Radiator Fan Research Articles

An innovative approach for enclosure design of power generators to meet noise regulation targets

The use of diesel-powered engine generators as a power source is very common for various industrial and residential applications. There are strict regulatory requirements and legislations to limit the noise levels from these generators below statutory limits. The purpose of the paper is to present an approach using statistical energy analysis (SEA) augmented by experimental inputs for the prediction of noise levels for the generators and propose strategies for optimized enclosure design that effectively mitigate noise to achieve regulatory requirements. The study begins by developing an SEA model that represents the acoustic behavior of the generator and enclosure. The airborne sources such as engine, alternator, radiator fan and exhaust are modelled explicitly using experimental noise source characterization. Based on the established SEA model and excitation sources, noise levels are predicted through the calculation of energy flow between subsystems. The predicted sound levels for an existing Diesel Generator with enclosure were validated with its test data to ensure correctness of SEA model. Parametric studies were carried out using simulations on key variables, including critical noise paths, panel thickness, and noise control treatments. These investigations helped identify optimal process parameters that reduce noise levels emitted by genset in adherence to noise regulations.

Analysis of Power Consumption on BOP System in a Fuel Cell Electric Bus According to the Fuel Cell Load Range

The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) in a fuel cell electric bus (FCEB) converts hydrogen's chemical energy into electrical energy. The fuel cell system comprises a fuel cell stack and a balance of plant (BOP) system, which efficiently controls the stack. Fuel cell and battery are sensitive to operational temperature, which directly impacts performance, lifespan, and safety. Therefore, a thermal management system (TMS) is necessary to maintain an appropriate temperature by dissipating the heat generated by the fuel cell and battery. In this study, the exponential or quadratic relationships between the power consumption of the major components of an FCEB and various factors, such as temperature and flow rate influencing the operational behavior and control of the components, were analyzed based on the results of a dynamometer vehicle test. Additionally, the vehicle's energy flow was calculated under different fuel cell load conditions. When the fuel cell operated at 56.3 kW, TMS power was 6.6 times higher than at 20 kW. At full load, under 90 kW, it increased to 17.4 times higher. The rise in fuel cell load correlated with higher heat generation, resulting in a significant increase in power consumption for both the radiator fan and coolant pump.

Changes in The Electrical Output Power and Efficiency of A Photovoltaic Panel Cooled by A Hybrid Method

During the process of generating electrical energy from photovoltaic panels, high ambient temperatures and radiation tend to cause excessive heating of the photovoltaic panel, resulting in a decrease in its efficiency. In this experimental study, two cooling methods were employed. The first method involved active cooling using water, while the second method combined active cooling with passive cooling using an aluminum heat sink, all while using water as the cooling medium. The experiment involved the analysis of changes in electrical output power and efficiency from three identical 100 W monocrystalline photovoltaic panels, one of which served as the reference. The first panel was considered the reference panel. The second panel featured active cooling, with a liquid reservoir created on its rear surface to be filled with transformer oil. Copper pipes were placed at specific intervals within this liquid reservoir, and the rear surface was covered with a thin flat metal plate. The third panel was prepared for the hybrid method, featuring a liquid reservoir covered with a rectangular finned aluminum heat sink, distinct from the second panel. In both methods, transformer oil was used for electrical insulation and thermal conduction between the panel and the copper pipes at the rear. The copper pipes were connected to an automotive radiator and a pump to form a closed circuit. The water inside the radiator was cooled using a radiator fan and circulated by a pump. In the first method, active cooling was achieved by cooling through the radiator, while in the hybrid method, active cooling through the radiator was combined with passive cooling using the rectangular finned aluminum heat sink. In the experiment setup, temperature and liquid flow were measured using radiation, electrical sensors, and other measuring instruments. The data obtained from the measurements were used to compare the increases in electrical power and efficiency of the panels. The electrical power increase and efficiency were calculated as follows: in the hybrid method, it was found to be 4.7% and 0.84%, respectively, while in the active method, it was 2.94% and 0.52%, respectively. The energy consumed in the study was provided by wind energy

Research on modeling and control of PEMFC cooling system

The structure of the stack cooling system has been redesigned to combine the high heat dissipation efficiency of the large-small cycle system and the low maintenance cost of the internal-external cycle system. Four temperature control strategies for the cooling system were proposed and tested on the stack test platform. The results show that the strategy of controlling the pump flow rate through feedforward with flow following current and Model Predictive Control(MPC) algorithm feedback, and controlling the opening of the radiator fan through Proportion Integration Differentiation(PID) algorithm feedback, is the most effective. This strategy can control the maximum temperature difference between the coolant inlet and outlet at approximately 1.14 °C. It also allows for quicker adjustment of the coolant temperature to the target value when the load changes, with an adjustment time reduced to about 9 s and a steady state error lower than 0.51 °C.

