Radical Change Research Articles

ОЧЕРК О «КОРЕННЫХ ПРЕОБРАЗОВАНИЯХ» В ФИНАНСОВОЙ ПОЛИТИКЕ ЦАРСКОГО ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВА И ПОПЫТКЕ СОЗДАНИЯ В РОССИИ ЦЕНТРОБАНКА В ГОДЫ ПЕРВОЙ МИРОВОЙ ВОЙНЫ

The paper, in the context of the Stolypin agrarian reform, examines the issue of appointing P.L. Bark Minister of Finance. The most important reason for the influential statesman, president of land management and agriculture A.V. Krivoshein, who was directly responsible for the implementation of agrarian policy, to promote P.L. Bark in every possible way was his desire to expand lending to the agricultural sector of the economy. At the same time, it is seen that the relationship between these state dignitaries could have hidden personal selfish motives. It is shown that the leaders of the world banking community of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, represented primarily by the Rothschild clan, paid commissions to representatives of the tsarist government when issuing loans to Russia. The authors do not exclude that similar practices took place during the First World War. The country's debt dependence on world bankers increased significantly, thanks to the “radical changes” of financial policy undertaken by P.L. Bark as Minister of Finance and supported by Nicholas II. Prohibition, which was implemented by P.L. Bark became one of the reasons for the emergence and significant increase in the state budget deficit. At the beginning of the 20th century Russia was the only one of the most developed countries in the world where there was no full-fledged Central Bank, as a formally national institution, but actually acting as a “bank of banks”, a conductor of the interests of bankers in monetary policy. This was one of the reasons for the emergence of the P.L. Bark’s project to transform the State Bank into the Central Bank. The revolution of 1917 prevented the implementation of this plan and the inclusion of Russia in the system of central banks of the world.

Dynamics of Timely Vaccination Among Tender-Age Infants in two Subjects of Russian Federation with the Lowest Immunization Coverage in 2020: Serial Cross-Sectional Study

Background. It was revealed in 2020 that immunization of children in decreed times in several subjects of Russian Federation was below the standard level. Therefore, monitoring of timely vaccination in children of these regions was relevant. Objective. The aim of the study is to evaluate changes in the timeliness of vaccination in children of two subjects of Russian Federation with low immunization rates according to 2020 data. Methods. Immunization of children born in 2015–2017 and 2020–2022 were studied according to the form of federal statistical monitoring (FFSM) No. 6 and vaccination record cards (form No. 063/y) obtained from children's polyclinics of the Republic of Bashkortostan (two in 2020 and three in 2023) and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (two in 2020 and four in 2023). The vaccination timeliness among children against infections from the national immunization schedule (NIS) list was determined. The timeliness of vaccination was evaluated by the proportion of children who received the required number of vaccine doses against each of the infection from the NIS list by the decreed age among all persons of the decreed age. Results. Data from 998 records was analyzed. The increase in timely vaccination against all vaccine-controlled infections in children was revealed. The proportion of children vaccinated according to the NIS has increased by 1.5–4 times. Timely vaccination of 95% children in the decreed age (by FFSM No. 6) was achieved in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) against tuberculosis, hepatitis B, measles, rubella, and mumps, and in the Republic of Bashkortostan against measles, rubella, and mumps. The increase in the multivalent vaccines’ usage and simultaneous administration of several vaccines has been discovered. Conclusion. Monitoring the level of documented immunization and timely vaccination in children allows effectively control routine immunization quality. Implementation of multivalent vaccines and simultaneous administration of several vaccines in routine immunization provides radical change in the vaccination rate in pediatric population.

