Radical Behaviorism Research Articles

A Detailed Investigation of Radicals and Ions in ECR Methane/Argon Microwave Discharge

In this work, we focus on study of the formation and behavior of molecules, radicals, and ions in ECR discharge in a mixture of argon and methane. Discharge properties are studied at various conditions; total gas flow (0–50 sccm), absorbed microwave power (0–900 W) and the partial pressure of methane (0–1.2 Pa). Neutral mass spectrometry does not reveal the presence of radical CH5 commonly described in literature. Spectra show the presence of atomic hydrogen H and especially H2 molecules. The number of CH4+ and CH3+ species shows that the amount of CH4+ in areas power up to 350 W is high, but with further increase of the power their amount decreases. With the increasing power the CH3+ ions are more intensively generated. The obtained data helps optimize process conditions for the fabrication of diamond and DLC thin films.

A Functional Approach to Violent Radicalization. Building a Systemic Model Based on a Real Case

A paradox in the study of violent radicalization is that while each of the empirical findings can be explained with multiple theories, very few theories can explain a relevant number of these findings simultaneously. This paper conducts a functional behavior assessment of violent radical behavior, investigating the factors responsible for its initial learning and subsequent maintenance. Specifically, a model of radicalization is proposed that can explain a wide range of observed phenomena, accommodate apparent exceptions, and obtain testable consequences. It also challenges some firmly rooted ideas, as the alleged existence of aggressive influence practices, or brainwashing. Finally, the model can also provide valuable predictions for subsequent research, such as those related to the reversibility of the process of radicalization.

The radical and bond cleavage behaviors of 14 coals during pyrolysis with 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene

The pyrolysis of 14 coals with carbon contents (C%) of 67.5–94.9% are studied in the presence of 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene (DHP) at 440°C. The amounts of stable radicals in the coals and that generated in the pyrolysis are quantified by electron spin resonance (ESR). The amounts of active radicals generated in the pyrolysis are quantified by the amounts of hydrogen donated by DHP. The changes in quantity of these radicals during the pyrolysis are correlated with the parameters representing the coal rank (C%, the amounts of aromatic and aliphatic carbon). It is found that the quantity of stable radicals of the coals in the pyrolysis increases with an increase in C%. The lignites and bituminous coals break up significantly in the first 2min in the pyrolysis. All the coals contain some rigid structures that do not break at 440°C and the structure can be categorized to fusinite. The quantities of active radicals generated in the pyrolysis are approximately 3 orders of magnitude higher than that of the stable radicals in the coals. The total amounts of cleavable bonds in the coals and the rate constants of the bond cleavage are determined by the first order kinetics.

On the Autonomy of Psychology from Neuroscience: A Case Study of Skinner's Radical Behaviorism and Behavior Analysis

The main goal of this article is to discuss the place of psychology in the domain of natural sciences as an autonomous endeavor from neuroscience. However, given that psychology is not a monolithic...

A REASSESSMENT OF PRAGMATISM IN BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS: I. THE THEORY OF TRUTH

Radical behaviorism is often said to be inspired by pragmatism. Similarities between these two philosophies generally center on epistemological issues. For instance, the pragmatic theory of truth as effectiveness would be shared by behavior analysts. But because pragmatism is a philosophy built precisely by the gathering of components derived from previously existing philosophical traditions, it cannot be reduced to just one of these components alone without running the risk of mischaracterization. Is the idea of truth as effectiveness the only common ground between pragmatism and behavior analysis? In this review, divided in two parts, we argue for a negative answer, exploring on one hand, different dimensions of the pragmatic theory of truth, and on the other hand, world views underlying these two philosophies. In this first part, we note that the criterion of effectiveness is not the sole pragmatic criterion of truth. The criterion of coherence, along with the role of beliefs addressed in pragmatic theory, are fundamental to a thorough understanding of pragmatic theory of truth, with relevant consequences to evaluate the relations between pragmatism and behavior analysis.

Manganese(II)/Picolinic Acid Catalyst System for Epoxidation of Olefins.

An in situ generated catalyst system based on Mn(CF3SO3)2, picolinic acid, and peracetic acid converts an extensive scope of olefins to their epoxides at 0 °C in <5 min, with remarkable oxidant efficiency and no evidence of radical behavior. Competition experiments indicate an electrophilic active oxidant, proposed to be a high-valent Mn = O species. Ligand exploration suggests a general ligand sphere motif contributes to effective oxidation. The method is underscored by its simplicity and use of inexpensive reagents to quickly access high value-added products.

