Radical Activity Research Articles

Light switchable radical and non-radical periodate activation by Fe3O4/g-C3N4 for efficient organic contaminant elimination

Although the heterogeneous activation of periodate (PI) has recently garnered significant attention for organic pollutant degradation, regulating the non-radical and radical reaction pathways remains a challenge. Herein, a Z-scheme Fe3O4/g-C3N4 heterojunction (FCN) was developed to achieve controllable radical and non-radical PI activation using a light switch. In the dark, the interaction between FCN and PI gave rise to metastable surface-activated PI complexes (PI*) via the non-radical pathway, which served as the dominant reactive species for organic elimination. Upon light irradiation, FCN acted as an electron donor for PI activation via the radical pathway, forming iodate radicals (IO3•) for pollutant destruction. Consequently, the FCN/PI/VIS system achieved complete removal of acid orange 7 in 30 min, with a pseudo-first order reaction rate about 3.5 times higher than that of FCN/PI system. The involved reactive species were validated by scavenging tests, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis, Raman spectra and electrochemical measurements. Moreover, the light switchable FCN-based PI activation system exhibited high recyclability and practicability for the treatment of various organic pollutants in water. This study provides new insights into the PI activation-mediated wastewater treatment processes.

Efficient Degradation of Ofloxacin by Magnetic CuFe2O4 Coupled PMS System: Optimization, Degradation Pathways and Toxicity Evaluation.

Magnetic CuFe2O4 was prepared with the modified sol-gel method and used for enhanced peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation and ofloxacin (OFL) degradation. The OFL could almost degrade within 30 min at a catalyst dosage of 0.66 g/L, PMS concentration of 0.38 mM, and initial pH of 6.53 without adjustment, using response surface methodology (RSM) with Box-Behnken design (BBD). In the CuFe2O4/PMS system, the coexisting substances, including CO32-, NO3-, SO42-, Cl- and humic acid, have little effect on the OFL degradation. The system also performs well in actual water, such as tap water and surface water (Mei Lake), indicating the excellent anti-interference ability of the system. The cyclic transformation between Cu(II)/Cu(I) and Fe(III)/Fe(II) triggers the generation of active radicals including SO4•-, •OH, •O2- and 1O2. The OFL degradation pathway, mainly involving the dehydrogenation, deamination, hydroxylation, decarboxylation and carboxylation processes, was proposed using mass spectroscopy. Moreover, the toxicity assessment indicated that the end intermediates are environmentally friendly. This study is about how the CuFe2O4/PMS system performs well in PMS activation for refractory organic matter removal in wastewater.

A new insight on the effects of Schiff Base Iron (III) complexes in breast cancer cells for clinical radiotherapy

PurposeBreast cancer is a significant global health concern, and researchers strive to enhance radiotherapy outcomes while minimizing the side effects. Schiff Base Iron (III) Complexes are one of the prospective elements that can be used as radiosensitizer or radioprotective agents in cancer radiotherapy. This study investigates the potential effects of Schiff base (ligand 2; L2) with Fe(III) in MCF-7 breast cancer cells under clinical radiotherapy treatment. MethodsThe effects of the Schiff Base Iron (III) Complexes were measured using clonogenic assay with MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The cells were irradiated with megavoltage 6 MV photon, 6 MeV electron and high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy with 192Ir source at different doses. Intercellular localization of Fe(III)-L2 complexes and antioxidant activities were also investigated. ResultsThe Fe(III)-L2 complexes were observed to be internalized by cellular nuclei without any effects on the cells. Interestingly, the Fe(III)-L2 complexes indicate radioprotective effects which provide intriguing insight towards application of metal ions complexes as radioprotector in cancer radiotherapy. The Fe(III)-L2 complexes also exhibit scavenging activities of free radical which further proved the antioxidative properties and radioprotective effects. ConclusionThe Fe(III)-L2 complexes show the radioprotective effects and antioxidant properties in MCF-7 cells, particularly for HDR brachytherapy. The findings suggest potential applications of the Fe(III)-L2 complexes as radioprotector agents in clinical radiotherapy.