The Human, Non-human Affective Entanglements: A Posthuman Perspective of an ESOL Classroom

In the age of Anthropocene, we problematize the multitudes of affordances of humanism that we are ultimately entwined by and within. Education is a discipline that always placed predominance to the human centredness ignoring several non-human and non-living objects that also form a part of teaching and learning. However, the humanistic notions of hierarchies have undergone radical changes. The locus in a classroom is no longer regulated by teachers and in a multicultural, multilingual classroom, the interaction between teacher, learners, materials and methods are evolving continually redefining the power relations. This essay highlights how every assemblage (an assemblage being a random clubbing of several human and non-human elements) is unique and in a state of flux to act and react with various human and non-human elements within/outside classroom territories. Designed as an autoethnographic study, by analysing the major tenets of posthumanism and by connecting them with English language education, this article argues for a posthuman turn in English language teaching and learning by examining the research diary entries of the author to identify how the entanglement of affect, rhizome and assemblage results in deterritorialization. Episodes and anecdotes from an ESOL (English for Speakers of Other Languages) teaching context in England serve as primary data. This autoethnographic study reveals the agential assemblages in the classrooms which problematize the singular agency of the teacher as the reservoir of knowledge and discusses how the power structure in the classroom is altered when learners and their affective assemblages influence the teacher and the very practice of teaching.

Climate policy integration as a process: from shallow to embedded integration

ABSTRACT Across many policy areas, policymakers try to integrate new policy issues into old policy processes. This is challenging. Getting to net-zero greenhouse gas emissions requires radical change across a broad range of societal sectors; thus, climate policy integration is essential. This article develops a new processual perspective on climate policy integration, allowing assessment, classification, and comparison of various stages of integration across policy processes, and over time. The integration process can be shaped by differing institutional logics. In a study of Norwegian agricultural policy, we identify three logics: multifunctional, market failure, and socio-technological transition. These portray differing frames, objectives, instruments, and sector involvement as appropriate ways of linking climate concerns to agricultural policy. We suggest that a shallow integration process is characterized by a sector-specific logic that facilitates discussions of policy frames and goals. In an embedded integration process, multiple logics are mobilized, and a broader range of policy elements are discussed: frames, goals, instruments, and sector involvement in the process. Consistent and contested integration processes are intermediate categories. Climate integration in Norwegian agricultural policy had the hallmarks of a shallow process in 2006–2009 but changed to a contested process in 2016–2021.

Evaluation of the first 5 years of a glutaric aciduria type I neonatal screening programme in Asturias

Introduction. Neonatal screening of glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA-1) has brought radical changes in the course and outcomes of this disease. This study analyses the outcomes of the first 5 years (2015–2019) of the AGA1 neonatal screening programme in our autonomous community. Material. We conducted an observational, descriptive and retrospective study. All neonates born between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2019 that participated in the neonatal screening programme were included in the study. The glutarylcarnitine (C5DC) concentration in dry blood spot samples was measured by means of tandem mass spectrometry applying a cut-off point of 0.25 µmol/L. Results. A total of 30 120 newborns underwent screening. We found differences in the C5DC concentration based on gestational age, type of feeding and hours of life at sample collection. These differences were not relevant for screening purposes. There were no differences between neonates with weights smaller and greater than 1500 g. Screening identified 2 affected patients and there were 3 false positives. There were no false negatives. The diagnosis was confirmed by genetic testing. Patients have been in treatment since diagnosis and have not developed encephalopathic crises in the first 4 years of life. Conclusions. Screening allowed early diagnosis of two cases of GA-1 in the first 5 years since its introduction in our autonomous community. Although there were differences in C5DC levels based on gestational age, type of feeding and hours of life at blood extraction, they were not relevant for screening.

Evolution of the peroxiredoxin gene family: an antioxidant enzyme in the context of hypoxia-induced by aquatic mammals dives