Research on joint control of water pump and radiator of PEMFC based on TCO-DDPG

An approach based on deep reinforcement learning is proposed to address the fuel cell thermal management system's circulating water pump and radiator control issue. The proposed joint control strategy consists of three main components. First, a deep deterministic policy gradient-based control framework is employed to overcome the strong coupling characteristics between the radiator and circulating water pump and enable joint control. Second, an improved method called TCO-DDPG is introduced to address time delay and inertia problems in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). This method adopts an improved updating delay strategy, optimized noise, and a classification experience playback and smooth target strategy to enhance algorithm robustness. Third, the TCO-DDPG-based PEMFC temperature control strategy replaces the traditional control framework's two independent controllers with an agent that does not depend on the system model and can control both the cooling water flow rate and the radiator fan speed.Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, demonstrating its ability to control the PEMFC thermal management system more precisely and effectively than other algorithms. Specifically, the proposed TCO-DDPG joint control technique reduces the average adjustment time by 7.6%, 16.01%, and 22.74%, and overshoot by 2.25 times, 4.2 times, and 4.5 times compared to the TD3, GA-PID, and PID algorithms, respectively.

Design and Control of a Tricycle with a Hybrid Electric Motor Cooling System Powered By Solar Photovoltaics

The power for a standard electric tricycle used for transportation comes from a battery, which can lose power after a certain amount of time. In this regard, the standard tricycle in the proposed concept will have a battery that will be charged by solar panels mounted on a stand on the rear of the tricycle. A solar-based renewable energy source is also used along with the traditional charging mechanism to make a hybrid system. The proposed tricycle is more stable in braking turns because it has a lower center of gravity compared to a bicycle. The proposed tricycle has movement in both directions, i.e., forward and reverse, for disabled persons. The proposed model was validated using the finite element analysis approach in solid work for different points of the frame and different types of loads. Also Electric motors have a great efficiency of operation, but they create a lot of heat depending on the torque and speed they need to run. As a result, an effective motor cooling system is required to keep the temperature within restrictions. Although the coolant pump and radiator fan in a conventional motor liquid cooling system do an efficient job, they are also energy hogs. The FEA approach was used to identify the maximum stress, displacement, and safety factors

Application of MEMS Accelerometers in Dynamic Vibration Monitoring of a Vehicle.

In this paper, the viability of MEMS accelerometers is investigated to measure vibration parameters related to different locations of a vehicle with respect to the automotive dynamic functions. The data is collected to compare the accelerometer performances in different locations on the vehicle, including on the hood above the engine, on the hood above the radiator fan, over the exhaust pipe, and on the dashboard. The power spectral density (PSD), together with the time and frequency domain results, confirm the strength and frequencies of the sources of vehicle dynamics. The frequencies obtained from the vibrations of the hood above the engine and radiator fan are approximately 44.18 Hz and 38 Hz, respectively. In terms of the vibration amplitude, the measured amplitudes are between 0.5 g and 2.5 g in both cases. Furthermore, the time domain data collected on the dashboard during driving mode reflects the road condition. Overall, the knowledge obtained from the various tests conducted in this paper can be advantageous for further control and development of vehicle diagnostics, safety, and comfort.

Method for increasing heat removal effi ciency of a cooling system radiator of an electric motor vehicle of category L

Introduction (problem statement and relevance). At low vehicle driving speeds, when the ram airfl ow is minimal or completely absent, the airfl ow created by the radiator fan is of high importance for the heat removal. In this paper, the airfl ow through the radiator created by the radiator fan was used as a criterion of the heat removal effi ciency, which is calculated from the pressure drop in the radiator for various fan speeds. The possibility of increasing the airfl ow through the radiator by increasing the distance between the fan and the radiator through improvement of the casing design was considered.The purpose of the study is to analyze the infl uence of the radiator casing design on the heat removal effi ciency of the cooling system radiator.Methodology and research methods. The static pressure created at diff erent fan speeds was defi ned at the radiator inlet and outlet in 32 points (16 on each side) using the air pressure probes. The pressure readings were recorded using a 64-channel pressure scanner.Scientifi c novelty and results. The paper deals with research into the infl uence of the distance between the fan and the cooling system radiator surface on the heat removal effi ciency by increasing of the airfl ow through the cooling system radiator. The results of the experiment to determine the optimal distance between the radiator and the fan for various rotational speeds are presented.Practical signifi cance. The value of the distance between the fan and the radiator was determined, which makes it possible to achieve an increase in the airfl ow through the radiator due to more uniform distribution of the airfl ow created by the fan mounted on the radiator casing over the radiator surface