WO3@MOF heterostructure in-situ transformed and deposited on La-Bi2WO6-BiFeWOx composite with enhanced photocatalytic performance for degradation of harmful and toxic substances produced by tobacco

Nowadays, tobacco is widely cultivated, and there are millions of people who smoke around the world. The cultivation of tobacco, along with the handling of cigarettes and the consumption of tobacco products, can produce numerous harmful and toxic substances. Many researchers are working diligently to eliminate these harmful and toxic substances. However, the results have been minimal. In this paper, we successfully prepared a novel La-Bi2WO6-BiFeWOx-WO3@MOF using hydrothermal and in-situ transformation methods. All samples were thoroughly investigated using various characterization techniques, including XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, UV–Vis absorption spectra, transient photocurrent responses, and electron spin resonance. Furthermore, La-Bi2WO6-BiFeWOx-WO3@MOF was utilized as a catalyst for the degradation of harmful and toxic substances produced by tobacco, including phenol, nicotine, benzopyrene, and nitrosamines. The results indicate that La-Bi2WO6-BiFeWOx-WO3@MOF exhibits efficient separation and transfer of photo-generated electron-hole pairs under visible light irradiation. La-Bi2WO6-BiFeWOx-WO3@MOF also exhibits excellent photocatalytic activity, efficiently degrading phenol (98.62%), nicotine (92.41%), benzopyrene (81.74%), and nitrosamine (98.23%). Furthermore, the effects of varying catalyst dosage, phenol concentration, and pH values, as well as the degradation of nicotine, benzopyrene, and nitrosamine by La-Bi2WO6-BiFeWOx-WO3@MOF, were also investigated. The main active radicals are ·OH and ·O2– during the degradation process. Finally, a potential degradation mechanism for phenol, nicotine, benzopyrene, and nitrosamine by La-Bi2WO6-BiFeWOx-WO3@MOF is proposed.

Square-wave pulsed potential driven electrocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol using Fe-Ni/rGO/PPy@NF three dimensional electrode

To develop an energy-efficient system for the removal of chlorinated organic pollutants, Fe-Ni/reduced graphite oxide/polymerized polypyrrole@nickel foam was constructed as a catalytic cathode for pulsed electrocatalytic degradation, where cathode-catalyzed production of hydrogen radicals (H*) and hydroxyl radical (·OH) generated at the anode led to dechlorination of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP), and dechlorination products were mineralized and degraded under the action of·OH. When energy was continuously supplied to the reaction system in the constant potential mode, the 4-CP concentration near the electrode was insufficient, limiting the reaction rate. Conversely, in the square-wave pulsed potential mode, mass transfer limitations were mitigated, significantly enhancing reaction efficiency and reducing energy consumption. At −1.2 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), the 4-CP removal efficiency reached 93.79 % in the pulsed potential mode, surpassing the constant potential mode's performance of 81.40 %. The synergistic periodic oscillation of the potential, direct electron transfer, and catalytic generation of active free radicals in the pulsed potential mode reduced intermediate concentrations and increased 4-CP mineralization, while the degradation pathway remained unchanged. This research presents a method for the efficient treatment of chlorinated organic pollutants in water using pulsed electrocatalytic degradation.

CaO composite improves the conversion efficiency of free radicals in the catalytic activation of permonsulfate by Cu-based oxides

The advanced oxidation technology based on persulfate has excellent performance in the efficient removal of refractory organic pollutants in water bodies, among which the heterogeneous catalytic activation system has been studied extensively due to its characteristics of convenient operation, low energy consumption, and no secondary pollution. Many studies have been focused on improving the overall oxidation efficiency of target substrates in heterogeneous catalytic oxidation systems. Herein, a series of bimetallic composite oxides (CaOMOx) (M = Cu, Fe, Ni, etc.) were prepared by combining inert metal oxides—CaO with various transition metal oxides, and were used for permonosulfate (PMS) activation. Among them, the introduction of CaO has the most obvious effect on the catalytic efficiency of CaOCuO/PMS system. Almost 100 % of benzothiazole (BTH) was degraded within 40 min at 0.3 g/L PMS and 0.15 g/L CaOCuO. The mechanism study showed that the introduction of CaO significantly increased the content of oxygen vacancies (OVs) on CaOCuO, and thus promoted the formation of surface hydroxyl groups to strengthen the adsorption capacity for PMS. In addition, the introduction of CaO enhanced the reducibility of Cu species and thus promoted the transformation of Cu2+ to Cu+, ensured the continuous and rapid generation of SO4•-, thereby promoting the improvement of oxidation efficiency. Our study provides a novel strategy for improving the conversion efficiency of free radical in heterogeneous persulfate catalytic oxidation systems.

Public History: Infrastructure, Climate Change, and Radical Action.