Peroxiredoxins are a group of antioxidant enzymes that play a crucial role in eliminating hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) produced during cellular metabolism. In conditions such as tissue ischemia/reperfusion, H2O2 production is heightened. This scenario is recurrent in aquatic mammals, such as cetaceans and pinnipeds, when they perform breath-hold dives that lead to depletion of oxygen stores and cell hypoxia due to prolonged submersion. In such circumstances, peroxiredoxins are essential for regulating metabolism and preventing oxidative damage. Thus, our objective was to investigate evolutionary patterns of the peroxiredoxin gene family among aquatic mammalian species. Accordingly, we identified the number of ortholog and paralog genes among mammals, examining events of gene duplication, patterns of chromosomal distribution, and adaptive selection. We found that most subtypes of peroxiredoxins are characterized by single-copy genes with minimal missing data, with PRDX1, the most highly expressed subtype found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm, exhibiting an increase in gene copies in aquatic mammals, particularly in pinnipeds. The distribution of the copies was dispersed along the genome and the majority were retrocopies of the main coding sequence with little divergence among them. We also found evidence of positive selection in the PRDX3 gene, especially in a convergent mutation among two deepest-diving species, cuvier’s beaked whale and southern elephant seal in which the amino acid had radical physical-chemical property change, possibly affecting the protein function. These results suggest that the peroxiredoxin gene family has a role in the evolution of aquatic mammals by reducing oxidative damage intrinsic to diving behavior in these species. FAPESP - São Paulo Research Foundation. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Sound generation mechanisms in a collapsible tube.

Collapsible tubes can be employed to study the sound generation mechanism in the human respiratory system. The goals of this work are (a) to determine the airflow characteristics connected to three different collapse states of a physiological tube and (b) to find a relation between the sound power radiated by the tube and its collapse state. The methodology is based on the implementation of computational fluid dynamics simulation on experimentally validated geometries. The flow is characterized by a radical change of behavior before and after the contact of the lumen. The maximum of the sound power radiated corresponds to the post-buckling configuration. The idea of an acoustic tube law is proposed. The presented results are relevant to the study of self-excited oscillations and wheezing sounds in the lungs.

Nanonematicides: production, mechanisms, efficacy, opportunities and challenges

Summary Classical methods of using many toxic chemical pesticides for managing plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) on key crops are inappropriate and have unfavourable consequences on human health and the environment. By contrast, nanotechnology can provide a wide range of alternative applications with additional merits based on nanoparticle (NP) pesticides. Three major categories, i.e., physical, chemical and biological methods, have been generally used for synthesis of nanonematicides. The merits and demerits of these methods are highlighted. The biological method generally involves easy, fast, scalable, cheap and environmentally safe techniques. As nanonematicides can reduce the non-selective use of classical nematicides with their high pollution and unhealthy levels, mechanisms underlying PPN population suppression by these nanonematicides are presented to help in their further optimisation. Nanonematicides are guiding a radical change in their efficacy against PPN, but more attention should be given to secure their clean production and application with cost-effective methods.

Two lives of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin

The article presents the author’s generalizations from a number of his works which are related to the analysis of the work of A.S. Pushkin, who is presented as a reconstruction made in the logic of humanities and cultural studies. The main subject of the reconstruction is the personality of the poet, taken in the process of radical change; the additional subject is the artistic reality of the works that he created. The material in the article is of interest for philosophers, scientists, teachers, students, and educated people in general. In addition, it can serve as an illustration of the method of hermeneutic reconstruction, which is important within the framework of areas of training related to Philosophy, Linguistics, and Cultural Studies.

Parental Illiteracy on Students' Well-Being: A Case Study of Grade 12 Students in Kabul Public School

This study aims to clarify the complex relationship between parental illiteracy and the wellbeing of 12th grade students in the dynamic city of Kabul, Afghanistan. Education, an indicator of hope, is investigated through the lens of parental literacy, demonstrating its pervasive influence on scholastic achievement, emotional stability, and social progress. The study makes use of empirical data to outline the complex effects of parental illiteracy on students' life fulfillment, academic self-efficacy, and self-esteem. Claiming that children of illiterate parents experience poorer levels of wellbeing is supported by a thorough investigation of the complex issues that arise when illiteracy, cultural dynamics, and socioeconomic circumstances come together. The research sheds light on the challenges that students have in the face of parental illiteracy, but it does more than just name issues; it also makes useful suggestions and advocates for radical change. The results highlight the critical role that literate parents have in influencing a child's educational path, cultivating good attitudes, and offering essential support. Suggestions that are customized to the particular circumstances of Kabul encompass community learning centers, integrated literacy programs, and programs that enhance socio-emotional health. The report advocates for systemic reforms through international cooperation, technological innovation, and legislative reform— a move that goes beyond individual remedies. As the study draws to a close, it calls on decision-makers, educators, and activists to work together to break down the obstacles caused by illiteracy, imagining a future in which education becomes a tool that empowers every kid. The appeal to develop hope, enlighten minds, and clear the path for a better, more just future resounds in Kabul's resilient heart. This call transcends national boundaries and fosters a vision of transformative education and societal upliftment.

