conducted using the DPPH radical scavenging activity assay. While all compounds displayed strong cytotoxic and antioxidant properties, they exhibited only moderate antimicrobial activity. Molecular docking studies were performed on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), B-Raf and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). The binding energies and interactions obtained from the docking results of compounds (4a–c) supported the experimental results. Drug similarity rates and pharmacokinetic properties were analyzed with the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) method. Geometric parameters such as chemical potential (µ), electrophilicity index (ω) and chemical softness (σ) of compounds (4a–c) were calculated using the 6-31*G basis set B3LYP method. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Can tree leaves be used as an alternative source of synthetic antioxidants? Use of jujube leaf extract in laying hens.

This study was carried out to determine the antioxidant activity of jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.) leaf extract (JLE) and to evaluate the effects of its use as an extract in laying hen diet (Nick Brown; 32 weeks old) on performance, egg quality and lipid peroxidation. A total of 4 groups (24 replicates/group), one control (JLE-0) and three experimental groups (JLE-1, JLE-2, JLE-3), were formed and the hens were individually distributed in cages. The groups were fed with 0, 45, 90 and 135 mg/kg extract, respectively. The total phenolic content of the extract was 118.60 g gallic acid aquivalent/kg (GAE/kg) and the IC50 value was determined as 332.01 as a result of the DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity assay. Performance parameters except for feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not affected by the extract in the diet. Compared to the control group, FCR decreased (p < 0.05) and feed conversion improved in all experimental groups. The linear effect was significant for egg production (EP) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, egg quality parameters except for the albumen index (AI), Haugh unit (HU), shell weight (SW), and shell thickness (ST) were not affected by the extract in the diet. The highest AI and HU were in the JLE-2 group (p < 0.05). Besides, SW was found to increase in all experimental groups (p < 0.001). The highest ST was in JLE-1 (p < 0.001). The addition of the extract was found to slow down lipid oxidation by decreasing Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive substances (TBARs) levels on days 0 and 28 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, JLE can be used as a natural extract in laying hen diets.

Antioxidant Activity of Egg Yolk Protein Hydrolysates Obtained by Enzymatic and Sub-Critical Water Hydrolysis

Obtaining peptides with antioxidant properties by enzymatic hydrolysis has been widely described; however, the use of non-enzymatic methods to obtain peptides with antioxidant capacities has been poorly investigated. In this study, non-soluble proteins obtained from delipidated egg yolk granules were hydrolyzed with trypsin, and with a non-enzymatic method using sub-critical water hydrolysis under a non-oxidizing (nitrogen) and oxidizing (oxygen) atmosphere. The effect of the sub-critical water hydrolysis on the amino acids’ composition of the hydrolysates was assessed. Furthermore, the antioxidant capacities of the hydrolysates were evaluated using the ABTS•+ scavenging assay, the DPPH radical scavenging activity assay, and by measuring the reducing power of the peptides, the peptides’ ferrous ion chelating capacities, and the antioxidant effect of the peptides on beef homogenates. The hydrolysate obtained by sub-critical water hydrolysis under a nitrogen stream showed similar or better results in the antioxidant tests than those obtained using trypsin hydrolysis, except in the ferrous chelating capacity, where the trypsin hydrolysate showed the best performance. The oxidizing environment promoted by the oxygen in the other sub-critical water hydrolysis method tested produced the peptides with the lowest antioxidant capacities, due to changes in the primary structure of the peptides. These results suggest that the sub-critical water hydrolysis method under a nitrogen stream, in comparison with the enzymatic hydrolysis, is a reliable method to obtain peptides with good antioxidant capacities.