This essay reviews the 2022 American film How to Blow Up a Pipeline, examining its significance for historians of technology. The film highlights do-it-yourself technologies, the experiences of marginalized technology users, and the environmental consequences of infrastructures. Central to the discussion is the film's dystopian portrayal of infrastructure, which drives the characters to take extreme measures, such as the bombing of an oil pipeline, to raise awareness about climate change. While the film might seem to advocate for radical action, this review suggests that it offers historians an opportunity to engage with broader social issues and reflect on the methodological challenges within the history of technology.

Public History: Infrastructural Imaginaries and the Production of Affective Power.

This section of Public History explores "infrastructural imaginaries"-shared visions of future infrastructure that are collectively held and either publicly enacted or resisted. These imaginaries are deeply rooted in both present realities and past dreams of what could have been. For historians of technology, understanding who imagines this infrastructure, the impacts of these imaginings, and the emotional forces driving these processes is essential. The contributions in this section explore artistic interventions that blend utopian ideas, visual languages, political ambitions, and radical actions. These interventions challenge us to rethink the contours of our infrastructure-dominated world and invite further historical analysis in these public discourses.

Theoretical insight into the removal process of isoquinoline by UV/Cl and UV/PDS: Oxidation mechanism and toxicity assessment

Isoquinoline (IQL), as a typical nitrogen-containing heterocyclic contaminant in coking wastewater, poses a serious threat to the aquatic environment and human health. Due to its chemical stability, traditional sewage treatment technology is not highly efficient in IQL removal. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) driven by ultraviolet radiation could be an effective treatment method, but it could generate toxic byproducts. In this work, the removal of IQL initiated by HO•, ClO•, Cl•, and SO4•- in UV/chlorine and UV/persulfate (PDS) process was comprehensively investigated, clarifying the degradation mechanism, reaction kinetics, and ecological toxicity. The findings indicate that the dominant oxidation mechanism of IQL by HO•, ClO•, and Cl• is radical adduct formation (RAF), while single electron transfer (SET) is the main reaction pathway of SO4•- with IQL. At 298 K and 1 atm, the order of rate constants for the reactions of IQL with active radicals is Cl• (6.23 × 1010 M-1 s-1) > SO4•- (8.81 × 109 M-1 s-1) > HO• (1.66 × 109 M-1 s-1) > ClO• (1.62 × 108 M-1 s-1). The acute and chronic toxicity of IQL and its degradation byproducts at three different trophic levels were evaluated using ECOSAR program. The byproducts produced by the oxidative degradation of IQL by HO• and SO4•- are mostly “not harmful”, and their toxicity shows a decreasing trend compared to that of IQL. The byproducts derived from the reaction of IQL with Cl• are all “toxic” or “harmful”, and the ranking of harm to three types of aquatic organisms is green algae > fish > daphnia. Hence, UV/PDS process could be more secure in pollutant disposal in wastewater. In actual water treatment process, merit attention should be paid to the potential hazards of the byproducts generated by various contaminants.

Bright Nanocomposites based on Quantum Dot‐Initiated Photocatalysis

Integrating quantum dots (QDs) into polymer matrix to form nanocomposites without compromising the QD photoluminescence (PL) is crucial to emerging QD light‐emitting and solar energy conversion fields. However, the most widely‐used bulk polymerization technique, where monomers serve as the QD solvent, usually leads to QD PL quenching caused by radical initiators. Here we demonstrate high‐brightness nanocomposites with near‐unity PL quantum yield (QY), through a novel QDs‐catalyzed (‐initiated) bulk polymerization without using any radical initiators. Different from previous reports where QDs were designed as photo‐sensitizers/catalysts (always with cocatalysts) and hence non‐emissive in catalytic conditions, our QDs combine high brightness with highly effective catalysis, a combination that was previously considered to be hardly possible. In our case, apart from emitting light (at a large probability), the photoexcited QDs act as ‘overall reaction’ catalysts by simultaneously employing photoexcited electrons and holes to produce active radicals without the need of any sacrificial agents. These active radicals, though with a small amount, are sufficient to initiate effective chain reaction‐dominated bulk polymerization, eliminating the requirement of extra radical initiators. This study provides new insights for understanding and development of QDs for energy applications.

Bright Nanocomposites based on Quantum Dot-Initiated Photocatalysis.