Deposition of a-C:H films on a nanotrench pattern by bipolar PBII&D

In this study, hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) films were deposited on a nanotrench pattern (300 nm pitch, aspect ratio: 2.0) by bipolar-type plasma based ion implantation and deposition technique (bipolar PBII&D), and the effects of bipolar pulse on the film properties were investigated. Moreover, the behaviour of ions and radicals surrounding the nanotrench was analyzed to clarify the coating mechanism and properties of the a-C:H films on the nanotrench. Further, thermal nanoimprint lithography was carried out using the nanotrench pattern coated with a-C:H films as the mold, and the mold release properties were evaluated. All nanotrench surfaces were successfully coated with the a-C:H films, but the film thickness on the top, sidewall, and bottom surfaces of the trench were not uniform. The surface roughness of the a-C:H films was found to decrease at a higher positive voltage; this happens due to the higher electron temperature around the nanotrench because of the surface migration of plasma particles arrived on the trench. The effects of the negative voltage on the behaviour of ions and radicals near the sidewall of the nanotrench are quite similar to those near the microtrench reported previously (Park et al 2014 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 47 335306). However, the positive pulse voltage was also found to affect the behaviour of ions and radicals near the sidewall surface. The incident angles of ions on the sidewall surface increased with the positive pulse voltage because the energy of incoming ions on the trench decreases with increasing positive voltage. Moreover, the incident ion flux on the sidewall is affected by the positive voltage history. Further, the radical flux decreases with increasing positive voltage. It can be concluded that a higher positive voltage at a lower negative voltage condition is good to obtain better film properties and higher film thickness on the sidewall surface. Pattern transfer properties for the nanoimprint formed by using nanotrench molds were greatly improved by the a-C:H films owing to the resultant reduction in the mold release force.

DERADIKALISASI AGAMA DALAM PEMAHAMAN TEKS-TEKS LITERATUR PENDIDIKAN PESANTREN

&lt;p&gt;The author’s interest in researching on de-radicalization of religion in the literature of islamic boarding school education was driven by the fact that religion de-radicalization are now starting to touch many aspects of society. Religious radicalism is often associated with terrorism, such as suicide bombers under the pretext of &lt;em&gt;jihad&lt;/em&gt; (martyrdom), violence in the name of &lt;em&gt;amar ma'ruf-nahy munkar&lt;/em&gt; (commanding the good and forbidding the evil), even now starting to organize religious radicalism in the establishment of the state. Ironically, some of the perpetrators of terrorism are graduates of boarding schools. This is due to the fact that there are several texts in the literature of boarding school education that are vulnerable to radical behaviors, such as &lt;em&gt;jihad&lt;/em&gt;, commanding the good, or fighting against non-Muslims. It makes boarding schools are negatively affected despite the fact that they are institutions of Islamic education in Indonesia who spread the teachings of Islam which is &lt;em&gt;rahmatan lil Alamin&lt;/em&gt; (blessing for the universe), tolerant, and contextual. Therefore, this study wanted to know about de-radicalization of religion in the understanding of texts in the literature of boarding school education, particularly related to the meaning of &lt;em&gt;jihad&lt;/em&gt;, commanding the good, and Islam as the blessing for the universe.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This research uses library research, which is a pure literature research. This method is used for obtaining data on de-radicalization in the view of boarding schools using descriptive approach. This research is a study on religious teachings in relation to society, nature, character, and the influence of the thoughts and ideas in forming the character of a group.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;De-radicalization of religion in the literature of boarding schools includes several things. First, boarding schools should not teach jihad with war, but with education. Next, the applications of &lt;em&gt;amar ma'ruf-nahy munkar&lt;/em&gt; must be done through certain stages, so that the direction fits the condition of the object of the missionary endeavor. Violence must not be used as long as it is still possible to use subtle ways since violence is only legalized when the situation is extremely urgent.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Keywords:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;De-radicalisation of Religion, Text, Literature, Boarding School&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

An integrative psychological model for radicalism: Evidence from structural equation modeling

