Radiation Protection Research Articles

Knowledge and practices of interventional radiology staff regarding radiation protection

Interventional radiology (IR) has become a widespread medical imaging technique, offering minimally invasive treatment options. However, IR procedures can expose patients and staff to substantial radiation risks, necessitating enhanced radiation protection practices. This study aimed to survey the knowledge and practices of interventional radiology staff regarding radiation protection. A cross-sectional study with a descriptive aim, based on a questionnaire was done. The study subjects were all healthcare personnel of all specialties having practiced in interventional radiology between 2019 and 2022 at the University Hospital Center of Rabat. The statistical processing was carried out using Microsoft Excel 2013® and the IBM SPSS Statistical program version 20 (IBM Inc. NY, USA). The results indicated that 59.4% of participants had not received any specific training in radiation protection, and 45% were unaware of the radiation-induced risks associated with interventional radiology procedures. Regarding safety practices, 75% of participants maintained a distance of at least 1 meter from the x-ray source, while only 6% used the lowest possible exposure settings. Concerning the use of radiation protection devices, 87.5% of participants wore a lead apron, 75% used a thyroid shield, 6.3% wore lead glasses, and 37.5% utilized suspended mobile screens, whereas 12.5% did not use any radiation protection devices. Additionally, 84% of participants wore their personal dosimeter, though not consistently. The knowledge and practices of most interventional radiology personnel are inadequate for effective radiation protection. Regular, ongoing training in radiation safety is essential to improve adherence to protection standards and enhance overall safety in clinical practice.

Optical transmission, dielectric constants, and gamma shielding performance of Se95-xIn5Prx metallic alloys: Radiation protection applications

Due to the high density of metals, metallic materials such as alloys have the potential to have high gamma-radiation-absorbing abilities. This would make them relevant in a radiation environment as either a shielding material or a radiation sensor. These would, however, depend on their gamma radiation responses. Research aimed at evaluating the gamma response parameters of different glassy alloys that have technical applications is scarce compared to the traditional characterization with respect to optical features, structural evolution, and mechanical strength. In this paper, the optical and radiation shielding abilities of Se95-xIn5Prx (x = 2, 4, and 6) glassy alloys were investigated using standard theoretical techniques. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) of the materials was computed using the XCOM software. Reflection loss values are 0.20218, 0.22634, and 0.22908 for SIPr1, SIPr2, and SIPr3, respectively, while the optical transmittance values are 0.66365, 0.63087, and 0.62723 in the same order. The metallization criterion declined when Pr increased in the alloy. The values of MAC ranged from 0.0317 cm2/g to 98.2099 cm2/g for SIPr1, 0.0319 cm2/g to 97.3798 cm2/g for SIPr2 and 0.0322 cm2/g to 96.5372 cm2/g for SIPr3. The Higher attenuation and absorption coefficients were found for Pr-rich alloys. Pr therefore increase the ability of the SIPr-alloy to attenuate and absorb photon energy. The optical parameters of the investigated alloys could be used to identify their optical applications. SIPr3 had comparatively higher shielding ability compared to some known shields and could thus be used for radiation control and protection purposes.

Radiation information, protection and awareness of healthcare professionals in terms of occupational health and safety: a two–center survey study

Abstract The objective of this study was to assess the level of knowledge, protection and awareness of radiation among healthcare professionals. A total of 413 healthcare professionals from two major training and research hospitals in Istanbul took part in the study. The sample consisted of 26.6% physicians and 73.4% other healthcare professionals. There was considerable variation in the knowledge of radiation content in imaging techniques, with correct response rates of 89.3% for Computed Tomography, 80.1% for digital x-ray, and 52.8% for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. While 69.5% of respondents provided correct answers to questions regarding radiation protection principles, 64.4% demonstrated a lack of sufficient knowledge in this area. It is noteworthy that 48.4% of respondents incorrectly identified the medical imaging technique to which the public is most exposed. It was concluded that further training on radiation-related issues should be provided at the university level and through in-service training for healthcare professionals.

Analysis of the application of natural circulation of cooling media in shipboard reactor installations

In projects of floating facilities with a nuclear power plant, great importance is attached to the formation of a set of properties of the internal self-protection of the reactor, i. e. the development of properties that ensure its safety based on natural feedbacks, processes and characteristics. To do this, the RU project is based on physical patterns and technical solutions that prevent or minimize possible consequences from emergency situations. In particular, the natural circulation of the coolant in case of loss of power supply by the circulation pumps of the first round allows cooling the core after its transfer to a subcritical state. However, in order for a natural circulation to occur sufficient to ensure nuclear and radiation safety, certain conditions must be met in a particular case. The paper notes that the most important property of reactor installations of nuclear vessels is their ability to ensure natural circulation of the coolant in emergency situations, as well as when operating at capacity. This makes it possible to reduce the dependence of reactor plant safety on the technical condition of power supplies. Currently, natural circulation of auxiliary cooling media in passive safety systems is also widely used in reactor installations. These include emergency reactor cooling systems using an emergency cooling system, including using intermediate heat exchangers; reducing emergency pressure in the protective shell in case of an accident with a large coolant leak; cooling the reactor vessel in an out-of-design accident with the formation of corium. The paper proposes a method for preliminary analysis of the reactor plant’s ability to ensure natural circulation of the coolant, which allows us to compare various design solutions that contribute to an increase in coolant consumption during natural circulation. It is shown that for the operation of the reactor plant in stand-down mode and at energy power levels with natural circulation of the coolant, it is advisable to switch to boiling reactors. Passive safety systems using natural circulation have received special development on new nuclear vessels of projects 20870, 22220, 10510. Further development of safety systems using natural circulation to move cooling media is predicted.

