Radical Behaviorism Research Articles

Elemental mercury removal by a novel advanced oxidation process of ultraviolet/chlorite-ammonia: Mechanism and kinetics.

A novel advanced oxidation process (AOP) of ultraviolet/chlorite-ammonia (UV/NaClO2-NH4OH) was developed to remove Hg0 from flue gas. The distribution of mercury concentration in three solutions of NaClO2-NH4OH, KCl, and H2SO4-KMnO4 was determined by cold atom fluorescence spectrometry (AFS). The role of NH4OH was to help NaClO2 preserving and/or stabilizing Hg2+ meanwhile inhibiting the photo-production of ClO2. In the absence of UV, decreasing pH promoted the release of Hg2+ from NaClO2-NH4OH; introducing NO, SO2, O2, Br-, Cl-, and HCO3- suppressed Hg0 oxidation. In the presence of UV, rising temperature accelerated the release of Hg2+ from NaClO2-NH4OH; while SO2, Br- and HCO3- facilitated Hg0 oxidation. In the absence and presence of UV, Hg0 oxidation was controlled by ClO2- and by ClO/Cl2O2/HO/ClO2, respectively. The formations of ClO/HO/ClO2 were confirmed by electron spin resonance (ESR). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that the products of Hg0 and ClO2- were HgCl2, and ClO2, Cl-, ClO3-, Cl2, and ClO4-, respectively. Analysis of kinetics showed that the Hatta numbers were 23-133 and 69-305 without and with UV, respectively, thus, the gas-film mass transfer was the rate-determining step. This paper gives a new insight in radical behavior in Hg0 oxidation.

Effect of precursor gas on the structure and mechanical properties of hydrogenated amorphous carbon films deposited on a trench sidewall

Hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) films were deposited on a trench-shaped target (20-mm pitch and 10-mm depth) using a bipolar-type plasma-based ion implantation and deposition (bipolar PBII&D) technique. The thickness uniformity, microstructure, and mechanical properties of the a-C:H films deposited on the top, sidewall, and bottom surfaces of the trench were investigated. In our previous study, toluene gas was used for coating a trench target using the bipolar PBII&D technique; the thickness and hardness of the a-C:H films on the sidewall of the trench were smaller and the film structure was more graphite-like than those on the top and bottom surfaces. Because the film properties of the a-C:H film are related to the incident energy per carbon atom, in this study, methane (CH4), which has a lighter mass and fewer carbon atoms (one carbon atom) in a molecule than toluene, was used as a precursor gas to enhance the incident energy per carbon atom and suppress the inertia in the vertical direction. The structure and mechanical properties of the a-C:H films were evaluated by Raman spectroscopy, XPS, AFM, and a nanoindentation test. In addition, a plasma simulation was conducted to determine the effect of the precursor gas on the ion and radical behavior and the coating mechanism. As a result, the use of the methane precursor gas leads to increasing the indentation hardness, to lowering the surface roughness, and to changing its structure from graphite-like to diamond-like as compared to the use of the toluene precursor gas.

Conjugated Nitroxide Radical Polymers: Synthesis and Application in Flexible Energy Storage Devices

The synthesis and electrochemical behavior of nitroxide radical conjugated polymers (NCPs) have long been an intriguing topic in redox polymer-based energy storage. However, common (electro)chemical oxidation polymerization methods have proved difficult in the synthesis of well-defined NCPs, and many of these polymers have been difficult to process into thin films. In addition to these drawbacks and coupled with the complex charge-transfer and storage mechanisms, the use of NCPs as electrodes has been significantly limited. The aim of this work is to provide mechanistic insights into this complex charge-transfer and storage process using a new and well-defined NCP synthesized using an ultrafast cyclopolymerization with the Grubbs 3rd generation catalyst. The monomer, consisting of a 1,6-heptadiyne group and a TEMPO (i.e. 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxy) radical, through the cyclopolymerization produced a well-defined NCP with a five-membered ring-containing polyene backbone. This polymer demonstrated excellent film formation properties, allowing the study of their thin-film electrochemical behavior. We found that the electrochemical oxidation of the conjugated backbone and its internal charge transfer to the nitroxide radicals were strongly affected by the applied potential window, current densities, and cycle numbers. Using these new insights, we successfully utilized our NCPs in a flexible energy storage device by fabricating high-performance NCP-coated carbon cloth-based flexible electrodes.