COUNTERFEIT DRUGS SET ALARM BELLS RINGING: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DRUG POLICIES

The strategy of price liberalisation and privatisation had been implemented in Sudan over the last decade, and has had a positive result on government deficit. The investment law approved recently has good statements and rules on the above strategy in particular to pharmacy regulations. Under the pressure of the new privatisation policy, the government introduced radical changes in the pharmacy regulations. To improve the effectiveness of the public pharmacy, resources should be switched towards areas of need, reducing inequalities and promoting better health conditions. Medicines are financed either through cost sharing or full private. The role of the private services is significant. A review of reform of financing medicines in Sudan is given in this communication. Also, it highlights the current drug supply system in the public sector, which is currently responsibility of the Central Medical Supplies Public Corporation (CMS). In Sudan, the researchers did not identify any rigorous evaluations or quantitative studies about the impact of drug regulations on the quality of medicines and how to protect public health against counterfeit or low quality medicines, although it is practically possible. However, the regulations must be continually evaluated to ensure the public health is protected against by marketing high quality medicines rather than commercial interests, and the drug companies are held accountable for their conduct.

Involution, No Revolution: Technocapitalism and Intern Labour

The global economic downturn due to the pandemic has resulted in shrinking the digital market in big economies such as the USA and China. After the pandemic, many of the major tech and internet-based companies had to take action to reverse their declining balance sheets and look for ways to financially rebound. Illustrated in this paper is how these tech firms in China could further advance their economy by minimising their paid manpower by working with/under the education system and inventing new temporary intern positions as semi-(im)material labour to expand their workforce. Based on our ethnographic work and interviews with interns, we elucidate the case of a Chinese tech intern, which exemplifies what we refer to as involution. Involution is a process by which the new generation is induced to accept a much more precarious economy as a result of nominal pay, yet can nevertheless survive, meet their daily needs and dwell in big cities, rather than engaging a radical change or revolution.

Experiences and impacts of out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure on remote Aboriginal families.

Aboriginal Australians face significant health disparities, with hospitalisation rates 2.3 times greater, and longer hospital length of stay, than non-Indigenous Australians. This additional burden impacts families further through out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure (OOPHE), which includes additional healthcare expenses not covered by universal taxpayer insurance. Aboriginal patients traveling from remote locations are likely to be impacted further by OOPHE. The objective of this study was to examine the impacts and burden of OOPHE for rurally based Aboriginal individuals. Participants were recruited through South Australian community networks to participate in this study. Decolonising methods of yarning and deep listening were used to centralise local narratives and language of OOPHE. Qualitative analysis software was used to thematically code transcripts and organise data. A total of seven yarning sessions were conducted with 10 participants. Seven themes were identified: travel, barriers to health care, personal and social loss, restricted autonomy, financial strain, support initiatives and protective factors. Sleeping rough, selling assets and not attending appointments were used to mitigate or avoid OOPHE. Government initiatives, such as the patient assistance transport scheme, did little to decrease OOPHE burden on participants. Family connections, Indigenous knowledges and engagement with cultural practices were protective against OOPHE burden. Aboriginal families are significantly burdened by OOPHE when needing to travel for health care. Radical change of government initiative and policies through to health professional awareness is needed to ensure equitable healthcare access that does not create additional financial hardship in communities already experiencing economic disadvantage.