The present study aimed at testing an integrative model that comprises cognitive, psychopathological and psychosocial factors that potentially relate to radicalism as an antecedent condition to radical and terrorist behaviors. A sample of 662 Egyptians (54.83% females and 45.17% males) aged 26, 16years was administered a comprehensive battery of 25 cognitive, psychopathological and psychosocial measures. The data were analyzed using Exploratory Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling techniques to test the research hypothesis. The results revealed that the cognitive model, psychopathological model and psychosocial model did not fit the data well individually. However, an integrative model that included 22 psychopathological constructs, five cognitive constructs, and four psychosocial constructs fit the data very well. Both males and females conceptualized the constructs similarly, and there were no significant latent gender mean differences in any constructs involved in the research model, including radicalism. These findings imply that none of the models can solely explain radicalism, whereas the integrative model can. The findings support the notion that radicalism is a product of, but is not limited to, complicated trajectories of cognitive, psychopathological, and psychosocial factors.

Behavioral Pragmatism: Making A Place for Reality and Truth.

In "Behavioral Pragmatism: No Place for Reality and Truth," Barnes-Holmes (2000) proposed a behavior-analytic version of philosophical pragmatism he called behavioral pragmatism (BP), a perspective which challenges two bedrock tenets of Western culture: (1) metaphysical realism, the view that an external, physical reality exists which is mind-independent and (2) the correspondence theory of truth (CTT), a theory which maintains that true statements are those which correspond to mind-independent reality. Many (perhaps most) behavior analysts accept both of these tenets (though they typically name and describe these tenets using different terms). By contrast, in lieu of the first, BP offers, as a replacement tenet, nonrealism, in place of the second, the pragmatic truth criterion. The account of reality and truth of BP has gained increasing prominence within behavior analysis because of its inclusion within relational frame theory, a perspective with a growing number of adherents. In this paper, I first argue that the realism/pragmatism dispute needs to be resolved because it threatens the coherence of radical behaviorism as a philosophy of science. Next, I present a detailed account of the differing conceptions of reality and truth as articulated within: (1) metaphysical realism, (2) behavioral pragmatism, and (3) Richard Rorty's version of pragmatism (Rortian pragmatism). Finally, using the insights of Rortian pragmatism (RP), I offer three proposals for modifying the core tenets of behavioral pragmatism. If adopted, these proposals would help narrow the realism/pragmatism divide, thereby reducing the threat to radical behaviorism's coherence.

Darwinism, radical behaviorism, and the role of variation in Skinnerian explaining behavior.

Darwinism, radical behaviorism, and the role of variation in Skinnerian explaining behavior.

Effect of Temperature on the EPR Properties of Oil Shale Pyrolysates

The reaction involving radical species is a key factor during the pyrolysis process used to form hydrocarbons. In this study, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used to characterize the properties of free radicals in the pyrolysates of oil shale. Effects of temperature on the yields and the EPR properties of thermal bitumen, shale oil, and semicoke were investigated, with the aim to understand the behavior of free radicals during the oil shale pyrolysis process. This study shows that the free radical concentrations (Ng) of shale oil and semicoke become higher with increasing temperature. The yield and Ng of thermal bitumen as an intermediate product follow the similar trends in the whole temperature range, first increasing and then decreasing. This is attributed to the competing mechnism of thermal bitumen generation and decomposition. The Ng of shale oil is lower than those of semicoke and thermal bitumen due to the coupling reaction of free radicals before the volatiles being condens...

PSYCHOLOGY IS NOT THE SCIENCE OF THE ORGANISM, AND PHYSIOLOGY WILL NOT SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF PRIVACY: COMMENTARY ON JACOBS ET AL. (2016)

Jacobs, Isenhower and Hayes (2016) advocate for the use of recent theoretical and methodological proposals in the field of ecological psychology to overcome long-standing problems in the conceptualization of private events in radical behaviorism, and in the experimental and applied analysis of behavior. They conclude that the notion of patterns of tensegrity at the level of the cell, tissue, or muscle, spreading to higher levels according to the principles of multifractal geometry allows for a better answer to the Skinnerian question “What is inside the skin?” Unfortunately, it is not in the understanding of such bodily events that the problem with privacy lies, but in the abundant conceptual difficulties it brings about, an issue that will not be solved by appealing to (mostly) hypothetical physiological mechanisms. Furthermore, Jacobs et al., overestimate the implications of such analysis for the issue of privacy, and in so doing, have failed in demonstrating how their multiscale approach provides an advantage over other approaches to privacy, particularly the Skinnerian approach.