Electrochemical Reaction in Hydrogen Peroxide and Structural Change of Platinum Nanoparticle-Supported Carbon Nanowalls Grown Using Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) reactions on platinum nanoparticle-decorated carbon nanowalls (Pt-CNWs) under potential applications were investigated on a platform of CNWs grown on carbon fiber paper (CFP) using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Through repeated cyclic voltammetry (CV), measurements of 1000 cycles using the Pt-CNW electrodes in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution with 240 μM of H2O2, the observed response peak currents of H2O2 reduction decreased with the number of cycles, which is attributed to decomposition of H2O2. After CV measurements for a total of 3000 cycles, the density and height of CNWs were reduced and their surface morphology changed. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) compositional mapping revealed agglomeration of Pt nanoparticles around the top edges of CNWs. The degradation mechanism of Pt-CNWs under potential application with H2O2 is discussed by focusing on the behavior of OH radicals generated by the H2O2 reduction.

WAWASAN AL-QUR’AN TENTANG RADIKALISME DAN PENANGANANNYA DI ERA MILENIAL

This paper seeks to examine the insights of the Qur’an about radicalism and how to deal with it in the millennial era by utilizing information technology to realize moderate Islam. At present the notion of radicalism has spread through various means and has become a troubling problem. This needs to be dealt with seriously in order to realize peace and tranquility in life throughout the world. Al-Qur’an as a way of life for Muslims also contains things about the problems of mankind, instructions for their settlement and so forth. So in this paper we will examine how the Qur’an talks about radicalism and seek solutions to these problems. Data sources were obtained through literature review and explained descriptively analytically. The study was conducted through a review of several interpretations of the Qur’an and other supporting sources. From this study, the results show that human radical behavior that occurs among humans has been described in Surat al-Baqarah verse 30. Then in this verse also Allah SWT states that he will make a caliph on earth. Departing from this verse, the author tries to contextualize it now so that the millennial generation can play a role in addressing and overcoming the phenomenon of radicalism by utilizing information technology in accordance with the guidance of the Qur’an

The End of Islands: Drawing Insight from Revelation to Respond to Prisoner Radicalization and Apocalyptically-Oriented Terrorism

This paper is an exploratory exercise in practical theology and interfaith engagement that probes the conceptual frameworks of insularity (Islandness) and incarceration in Revelation in order to address the related problems of prisoner radicalization and apocalyptically-oriented terrorism. It offers an experimental reading of Revelation performed through the lenses of island studies, criminology, and research on prisoner radicalization. While inmates may adopt a range of religious dispositions, Islam is the fastest-growing religion in U.S. prisons. Moreover, even though Islam is not inherently violent nor are Muslims more predisposed to radical behaviors than other religious groups, some forms of prison Islam promote brutal apocalyptic worldviews and incite adherents to violence. This paper examines the place Revelation maintains in Islamic apocalyptic thought and asks how Revelation can assist in the fight against radicalization among an increasingly Muslim inmate population. Islands, prisons, and prisoners share a robust set of real and metaphorical relationships. The islanded nature of John’s experience provides a valuable point of access for incarcerated readers who find themselves in similarly marginalized social locations where radical readings are more likely to occur. Reading the insular and carceral elements of Revelation in tandem with these bodies of research is instructive for cultivating constructive responses to the present set of problems. It is argued that while Revelation can be a potential source of violent ideologies, it also offers its own internal checks against violent enactments. John’s vision culminates in the end of islands (Rev 21:1). The overarching goal of this essay is to ask how we might point readers in physically and ideologically insular environments toward constructive interpretations of apocalyptica in order to stem the persistent problem of violent radicalization.