Proactivity, Reactivity and Interactivity in Library Activities

In connection with the global digital transformation of social institutions, radical changes are taking place in socio-humanitarian knowledge, theory and practice of library work. A qualitatively different socio-cultural and information environment is being created. This transformation causes the development of interdisciplinary processes, the emergence of new approaches to user services, the borrowing of terminology from different scientific spheres, and the development of digital technologies.In this article, library proactivity is considered as a process of interaction with users, in which the library as a system is the initiator of this interaction, anticipates their requests and needs with its actions, and in its highest form does not require the participation of users, but is realized by default, in the background. The formation of a proactive approach to serving library users as one of the fundamental principles of digital transformation of library activities is reflected in the “Strategy for the Development of Librarianship in the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2030”. Reactivity of a library consists in the fact that its actions are a reaction directly to user requests. Proactivity is aimed at improving the efficiency of the library’s activities in the long term. Reactivity is aimed at solving current short-term tasks. Interactivity of the library implies active interaction with users in all formats and types of information services, creating favorable conditions for users to interact with each other and with books.

Healthy Habits, Physical Activity, Stress, and Food Consumption Trends in Chilean Adults with Irritable Bowel Syndrome during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased stress levels in the population due to radical lifestyle changes caused by containment measures. Studies suggest that high levels of stress may be related to the development of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). This study aims to explain how quarantine habits and lifestyles acted as risk factors for the frequency of this syndrome during the COVID-19 pandemic. An observational study was conducted with 34 Chilean participants (average age 24.5 ± 3.85 years), of whom 21 (62%) were female. Surveys on consumption trends and lifestyles created by the authors were administered. Additionally, we used the global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ) and the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS-21) to assess psychological stress and the Rome IV criteria to assess IBS. Significant differences were found between individuals with better healthy habits compared to those with poor healthy habits. The former showed lower sedentary activity (32%, p = 0.005), only 27% were fast eaters (vs. 44%, p = 0.001), had shorter nap intervals (14% vs. 28%, p = 0.03), and higher vegetable consumption (p = 0.02). There were 20 cases (59%) of IBS, with a strong association with the female sex (p = 0.004), where females were 15 times more likely to develop it compared to males (p = 0.008). Additionally, when alcohol consumption was added to females, there was a higher likelihood of developing this syndrome (p = 0.009), as individuals who consumed alcohol were 12 times more likely to develop it compared to those who did not (p = 0.02). Among other factors, it was observed that 57% of those with the syndrome consumed drinks more often (p = 0.02) but consumed fewer nuts (p = 0.009). In conclusion, IBS has a multifactorial etiology, and correcting individual habits such as alcohol consumption could potentially prevent or delay its development. Therefore, it is important to maintain healthy lifestyles, regardless of non-modifiable factors such as gender, in order to better cope with this syndrome.

Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen-Targeted Therapy in Prostate Cancer: History, Combination Therapies, Trials, and Future Perspective.

In the last decades, the development of PET/CT radiopharmaceuticals, targeting the Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA), changed the management of prostate cancer (PCa) patients thanks to its higher diagnostic accuracy in comparison with conventional imaging both in staging and in recurrence. Alongside molecular imaging, PSMA was studied as a therapeutic agent targeted with various isotopes. In 2021, results from the VISION trial led to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 as a novel therapy for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) and set the basis for a radical change in the future perspectives of PCa treatment and the history of Nuclear Medicine. Despite these promising results, primary resistance in patients treated with single-agent [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 remains a real issue. Emerging trials are investigating the use of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 in combination with other PCa therapies in order to cover the multiple oncologic resistance pathways and to overcome tumor heterogeneity. In this review, our aim is to retrace the history of PSMA-targeted therapy from the first preclinical studies to its future applications in PCa.

Эволюция образа предпринимателя в автобиографическом романе Дж. Белфорта «Волк с Уолл-стрит»

The aim of the study is to identify the specific features of the American entrepreneur’s image in J. Belfort’s novel “The Wolf of Wall Street” and their significant differences from the characteristic features of this image in the works of American literature of an earlier period. The paper examines the literary image of an entrepreneur created by J. Belfort based on an autobiographical narrative using his personal experience in stock market activities. The study investigates the change in the value paradigm in the personality and character of the entrepreneur in comparison with the main characteristics of this image created in the works of W. Bradford and B. Franklin. The scientific novelty of the study lies in discovering radical changes in the image of the 21st-century American entrepreneur in comparison with the ideal that was formed in American culture in the 17th and 18th centuries. As a result of the study, it was found that the image of an entrepreneur in J. Belfort’s novel has undergone significant changes compared to the works of early American literature. There is a significant contradiction between the moral and value attitudes created in the works of W. Bradford and B. Franklin and the modern image of the American entrepreneur depicted in the novel under consideration.