Integrating quantum dots (QDs) into polymer matrix to form nanocomposites without compromising the QD photoluminescence (PL) is crucial to emerging QD light-emitting and solar energy conversion fields. However, the most widely-used bulk polymerization technique, where monomers serve as the QD solvent, usually leads to QD PL quenching caused by radical initiators. Here we demonstrate high-brightness nanocomposites with near-unity PL quantum yield (QY), through a novel QDs-catalyzed (-initiated) bulk polymerization without using any radical initiators. Different from previous reports where QDs were designed as photo-sensitizers/catalysts (always with cocatalysts) and hence non-emissive in catalytic conditions, our QDs combine high brightness with highly effective catalysis, a combination that was previously considered to be hardly possible. In our case, apart from emitting light (at a large probability), the photoexcited QDs act as 'overall reaction' catalysts by simultaneously employing photoexcited electrons and holes to produce active radicals without the need of any sacrificial agents. These active radicals, though with a small amount, are sufficient to initiate effective chain reaction-dominated bulk polymerization, eliminating the requirement of extra radical initiators. This study provides new insights for understanding and development of QDs for energy applications.

Uniformly Dispersed Co-Corrin/C Catalysts for the Study of β-O-4 Bonding Activity in Lignin

In this study, Co-Corrin/C catalysts with corrin active skeleton were prepared by pyrolysis under anaerobic conditions using vitamin B12 (VB12) as a precursor and activated carbon with rich mesoporous structure as a carrier. The Co-Corrin/C catalyst was applied to the oxidative cleavage reaction of lignin, showing a 92.74% breakage of β-O-4 bonds. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the low energy gap difference of Co-Corrin/C promotes electron transfer between Co and O. Meanwhile, the pyrrole ring in the corrin structure will be adsorbed and bonded to oxygen, which promotes the generation of large amounts of oxygen free radicals. The Cα-OH bond in the lignin aliphatic chain is oxidized to Cα=O bond under the action of oxygen radicals, which reduces the dissociation energy of the β-O-4 bond and significantly improves the oxidation efficiency. Cycling experiments proved that Co-Corrin/C has good stability.

Harvesting low-cost gold-based catalysts from e-waste by a cationic covalent triazine organic framework for 4-nitrophenol reduction

Gold (Au)-based catalysts are commonly used for the hydrogenation of 4-nitrophenol, however, the high cost of Au has limited their widespread application. Therefore, developing affordable Au-based catalysts is highly desirable yet challenging. Herein, we synthesized a cationic covalent triazine framework to recover Au from e-waste, leading to the creation of cost-effective Au NPs@iCTF-TPM catalysts. Adsorption experiments demonstrate that cationic iCTF-TPM exhibits exceptional Au adsorption capabilities, with a maximum capacity of 1919 mg g−1. Notably, the iCTF-TPM selectively recovers Au from the e-waste leaching solution, achieving 99 % removal of Au within just 5 min. Moreover, the adsorbed AuCl4− can be self-reduced to form fine Au nanoparticles, resulting in the formation of Au NPs@iCTF-TPM catalysts. Remarkably, Au NPs@iCTF-TPM could convert 4-nitrophenol to 4-nitroaniline with a low activation energy of 26.15kJ mol−1 and a high rate constant of 1.73 × 10−2 s−1. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy indicates that the high catalytic activity is primarily due to the generation of active hydrogen radicals facilitated by Au NPs@iCTF-TPM. This study opens new avenues for developing low-cost Au-based catalysts from e-waste leaching solutions.

Comparative Evaluation of the Phytochemical Composition of Fruits of Ten Haskap Berry (Lonicera caerulea var. kamtschatica Sevast.) Cultivars Grown in Poland

The aim of this study was to investigate the qualitative and quantitative fruit profiles of ten cultivars (cvs.) of haskap berry (Lonicera caerulea var. kamtschatica Sevast.) to determine their antioxidant activity (ABTS test, CUPRAC test, ability to capture superoxide (O2˙−) and hydroxyl radicals (OH˙)), cytotoxic activity (against cancer cell lines breast, MCF-7; colon, HT-29; and melanoma, SK-Mel-28) and physicochemical properties. Most of the selected cultivars had not previously been analyzed for these properties. A total of 19 polyphenolic compounds were identified in the fruits of the tested genotypes, with a quantitative range of 2166.3–3597.0 µg/g. The polyphenol profile was dominated by anthocyanins (90.0–92.4%), and the remaining classes occurred in the following order: phenolic acids > flavonols > flavan-3-ols. The highest concentrations of these polyphenol groups were found in the cultivars ‘Honeybee’, ‘Sinij Uties’ and ‘Usłada’. The fruits of these cultivars were also characterized by the highest antioxidant activity (546.6–683.5 µg/mL for O2˙− and 541.2–652.1 µg/mL for OH˙) and cytotoxic activity (103.6–649.2 µg/mL). The data obtained indicate that the fruits of the new haskap cultivars are a good source of bioactive compounds with possible health-promoting properties.