Oxidative stress in intensive care unit patients: a review of glutathione linked metabolism and lipid peroxidation

Despite clear evidence of increased oxidative stress in the blood and tissues of critically ill intensive care unit patients, consistent beneficial effects of many different antioxidants have not been observed, and antioxidant therapy has not yet translated into widely accepted clinical practice. The reasons for this are unclear, likely rooted in the complex and context dependent free radical behavior of antioxidants interacting with the process of lipid peroxidation. Control of lipid peroxidation is a crucial requirement for the beneficial effects of antioxidants, but the interactions of biological antioxidant defenses with the potentially harmful free radical behavior of pharmacological antioxidants complicates the dose and selection of the optimal antioxidants. Glutathione, the primary small molecule antioxidant in biological systems, is the primary enzymatic oxidative stress defense that operates in the context of glutathione-linked antioxidant enzymes to metabolize many harmful products of lipid peroxidation to mercapturic acids. Recently, the mercapturic acid transporter protein, RLIP76 (human RALBP1 gene), has been shown to have a critical role in glutathione linked oxidative stress defenses. These findings provide a rationale for new approaches towards selection and dosing of antioxidant to improve their clinical benefit.

The transport behaviour of OH radicals in atmospheric pressure surface micro-discharge

This work presents the transport behaviour of OH radicals in an atmospheric pressure pulse-modulated surface micro-discharge in helium. Laser-induced fluorescence is employed to measure the time development of OH radicals density distribution during the pulse duration and the inter-pulse period. It is shown that convection caused by electrohydrodynamic force enhances and dominates the transport of OH radicals from the surface plasma layer to the afterglow region with a distance up to 8 mm away from the dielectric surface. Interestingly, after the plasma switches off, OH density decreases quickly near the electrode but the downstream distribution region keeps constant, showing that the impact of convection is still present during the post-discharge. Additionally, the propagation velocity of OH declines monotonously with time. The maximum value is estimated as 1.86 m s−1 during the first 1 ms when the plasma is on. The influence of power delivered to plasma is investigated, and the results indicate that the OH density everywhere in the detection zone is directly proportional to the applied power. However, the input power has no significant influence on the propagation velocity and delivery distance, suggesting that it is unrealistic to increase the delivery distance of reactive species by increasing the power delivered to plasma.

Extending Means-end Chain Theory by Integrating a Self-concept Approach and Behavioural Perspective Model

This methodological and concept paper attempts to combine the recently emerged, yet well-established, value-based cognitive model – Means-end Chain (MEC) – with the self-concept approach and the Behavioural Perspective Model (BPM).The paper has three aims: first, to elaborate the MEC theory, the post-modern approach of self-concept and the hermeneutical model based on radical behaviourism, BPM. Second, to discuss the similarities and differences with MEC and, third, to formulate a novel extended MEC metatheory.The theoretical framework is based on a critical overview of scientific books and articles. It includes an examination of the elements to enhance the MEC model with symbolism, dynamics and multi-dimensionality on the micro-level through integration of the self-concept approach. It also investigates the environmental, reinforcing / aversive and experiential aspects of the BPM on the macro level.The results of the exploration pave the way to the new research extended MEC – EMEC – which opens up new opportunities to redesign and re-systemise the interpretation and understanding of consumer behaviour.

Morality, Activism and Radicalism in the Brazilian Left and the Brazilian Right

Abstract In the last few years, there has been a rising tension in Brazilian politics between individuals who identify as left-wing and those who identity as right-wing. Sometimes those tensions have resulted in radical behavior from people who identify with either side of the political spectrum. This paper has two main goals: (a) to investigate (using the Moral Foundations Theory as a basis) the moral matrices of participants who identify as being left, center-left, center-right, and right; and (b) to compare the indices of activism and radicalism between participants with different political orientations. There were 226 participants in the study, most of which were from the Federal District (64.16%). The participants answered an online survey composed of the Moral Foundations Questionnaire, the Activism and Radicalism Intention Scale, and informed demographic data (including their political preference). Differences were found in the moral matrices of participants with different political positions. Higher indices of activism and radicalism were found among participants who self-declared as being left and center-left. Based on the field’s literature, the perception of unfairness held by individuals who identify as left in the current political context may help to understand these findings.