Research on Parasitic Power of Cooling Balance of Plant System for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell

AbstractIn high-power systems of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), cooling systems for the balance of plants (BOP) play an extremely important role in maintaining the temperature of the key components of the fuel cell system. To evaluate the effect of the PEMFC BOP cooling system on the fuel cell system efficiency, a Simulink model of the fuel cell system and an AMEsim model of the cooling system for the BOP system are established based on experimental data. A co-simulation is conducted based on the established models to determine the effects of fuel cell stack output power, coolant flowrate, radiator fan speed, and temperature control strategies on the parasitic power consumption and fuel cell system efficiency. The simulation results show that with an increase in the stack output power, coolant flowrate, and radiator fan speed, the parasitic power of the BOP cooling system increases and the system efficiency of PEMFC decreases. With an increase in the opening temperature of the radiator fan, the parasitic power of the BOP cooling system decreases and the system efficiency of the PEMFC increases. Compared with the rule-based control strategy, the radiator fan speed control strategy based on the PID controller achieves lower parasitic power. The research presented in this paper is helpful for further development of efficient fuel cell vehicle thermal management system.

Modeling and simulation of vehicle integrated thermal management system for a fuel cell hybrid vehicle

The high-efficiency thermal management is one of the major challenges for fuel cell vehicles due to the diversity and complexity of the components and systems. Thermal management systems and corresponding control strategies can affect the components’ performance, durability and reliability, the vehicle’s driving performance, fuel economy and occupant thermal comfort. The main objective of this study is to perform multi-case simulation analysis of the fuel cell vehicle thermal management system through modeling to derive the operating mechanism and thermal performance analysis of each subsystem and integrated system. To achieve this purpose, an integrated thermal management system model with different control strategies was proposed based on a fuel cell vehicle prototype, powered by a 65 kW proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack and a Li-ion battery with a capacity of 15 kWh, which considers the cooling of the driving system, fuel cell stack, battery and cabin. The results showed that the critical temperature of each subsystem could be controlled within a reasonable range even in the battery charging mode, where the fuel cell generated about 136.6 % more thermal power than the discharging mode to charge the battery. Moreover, in the series structure of the radiators and condenser, the average temperatures of the inlet air of the motor and the subsequent fuel cell radiator were respectively 3.9 °C and 7 °C higher than the ambient temperature (35 °C), thus reducing the impact of the radiator fan. The proposed model may provide the contribution in the design of integrated solutions for thermal management systems for fuel cell hybrid vehicles under high temperature scenarios, including control strategies development and system-level coupling analysis.

열-음향 상호작용을 고려한 라디에이터 홴 덕트 최적화 연구

Although radiators have been actively used to manage the high thermal energy of internal combustion engines, the market size is increasing despite the recent rapid growth of electric vehicles. Radiators for vehicles were usually used with fans for effective thermal management. Radiators and fans improved heat dissipation performance in various ways. However, the noise covered in the internal combustion engine is emerging as a new problem in electric vehicles. Accordingly, it is required to develop the radiator fan considering the aeroacoustic characteristics. Ducts that may affect heat dissipation performance are generally used for the noise reduction of the fans. Therefore, heat dissipation performance and aeroacoustic characteristics for three design variables determining the aspect ratio of the ducted radiator fan were analyzed in this study. The results calculated numerically were used for optimization after analysis using the response surface methodology. A clear difference in noise characteristics was found according to the receivers. The heat dissipation performance was more influenced by the duct than the noise, and the Nusselt number was improved by 2.54% through optimization. Appropriate duct optimization considering both heat dissipation performance and noise reduction is important to design the radiator fan.

Development of a fast large-current electronic breaker using the dual-path switching method

ABSTRACT Currently, a circuit breaker or fuse is widely used as a fast electrical switch to protect electronic equipment from overload or short circuit. However, the fuse usually requires more than 0.05 s to react, and the breaker takes even much longer time. To overcome this limitation, a fast high-current AC electronic breaker using a dual-path switching method is proposed. First, the surge current is forced to go through a soft-start circuit controlled by a TRAIC. Then, the load current is switched to the dual silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) circuit for overload protection control. The current is measured using a current transformer and then converted to a voltage signal for amplification. A slave microprocessor is in charge of receiving the amplified signal and controlling both soft-start and dual SCR circuits. A master microprocessor is mainly used to send/receive overcurrent setting and control signals to/from the slave microprocessor. The temperature of the dual SCR with a radiator fan can be suppressed well to a value much lower than the maximum rating one. The experimental results verify that the proposed method can effectively limit the surge current and achieve a large overcurrent protection up to 40 A within 10 ms.