Cu‐Doped 0D Bi2WO6 Nanoparticles for Efficient Visible‐Light‐Driven Photocatalytic Tetracycline Degradation

AbstractBismuth‐based photocatalysts have been widely employed in the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater. However, the lack of rational structural design and the slow generation of active free radicals have hindered its efficiency. Here, we stabilized Bi2WO6 nanoparticles by wrapping them with hydroxyl groups, introduced metal Cu doping, and underwent an annealing process to construct Cu‐BiNP nanocatalysts with exposed active sites. Under visible light irradiation, 0.03Cu‐BiNP achieved a 94.5% TC degradation efficiency, which is 15.8 times higher than the rate of bulk BiWO. The 0D structure endows Cu‐BiNP with ample opportunities for O2 adsorption and activation, and Cu atomic doping reduces the bandgap and increases the oxygen vacancy, promoting the generation of active oxygen species. This work demonstrates the rapid charge separation and activation of O2 to generate active oxygen species by 0D bismuth‐based nanocatalysts in photocatalytic oxidation reactions, providing a scalable nanocatalyst platform for TC photocatalytic degradation.

Ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction of phenolics, flavonoids, and major triterpenoids from Centella asiatica leaves: A comparative study

Centella asiatica has been known for its significant medicinal properties due to abundance of bioactive constituents like triterpenoids and flavonoids. Nevertheless, an appropriate solvent system and extraction technique is still lacking to ensure optimized extraction of bioactive constituents present in C. asiatica. Recently, scientists are more focused towards application of green sustainable extraction techniques for the valuable components from plant matrix owing to their eco-friendly and safe nature. Among these, ultrasonication (US) is known as a valuable strategy for separation of bioactive components from medicinal plants. Hence, current research was performed to observe the effect of ultrasonication in the presence of five different solvents (Water, Hexane, Methanol, Chloroform, and Ethyl acetate) on total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), antioxidant properties (DPPH, ABTS, Nitric oxide radical activity, and Superoxide anion assay), and four major triterpenoid contents in C. asiatica leaves. Herein, ultrasound assisted methanolic extract (UAME) possessed maximum amount of TPC (129.54 mg GAE/g), TFC (308.31 mg QE/g), and antioxidant properties (DPPH: 82.21 % & FRAP: 45.98 µmol TE/g) followed by ultrasound-assisted Water extract (UAWE), ultrasound-assisted ethyl acetate extract (UAEAE), ultrasound-assisted n-hexane extract (UAHE), and ultrasound-assisted chloroform extract (UACE), respectively. Moreover, the superoxide radical and nitric oxide assays depicted a similar trend, revealing the highest percent inhibition for UAME (SO: 83.47 % & NO: 66.76 %) however, the lowest inhibition was displayed by UACE (63.22 % & 50.21 %), respectively. Highest content of major terpenoids were found in UAME of C. asiatica leaves as madecassoside (8.21 mg/g) followed by asiaticoside (7.82 mg/g), madecassic acid (4.44 mg/g), and asiatic acid (3.38 mg/g). Ultrasound-assisted extraction technique can be an efficient extraction method for bioactive compounds present in C. asiatica. However, ultrasonication along with methanol as an extraction solvent can surely enhance the extraction of valuable constituents. The results of this study provide an insight into major terpenoids, and antioxidants present in extracts of C. asiatica, implicating its use in ancient medicine systems and future drug development.

Phytochemical Profiling and Bioactive Properties of Essential Oils from Endemic Palestinian Satureja thymbrifolia.