Intelligent Curtain System Based on 51 Microcontroller

In the 21st century, China's overall appearance has undergone a radical change, and people's demand for quality of life level is getting higher and higher. In view of this situation, this project designs an intelligent curtain based on 51 microcontroller control, which is opened remotely by the user, and the corresponding functions are accomplished by collecting environmental data through photosensitive materials and temperature sensors and transmitting the data to the microcontroller for the operation of the motor. The system realizes four modes of light control, temperature control, manual and remote control, and upholds the concept of green, convenient and stable when creating, in order to bring the maximum degree of safety, convenience and comfort to the user experience.

Coming to Terms with the Legacies of the Pound Model in Animal Sheltering in the United States.

This paper examines the legacies of the emergence of the animal control and sheltering industry in the United States and their impact on contemporary public animal shelters. While decades of gradual reform have helped substantially reduce the number of animals entering shelters and being killed there, contemporary animal sheltering largely continues to follow the path set when animal sheltering developed in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Three key interrelated legacies of the pound model of early animal control and sheltering enduringly shape sheltering today: (1) the institutional culture of animal shelters grounded in the logics of caging and killing; (2) the lack of visibility and transparency, especially within government shelters; and (3) the economic logics of the pound model, including the disparities in sheltering resources across communities. Examining the origins of animal control and sheltering and identifying the specific legacies of this pound model within contemporary government-funded shelters improves understanding of why such shelters in the US have developed with a particular set of practices and ideologies, and thus provides an important footing for envisioning and enacting radical changes in animal sheltering.

Globalization and its Effect on the National Economy: The Albanian Case

Globalization is a widely discussed phenomenon that involves the free flow of goods, services, capital, and people across the world. It is mainly focused on economic and cultural aspects, among others. Globalization can be considered as a trend towards increasing of the interdependence and integration among the countries and regions of the globe. Globalization affects us all and leads a radical change in the human’s lives all over the planet, in the relations between them as well as in culture and other aspects related to institutions. So globalization increases incomes but simultaneously increases social inequalities, leaving some countries and groups of people behind. To put it simply, globalization can rapidly enrich a small group of capable individuals while impoverishing the larger population. This ultimately leads to a decline in living standards across the world. Globalization has both positive and negative sides, globalization also produces winners and losers, both between countries and within them, so there are losses and the lost, but the supporters of globalization do not accept this fact. In conditions when the economies are converging and that this phenomenon is generally acceptable, national governments should look forward to pay attention to the growth of domestic capital the pursuit of international financial reforms with the aim of making it possible to find solutions to help losses and the lost. National governments should have social protection policies on the top of their agenda as well as programs that will help as much as possible in the correcting of the unequal distribution, to help different groups in need. Labor migration is a negative phenomenon that caused by the globalization and damages the economy of small countries in transition as people capable of working move to developed countries for a better life than what they leave in their country of origin. The main indicators of the globalization of the national economy are producing for world markets, being part of the global financial markets, as well as foreign direct investments. Globalization is inevitable, under these conditions the duty of the national governments is to face of the pressure that leads to the subordination of the local economy to the global one. Globalization facilitates the connection of different parts of the world, reducing borders and allowing national economies to cater to global tastes. The decreased transportation costs also contribute to the intermingling of the global and local aspects, ultimately leading to the unification of regions. About globalism, there are currents for and against, while the opponents of globalism as well as those who call globalization the cause of poverty and inequality have not drawn up any alternative model for economic growth and development throughout the globe. Small countries like Albania require large international corporations or companies to invest in them to achieve comprehensive economic development, reduce unemployment, and increase well-being. Financial institutions like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund also play a crucial role in this process. Received: 25 December 2023 / Accepted: 25 February 2024 / Published: 23 April 2024