Radical-radical cross coupling reactions of photo-excited fluorenones.

Radical-radical cross coupling reactions of photoexcited 9-fluorenones have been accomplished for the first time, leading to the synthesis of 9-alkyl, pyrollidinyl and spiro-THF derivatives of 9-fluorenones. The method also reveals, for the first time, the behaviour of ketyl radicals in decarboxyaltive alkylation and ring expansion reactions.

分光測定による過給 SI エンジンの自着火に関する研究

In this study, the behavior of the autoignition in a supercharged SI engine was investigated by using light emission and absorption spectroscopic measurements. Spectroscopic measurements were applied to investigate the behavior of formaldehyde (HCHO) and OH radicals in the interval from the occurrence of a cool flame to autoignition. As a result, formaldehyde arose in cool flame reaction and consumed at main combustion. In addition, OH radicals arose at the time of knocking.

Comparative Psychology: A Perspective Rather than a Discipline. Commentary: A Crisis in Comparative Psychology: Where Have All the Undergraduates Gone?

Comparative Psychology: A Perspective Rather than a Discipline. Commentary: A Crisis in Comparative Psychology: Where Have All the Undergraduates Gone?

Your Dog is Your Teacher: Contemporary Dog Training Beyond Radical Behaviorism

Contemporary dog training and the ongoing changes within this field, particularly ones related to perceptions of dogs and their roles, are interesting topics for academic inquiry. Present practices generally rely upon either the pack-and-dominance concept—leading to top-down, discipline-heavy treatment—or behaviorism and operant conditioning, where great emphasis is placed on positive reinforcement. The “positive” approach underlies state-of-the-art training programs of the second decade of the 21st century. Authors of such programs go beyond the limitations of behaviorism, embracing up-to-date information about the emotional and cognitive abilities of dogs—something that trainers strongly attached to behaviorism are prone to overlook. Such a new approach to dog training does not oppose critical anthropomorphism, and it challenges prior understanding of the dog-human relationship. The relationship in question ceases to be unilateral and becomes a bond of mutual benefit, where a force-free, reward-based method of training is in unison with advertising the self-development potential for humans.

Controlling Minds: Guo Renyuan, Behavioral Psychology, and Fascism in Republican China

In this article, the author explores the life of the Chinese psychologist Guo Renyuan (郭任遠 1898–1970). As a radical behaviorist, Guo believed that he could “engineer” the ideal Chinese citizen through a combination of proper political education, militarized discipline, and the wholesale removal of negative social stimuli. Guo was given the opportunity to test his hypotheses through a series of high-ranking administrative positions at Fudan University, Zhejiang University, and in the Nationalist Education Ministry. This article argues that Guo's social engineering pursuits, which were consistently supported by the Nationalist government, reveal the politicized nature of the social sciences in Republican China as well as the direct correspondence between radical behaviorism and Chinese fascism.

CRITICAL RECEPTION OF BEHAVIORISM IN THE WORKS OF GEORGE HERBERT MEAD

The article highlights the specifics of the intellectual heritage of the American philosopher and sociologist George Herbert Mead, reflected in the fragmentary character of texts written by him and the principal incompleteness of his sociological concept. The habitual label of interactionism does not adequately reflect the originality of the ideas of Mead. This term, invented by Herbert Blumer, in its original meaning was not directly related to the concept of George Herbert Mead. But later there was a substitution of concepts and Mead was referred to symbolic interactionists, what corresponds to the real situation only partially. To clarify this issue, the article describes the key ideas of the sociological concept of Mead regarding his critical position on the radical behaviorism of John Watson. The theoreticalmethodological position of Mead defined by him as social behaviorism is in contrary relations with radical behaviorism. The main areas of criticism can be described as follows: maximum focus on the behavior and ignoring the wider context of its implementation, failure of behaviorists to explain the thinking processes, a simplified model of human behavior in which the individual plays the role of a puppet reacting mechanically to external stimuli.

ChemInform Abstract: Stable Organoplatinum Complexes as Intermediates and Models in Hydrocarbon Functionalization

AbstractReview: 151 refs.