Enactivism, pragmatism…behaviorism?

Shaun Gallagher applies enactivist thinking to a staggeringly wide range of topics in philosophy of mind and cognitive science, even venturing into the realms of biological anthropology. One prominent point Gallagher makes that the holistic approach of enactivism makes it less amenable to scientific investigation than the cognitivist framework it seeks to replace, and should be seen as a “philosophy of nature” rather than a scientific research program. Gallagher also gives truth to the saying that “if you want new ideas, read old books”, showing how the insights of the American pragmatists, particularly Dewey and Mead, offer a variety of resources and tools that can be brought to bear on modern day enactivism. Here, I suggest that the adoption of enactivist thinking would undermine the assumptions of certain scientific positions, requiring their abandonment, rather than simply making it more difficult to conduct research within an enactivist framework. I then discuss how Mead’s work has been used previously as a “pragmatist intervention” to help resolve problems in a related 4E endeavour, Gibson’s ecological psychology, and make a case for the inclusion of radical behaviorism as another pragmatist resource for 4E cognition. I conclude with a plea for further enactivist intervention in studies of comparative cognition.

Радикальный бихевиоризм против прагматизма

Some behaviorists consider positivism to be an obsolete scientific philosophy and advocate for pragmatism or a tenet thereof, contextualism, as the appropriate philosophical world view for the study of behavior. I argue that pragmatism is just as flawed as positivism and for essentially the same reason: they both stem from the same source – British empiricism. I distinguish between empirical and empiricism, the former, the inductive experimental approach put forth by Francis Bacon (1561–1626) and exemplified in the work of B. F. Skinner; the latter, a problematic epistemology founded by John Locke (1632–1708) leading to ambiguity and confusion about the connection between sensation and material reality, and eventually to the proliferation of mentalistic/cognitive constructs that appear in the behavioral literature today. I also examine the ambivalent role of Ernst Mach’s philosophy of science, one that strongly influenced such notable scientists as Einstein and Skinner but also had the retrograde effect of establishing positivism as a school of philosophy. Finally, I argue that the term radical behaviorism should be replaced with behavioral materialism as the designation for the scientific philosophy underlying behaviorology, a philosophy that is aligned with scientific materialism, not with pragmatism or contextualism.

Selected Views on Human Nature and their Implications on Education

Even though evolution of time and scientific knowledge have provided humanity with the latest understanding on the concept of man, nevertheless man is too complicated to be comprehended in his entirety through any single study carried out on him. As for this reason, the study on man has become perennial in nature. Human nature as a topic more popularly discussed in psychology has caught the attention of many concerned parties from other fields of research. Perhaps some of the most interested people in the study of man will be theologians, philosophers, sociologists, psychologists, anthropologists, biologists, etc. It is highly improbable for parents, psychologists, counselors and teachers to render their best help and services to their subjects without having the proper understanding on the concept of man. Due to this fact, this qualitative study was conducted to analyze some selected views on human nature. Ideas provided by Psychoanalysis, Radical Behaviorism, Humanistic and Islamic psychologies were analyzed. Upon analyzing the different concepts on human nature, the researchers examined the implications and possible outcomes when such concepts are applied in the field of education. The textual-analysis method was employed in interpreting the relevant data of this study.