The effect of changes in the fluid flow rate of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) on the immersion cooling process

The cooling system in computer equipment generally uses a conventional fan, where the heat transfer occurs by radiation so that the level of heat absorption is not optimal in computer components that generate heat. In overcoming these problems, a cooling system using the immersion cooling method is used. The use of an immersion cooling system on computer equipment aims to compare the temperature drop on CPU performance using conventional cooling and immersion cooling. In testing the computer system will be operated for 24 hours with maximum CPU performance. Variations of the immersion cooling system in the form of flow rates of 2, 4 and 6 lpm with variations in the rotation of the radiator fan at 200, 400 and 600 rpm. The results of the test show that the temperature reduction that can be achieved by conventional cooling is 71.2°C, while the temperature decrease in the immersion cooling system with the best variation is at a water rate of 6 lpm and a fan rotation of 600 rpm is 42.8°C. The results of the test can be seen that the immersion cooling system can significantly reduce the working temperature of the CPU.

Optimization of Electric Vehicle Radiator Fan Duty cycle using KULI 1D Transient Simulation

As the whole world moves towards the electric drive in the automotive sector, it is important for us to focus on the performance of the electric vehicles in the buses segment. For the better efficiency and performance of the vehicle, the temperature balance of the traction motor & auxiliary power electronic components is of utmost important. One of the main contributor for the power electronic components and traction motor thermal system is the Radiator fan. Two electric fans of smaller diameter are used unlike a single fan in engine cooling system. Both these fans are driven by individual BLDC motors, RPM and power consumption of the two electric fans purely depends on the radiator coolant outlet temperature. At full engaged condition, these two electric fans alone consume nearly 26% of the total LV load available for a 250 KW traction motor. In this paper a methodology is defined to calculate the power consumption of the two electric fans in actual vehicle running condition using KULI 1D software. Fan revolution is controlled based on coolant temperature and this is optimized to obtain an optimum control logic.

Predictive Control Framework for Thermal Management of Automotive Fuel Cell Systems at High Ambient Temperatures

Environmental conditions have a significant effect on the performance of fuel cell systems. This paper studies the vehicle hydrogen consumption, the thermal management system, and the thermal loads of an automotive fuel cell system. A predictive control framework for thermal management is investigated to minimize the overall hydrogen consumption. Initially, a numerical modeling approach for the automotive fuel cell system is presented from electrochemical and thermal perspectives. Then, the problem formulation related to the thermal management strategy is presented and solved with an optimization method based on dynamic programming (DP). The implemented DP exploits the a priori knowledge of the driving mission to appropriately control the fuel cell system gross power and the operation of the radiator fan, the coolant pump, and the compressor. Optimization constraints involve maintaining the fuel cell stack temperature below the operational limit and avoiding the thermal system from being activated when the vehicle is at rest. The fuel cell system is tested while the vehicle performs different numbers of repetitions of the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Procedure (WLTP) at high ambient temperature. Using the proposed predictive control framework for thermal management, results demonstrate that an average 62.5% to 63.0% efficiency can be attained by the fuel cell stack in extreme ambient conditions both in short distance and long distance driving missions.

Experimental Modal Analysis of Radiator Fan Module to Predict its Influence of Structural Characteristics on Vibration and Noise Contribution

Among many accessories of a passenger car, engine cooling Radiator Fan Module (RFM) is an important source of noise and vibration. Modal parameters provide the basis for the noise generation mechanism and noise propagation phenomena. The objective of the current research work is to characterize RFM through its modal behavior to investigate the contribution of structural vibration to noise radiation during its operating state. Hence, the experimental modal analysis and the noise measurement of RFM were carried out. Additionally a finite element modal analysis of RFM was performed to validate the finite element model that can be used for vibro-acoustic and computational fluid dynamic studies. Below 500 Hz total of eight critical modal frequencies, three for fan and five for shroud are determined and between 500 Hz to 2000Hz seven modes for fan and fifteen modes for shroud were dedermined. From the correlation study, it is witnessed that the contribution of modal behaviour for noise radiation is observed with 20 dB(A) variation below 500 Hz, along the diagonal grid points whereas beyond 500 Hz the variation was negligible. Importantly, blade passing frequencies corresponding to the fan speeds between 500 to 3000 rpm were compared with resonance frequencies obtained and they do not conicide with modal frequencies.