Comparative chemical composition and antioxidant activity of olive leaves Olea europaea L. of Tunisian and Algerian varieties

The main objective of this research was to understand the effect of different solvents (ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane) on the extraction of bioactive compounds in addition to the antioxidant activity of eight Tunisian and Algerian olive leaf (Olea europaea L) cultivars. The different extracts were evaluated for their content of total phenols, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. The antioxidant capacity was determined by ABTS (2,2-azinobis (3 ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl) methods. In addition, qualitative and quantitative analyses of phenolic compounds by HPLC were performed. In terms of phenolic content, ethanol was found to be the best solvent to extract phenolic compounds with antioxidant capacity. The ethanolic extract of Sigoise and Rougette varieties were the richest in total phenols 161.54 ± 0.99, and 160.53 ± 1.17 mg GAE/g DE respectively. The highest levels of flavonoids were detected in ethyl acetate extracts of Rougette (87.58 ± 6.99 mg QE/g DE) and Verdal varieties (86.77 ± 1.75 mg QE/g DE), whereas the hexanolic extracts of Gerboui, Sofiana, and Chemlali exhibited the higher amount of tannins (67.99 ± 5.41, 65.52 ± 1.94, 64.64 ± 1.51 mg CE/g DE, respectively). Furthermore, in the DPPH radical scavenging activity assay, the Sofiana extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (23.85 ± 0.58 mg/L). In another case, for the ABTS radical scavenging assay, the Verdal extract showed high antioxidant potential (30.22 ± 1.35 mg/L). HPLC analysis of ethanolic extracts of the different varieties allowed the identification of 19 organic compounds, with oleuropein (2604.01–7991.14 mg/100g DM) being the most abundant, followed by hydroxytyrosol (250.74–687.54 mg/100g DM) and verbascoside (216.12–672.64 mg/100g DM) being the major compounds in the olive leaves in all studied ethanolic extracts, with concentrations varying significantly according to the cultivars and geographical origin. Principal component analysis (PCA) performed on phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities revealed the influence of bioactive compounds on antioxidant activity, with high concentrations of phenols and flavonoids in olive leaf extracts having a strong antioxidant activity.

Phytochemical Components and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Methanol Leaves Extract of Phyllanthus niruri Linn. (Chanca piedra)

Oxidative stress has been recognized as a co-occurring pathogenic process that initiates and advances liver injury. Various risk factors, such as alcohol, drugs, environmental toxins, and irradiation, can cause the liver to experience oxidative stress, which in turn can lead to serious liver conditions such as alcoholic liver disease. This study was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant potentials of methanol leaf extract of Phyllanthus niruri Linn. (Chanca piedra). The sample was obtained from Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria. The methanol leaves extract was subjected to qualitative phytochemical analysis and in vitro radical scavenging activity, using standard laboratory procedures. The methanol leaves extract of Phyllanthus niruri Linn. (Chanca piedra) exhibited a significant antioxidant activity on both hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and di-phenyl-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity assay with IC50 values of 3.70±0.06 and 6.78±0.01 μg/ml respectively, as compared to the standard (Ascorbic acid) with IC50 values of 2.39±0.01 and 1.25±0.01 μg/ml, respectively. This study therefore suggests that the methanol leaves extract of Phyllanthus niruri Linn. (Chanca piedra) possessed antioxidant activity.

In Vitro Anti Inflammatory, Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Cancer Cell Line Studies on Mollugo Cerviana (L.) Ser

Our traditional treatises on medicine have shown references to number of rare medicinal herbs prescribed to treat various ailments in human. An herbal plant preferred to treat fever, inflammation, rheumatic pain and wounds prevalently in the villages of the delta districts of Tamilnadu by name Mollugo cerviana was chosen for this research. The Ethanol extract of Mollugo cerviana was analysed for its in vitro anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer activity through standard procedures. The anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanol ethanolic extracts of varying concentrations were evaluated under HRBC (Human Red Blood Cell) Membrane Stabilization and Protein denaturation studies. Diclofenac sodium a nonsterioidal anti-inflammatory drug was the reference standard. The results revealed a concentration dependent increase in the percentage of membrane stabilization activity with increase in concentration of the test extract and a concentration dependent inhibition of protein (albumin) denaturation activity. Antioxidant studies revealed a significant free radical scavenging activity by the extract upon evaluation by DPPH free radical scavenging assay, nitric oxide assay and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity assay. The studies on liver cancer cell lines using MTT assay revealed the anticancer activity exhibited by the ethanol extract of Mollugo cerviana. The studies as a whole reveals the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer activity possessed by the herbal extract of Mollugo cerviana which invites attention to proceed with further research towards development of novel herbal drugs from Mollugo cerviana to treat inflammation and cancer.