Jihadiship: From Radical Behavior to Radical Beliefs

Jihadism is a complex social phenomenon that changes people, but not always uniformly. This article argues that cognitive and behavioral radicalization can be seen as a discursive journey or jihadiship involving (e)merging ideas, problems, and solutions that change with encounters with new circumstances—both material and immaterial. The differences observed between various generations of jihadists are one manifestation of this complexity. Especially in a jihadi group, the processes of radicalization are bound to continue and take new forms, compared with those experienced in the West. Another example of the complexity of jihadiship is that not only can radical ideas lead to radical behavior, but also radical behavior can increasingly give rise to radical ideas in jihadi groups.

DERADIKALISASI PEMBELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM (PAI) MODEL KEBERAGAMAAN INKLUSIF DIKALANGAN SISWA SMA

The phenomenon of religious radicalism has become a global threat of the 21st century that phenomenon was a result of Islam as anaccused religion and was often associated with a terrorist religion. Educational institutions often "suspected" in creating of terrorists’ generations because the content material of Islamic Religious Education Study was dogmatic, indoctrinated, and related to proselytizing spirit that confirms truth claims. Anyway, substance of instructional materials used in senior high school does not contain inclusive religious content so it can create an exclusive and intolerant religious behavior among senior high school students. The aim of this study; 1).Providing foothold among students of theological and sociological thinking and behavior in order to have an inclusive and tolerant religiosity 2).Deploying and seeding ideas and behavior of an inclusive and tolerant religiosity as a form of resistance ideology (de-radicalization). 3). Filling the void literature Islamic Religious Education Study particular model of inclusive diversity relevant to mainstream Islam in Indonesia. To counteract the religious radicalism among students, the teaching material of Islamic Religious Education Study must contain religious inclusive content incorporating the teachings of Islam as a religion Rahmatan Lil Alamin, a religion of tolerance which is supported by the argument of the Qur'an and hadith. By using this model of teaching materials is expected of senior high school students have an inclusive religious behavior that is relevant to the character and Indonesian Islam mainstream in order to prevent radicalism behavior among senior high school students.
 
 Keywords: Islamic Religious Education, Inclusive Diversity, De-Radicalism

O que (não) há de “complexo” no comportamento? Behaviorismo radical, self, insight e linguagem

Resumo Uma crítica comum encontrada em manuais e livros didáticos de psicologia é que a análise do comportamento não seria capaz de explicar fenômenos psicológicos complexos. Estes seriam melhor abordados por explicações cognitivistas baseadas em mecanismos internos ao organismo. Este ensaio tem como objetivo avaliar a pertinência dessa crítica à luz de exemplos da literatura analítico-comportamental. A partir da análise de pesquisas que tratam de formação de self, insight e linguagem, argumenta-se que a “complexidade” foi importada para os laboratórios de análise do comportamento, assim como floresceu em diversas linhas de pesquisa de tradição behaviorista radical. Em adição, são discutidos cinco significados possíveis dados à “complexidade” extraídos da literatura consultada. Conclui-se que não há significado útil do termo e que, por essa razão, talvez seja pertinente abandoná-lo como critério de classificação de comportamentos. Como consequência, “comportamento complexo” seria simplesmente “comportamento” e nada mais.

Assessing the Effects of Motivative Augmentals, Pay-For-Performance, and Implicit Verbal Responding on Cooperation

Motivative augmentals are rules or statements that temporarily change the effectiveness of a consequence, similar to establishing operations for nonverbal consequences (Hayes, Barnes-Holmes, & Roche, 2001). Many communications by an organization's leadership may function as such and alter the function of stimuli in the workplace, which in turn may influence employee behaviors (Houmanfar & Rodrigues, Journal of Applied Radical Behavior Analysis, N1, 22–27, 2012). There is a lack of experimental research regarding this, however, particularly under different organizational pay systems (i.e., financial contingencies), which have been repeatedly shown to influence performance (e.g., Gupta & Shaw, Compensation and Benefits Review, 30(2), 26–32, 1998; Locke, Feren, McCaleb, Shaw, & Denny, 1980). The current study sought to compare the two by measuring the effect of motivational statements on individual versus cooperative responding under two different pay-for-performance contingencies in an organizational analogue. Stimuli for the motivational statements were selected utilizing an Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) with one group of participants, and these statements were then tested under piece-rate and profit-share conditions with a second group of participants in a counterbalanced reversal design. Results indicated that the financial contingencies had more of an effect on responding, but that motivational statements influenced behavior as well. In particular, motivational statements affected whether a participant chose to cooperate or behave individually more under financially neutral conditions (i.e., profit share) when there was no financial cost for doing so. As such, organizations can utilize memos or speeches to increase performance, but it is important for the content to align with financial contingencies in order to maximize performance.