Air Temperature Control System In Silent Generator Box

For the community, generators are an alternative if there is a power outage or if there is a large enough electricity demand. According to workers in the field of generator rental in Trenggalek, namely "db Genset" which has the address Ds. Gondang, Kec. Tugu, Kab. Trenggalek, there are 2 types of generators, namely open generators and silent generators, and most people choose silent generators because silent generators are specially designed to muffle engine noise so they don't cause noise, very suitable for use in active environments, but silent generators often experience temperature problems rise (Overheating) which is due to a closed engine and less smooth air circulation. Thus the cooling system on the generator set is needed to support the safety of the temperature on the silent generator so that it remains normal below 70°C which is important to minimize overheating problems in the silent generator, so that it can improve the performance of the generator to work for a long time without any problems. overheating. The design of the Temperature Control System in this Silent Genset Box uses Arduino Uno as a system controller and uses the Ds18b20 sensor, the engine temperature cooling process previously relied on radiator water and radiator fans, so the idea arose to add blower fans on both sides of the silent generator box, marked with a green temperature light indicator. being below 70°C indicates the temperature inside the box is normal, the blue light indicator indicates the temperature inside the box is in the 70°C to 95°C temperature range, fan 1 is on, the red light indicator indicates the temperature in the box is in the 95°C to 120°C temperature range, fans 1 and 2 are on, and the red light indicator indicates the temperature in the box is in the temperature range of 95°C to 120°C if the temperature reaches 120°C the generator engine will turn off indicating the temperature in the box maxsimal fan 1 and 2 remain on until the temperature decreases to 40°C, and every change in temperature will send a notification via SMS to the generator operator

Analysis Of The Effect Of Alternator Modification On Himoinsa Genset 20 Kva To Load Testing And Cost

A generator is a device or engine that generates electrical energy from the presence of mechanical energy obtained from a prime mover in the form of a diesel engine as the prime mover which then drives an AC generator or alternator, causing an electrical voltage. The aim of this research is that the generator can supply electricity needs at the Sumur Welut site by changing or modifying diameter of the wire on the alternator. This analysis includes the Stator and Rotor on the Alternator generator so that it can produce the electricity needed. From the test results, the load generated after being modified can supply power at the site but the fuel consumption is more wasteful, namely 0.9 liters / minute and also the generator temperature increases to 88.2 C. So that the radiator planning is done by changing the surface area of ​​the radiator from 2915 cm2 to 8077 cm2. Or change the radiator fan, which originally changed the wind speed of 4.7 m / s to 13 m / s.
 Keywords: Generator, Alternator, Load Testing, Radiator, Cost.

Design Optimization of Radiator Fan Blade Using Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Material

Abstract: The Aim of this paper is to study failures in radiator fan blades due to Resonance and optimization in design, which will withstand the failure conditions. The Modal Analysis is carried out in ANSYS and it is validated through Experimental Techniques. The correlation between modal analysis and experimental analysis is determined. Suitable material which withstands the resonance is determined and validated in ANSYS and FFT Analyzer. In absence of design data, the reverse engineering process is considered as a major tool for modeling. Using the data the solid model of the radiator blade is created in CAD. We have used modal analysis to calculate the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a Radiator fan. The natural frequencies and mode shapes are critical components in the design of any structure. Experimental Analysis is accomplished using FFT Analyzer with DEWESOFT software. The final results of CAE model and Experimental tested model are correlated. Keywords: Natural Frequency, Mode Shapes, FFT, FEA.

On-Board Liquid Hydrogen Cold Energy Utilization System for a Heavy-Duty Fuel Cell Hybrid Truck

In this paper, a kind of on-board liquid hydrogen (LH2) cold energy utilization system for a heavy-duty fuel cell hybrid truck is proposed. Through this system, the cold energy of LH2 is used for cooling the inlet air of a compressor and the coolant of the accessories cooling system, sequentially, to reduce the parasitic power, including the air compressor, water pump, and radiator fan power. To estimate the cold energy utilization ratio and parasitic power saving capabilities of this system, a model based on AMESim software was established and simulated under different ambient temperatures and fuel cell stack loads. The simulation results show that cold energy utilization ratio can keep at a high level except under extremely low ambient temperature and light load. Compared to the original LH2 system without cold energy utilization, the total parasitic power consumption can be saved by up to 15% (namely 1.8 kW).