Despite several studies on the Satureja L. genus, the chemical composition and biological activities of the traditional medicinal plant Satureja thymbrifolia (White Thyme), a Palestinian endemic species, are still unknown. It grows in arid regions and is used by Bedouins as a traditional medicinal herb. This study aimed to investigate S. thymbrifolia essential oils (EOs), mainly from its phytochemical pattern and biological properties. The GC-MS study identified p-cymene (48.53%) and thymol (23.27%) as the leading EOs components. Compared to Trolox, the EOs showed potential anti-DPPH free radical activity and had broad-spectrum antimicrobial potentials, with MIC values ranging from 0.13 ± 0.05 to 25 ± 0.00 µL/mL. They were most effective against Candida albicans species. The S. thymbrifolia EOs most effectively eliminated cancer cells when tested against CaCo-2 and HeLa cell lines (IC50 values of 192.15 ± 2.47 and 194.80 ± 1.87 µg/mL, respectively). The present investigation is the first documented study of S. thymbrifolia EOs' phytochemical composition and bioactivities. The results revealed that S. thymbrifolia EOs have potential antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic effects. These outcomes emphasized S. thymbrifolia EO's potential dietary, pharmacological, and cosmetic applications.

Investigation on the inhibition effect and mechanism of hydrogen explosion by 2-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene

This study investigated the effect of 2-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (2-BTP, C3H2BrF3) on hydrogen explosion behavior through a combination of experiments and simulations. The maximum explosion pressure (pmax), maximum pressure rise rate ((dp/dt)max), and critical inhibition concentration (CIC), across different equivalence ratios (Φ) and inhibitor concentrations (V), were obtained via experiments. The changes in adiabatic flame temperature, mole fraction of active radicals and sensitivity coefficient throughout the reaction were analyzed using CHEMKIN. The fuel-like properties of 2-BTP and the carbon monoxide (CO) produced by decomposition led to a promoting effect on the lean hydrogen explosion, primarily due to the elementary reactions R31, R806 and R882. When Φ≥1.0, the capture of active radicals via elementary reactions such as R908, R1507, and R88 was enhanced, resulting in the dominance of inhibition and a corresponding inhibitory effect. Notably, 2-BTP exhibited an inhibitory effect for (dp/dt)max at any equivalence ratio. The CIC decreased from 10% to 4% when increasing equivalence ratios from 0.6 to 2.0. This work provides crucial data and a theoretical foundation for the prevention and control of hydrogen explosions.

Iron-Catalyzed Deboronation/Cyanoalkylation of Vinyl Boronic Acids with Cyclobutanone Ketoximes

AbstractIn this paper, an iron-catalyzed deboronation/cyanoalkylation of vinyl boronic acids for the preparation of distal cyanoalkyl alkenes with vinyl boronic acids as radical acceptor and activator is reported. In this reaction, various cyclobutanone oximes and substituted vinyl boronic acids can be transformed into the corresponding cyanoalkylated alkenes in moderate to good yields under these conditions. Mechanistic studies indicated that a single-electron transfer process may be involved in this transformation.

The synthesis of Bi2MoO6 with metallic and nonmetallic vacancies for degradation of LVF in visible light

Defect engineering advantages include regulating the band structure of photocatalytic materials, inhibiting the recombination of photoelectron-hole pairs, and promoting the conversion of photogenerated electrons into active radicals. In this paper, bismuth molybdate (Bi2MoO6) photocatalysts with double vacancies (VBi-O-BMO) were prepared by solvothermal and ionic eutectic solvent methods. EPR, TEM, and XPS results confirmed the successful construction of oxygen and bismuth vacancies on Bi2MoO6. The photocatalytic performance of the prepared catalysts was investigated by photodegradation of levofloxacin hydrochloride (LVF) under visible light. The double vacancies markedly enhanced the photocatalytic properties of Bi2MoO6, with the photodegradation rate of VBi-O-BMO reaching 88.36 % for 40 mg/L LVF within 60 min. Kinetic studies have demonstrated that the reaction rate constant of VBi-O-BMO can reach 0.0351 min−1, which is 3.2 times higher than that of bulk-BMO. This can be attributed to the favorable synergistic effect of oxygen and bismuth double vacancies. VO not only captures oxygen and electrons, facilitating the generation of superoxide radicals (O2−), but also elevates the conduction band position and boosts the reduction capability of Bi2MoO6. VBi not only captures photogenerated holes (h+) to directly impact LVF degradation, but also promotes interfacial charge transfer and inhibits the recombination of electron-hole pairs. Furthermore, the intermediates and degradation pathways of LVF photodegradation were surmised based on the LC-MS analysis. The reaction mechanism of LVF photodegradation by VBi-O-BMO was elucidated through the application of the free radical pathway. This study demonstrates a methodology for the creation of double vacancies in catalysts and the significant potential of VBi-O-BMO for the remediation of antibiotic residues in water under visible light.