The penetration and concentration of solvated electrons and hydroxyl radicals at a plasma-liquid interface

In this work, we present an analytic model for the interfacial behavior of hydroxyl radicals (OHaq) and solvated electrons () delivered into an aqueous solution by an atmospheric pressure low-temperature plasma. The model yields simple scaling laws for the interfacial concentration and average penetration depth into the solution in terms of a few key operational parameters. Notably, the interfacial flux of free radicals is shown to be a key parameter, and the penetration of radicals into solution is shown to decrease as the radical flux increases. Additionally, the model sets upper limits for the average penetration on the order of 100 nm and interfacial concentration on the order of 1 mM (1017 cm−3).

Chemo-Enzymatic Synthesis of Renewable Sterically-Hindered Phenolic Antioxidants with Tunable Polarity from Lignocellulose and Vegetal Oil Components.

Despite their great antioxidant activities, the use of natural phenols as antioxidant additives for polyolefins is limited owing to their weak thermal stability and hydrophilic character. Herein, we report a sustainable chemo-enzymatic synthesis of renewable lipophilic antioxidants specifically designed to overcome these restrictions using naturally occurring ferulic acid (found in lignocellulose) and vegetal oils (i.e., lauric, palmitic, stearic acids, and glycerol) as starting materials. A predictive Hansen and Hildebrand parameters-based approach was used to tailor the polarity of newly designed structures. A specific affinity of Candida antarctica lipase B (CAL-B) towards glycerol was demonstrated and exploited to efficiently synthesized the target compounds in yields ranging from 81 to 87%. Antiradical activity as well as radical scavenging behavior (H atom-donation, kinetics) of these new fully biobased additives were found superior to that of well-established, commercially available fossil-based antioxidants such as Irganox 1010® and Irganox 1076®. Finally, their greater thermal stabilities (302 < Td5% < 311 °C), established using thermal gravimetric analysis, combined with their high solubilities and antioxidant activities, make these novel sustainable phenolics a very attractive alternative to current fossil-based antioxidant additives in polyolefins.

Solar activation of TiO2 intensified with graphene for degradation of Bisphenol-A in water

Photocatalytic degradation of a Bisphenol-A (BPA) aqueous solution was achieved using titanium dioxide (TiO2) and graphene-based TiO2 photocatalysts activated by solar light. First, a comparative study of the adsorption kinetics of BPA, in the presence of both catalysts, as a function of pH was performed. Then, the effect of the initial BPA concentration and catalyst loading was assessed and the optimal conditions for BPA degradation by means of heterogeneous solar photocatalysis were determined. It was observed that TiO2 modified with 2 wt% graphene improved the photocatalytic efficiency in terms of BPA mineralization. The TiO2/graphene photocatalytic composite achieved a 16% increase in the photocatalytic mineralization of the BPA solution under solar light compared to un-doped TiO2. This enhancement of photocatalytic efficiency is a result of the increase of active sites for BPA adsorption, the more efficient harvesting of solar light, and the inhibition of electron-hole recombination. The dynamic behavior of hydroxyl radicals and dissolved oxygen in these systems was also discussed. Finally, the roles played by hydroxyl radical, HO, superoxide radical anion, O2−, and singlet molecular oxygen, 1O2, were studied in both TiO2 and TiO2/graphene systems. It was found that O2− were the main oxidative species in both systems.