Monte Carlo simulation study of the effect of thyroid shielding on radiation dose in dental cone beam CT in an adult male phantom.

In this paper, the effect of thyroid collars on radiation dose during dental cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) was evaluated using Monte Carlo simulations and to calculate the effective dose underestimated for the actual CBCT examination due to accounting only for the head and neck. Three thyroid collar models that covered the surface of the phantom were established according to the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) adult-male mesh-type reference computational phantoms, and a Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System was used to calculate the equivalent and effective doses of ICRP phantom when different thyroid shielding protocols were used in NewTom VGi evo CBCT, considering one medium (12×8cm) and one small (8×5cm) fields of view (FOVs), and two centre positions were used for each FOV. In four CBCT scanning scenarios, thyroid shielding reduced the equivalent dose for many tissues. The results indicate that the portion of the thyroid collar that wraps around the neck has the main role in reducing the effective dose during dental CBCT examinations, and the higher the axial level of the top of the shielding, the better the effectiveness of the shielding. In this study, the underestimation of the effective dose due to considering only the head and neck was 3.1%-8.1%, and the underestimation was more pronounced in larger FOVs.

Advancing radiation therapy safety in cancer-care: Leveraging AI for adverse reaction prediction

The development of advanced technologies for radiation cancer treatment plays a pivotal role in anticipating potential complications, safeguarding patient well-being, and elevating treatment satisfaction. Access to curated medical data coupled with specialized knowledge in radiation oncology is indispensable for equipping healthcare professionals with the insights needed to make informed treatment decisions. This study endeavors to provide systematic support to practitioners in predicting personalized side effects of radiation oncology treatments before their administration to patients. For this, a pioneering ontology-based methodology for evidence-based medicine is introduced, drawing upon information and evidence from various scientific outlets. This approach utilizes semantic modeling and rule-based reasoning to assess radiation therapy pathways, ensuring adjustments are made when necessary to mitigate health risks and enhance safety. Focused on radiation oncology, the intricacies of knowledge are simplified and validated through real reported cases obtained from scientific literature. The resulted predictive model demonstrated a notable compatibility rate of 76.7% with real reported risks, surpassing conventional methods by 4% during testing achieves 89% success with single therapies but faces challenges with complex regimens. Data enrichment may increase accuracy by 20% over five years. Current method accuracy is 92%, with potential for 97% through quantum-inspired methods. Testing reveals 80.1% compatibility, exceeding conventional approaches by 3%. These findings hold significant potential of ontology-based models for revolutionizing radiation oncology treatment strategies in the realm of radiation protection.

New Types of Reference Materials in the Field of Ionizing Radiation Measurements

In the Russian Federation, obligations to comply with radiation safety apply to all legal entities and individuals whose activities may result in the irradiation of people and the environment. Protection from dangerous ionizing radiation is a combination of legislative, economic and engineering measures. Part of this system is metrological support for the activities of economic entities. The State Verification Schedule for means measuring radionuclide activity flux and flux density of alfa-, beta-particles and photons of radionuclide source has undergone a number of changes. In particular, it establishes the role of reference materials as one of the main means of transferring units of specific activity and activity of radionuclides from the State Primary Standard for the units of radionuclide activity, specific activity of radionuclides, flux of alpha, beta particles and photons of radionuclide sources GET 6–2016 to working standards and measuring instruments. The changes introduced into the State Verification Schedule require the development of new types of reference materials in the field of ionizing radiation. This article raises the main issues of development and approval of reference materials of radionuclide activity based on a mixture of radionuclide solutions and a liquid scintillator. A detailed explanation of the choice of radionuclides is presented, a brief description of the characterization method is given, and metrological characteristics of the developed reference materials are described. The reference materials developed and described in this article act as a new type of working standards in accordance with GOST 8.033-2023. The authors outlined a concept for the further development and application of new types of reference materials in the field of measuring the activity and specific activity of alpha- and beta-emitting radionuclides. The new types of reference materials described in the article will fully cover the need for means of verifying devices whose operating principle is based on detecting ionizing radiation using a liquid scintillator.

Literacy in the Scope of Radiation Protection for Healthcare Professionals Exposed to Ionizing Radiation: A Systematic Review.

Background: The use of radiation is important in different medical procedures, and to ensure a high level of good medical practice, radiation protection (RP) should be seen as a very important subject. This review shows information about the knowledge in the scope of radiation protection among healthcare professionals exposed to ionizing radiation. There are not many studies that evaluate the radiation exposure of healthcare professionals. Methods: A systematic search was performed, using PRISMA guidelines, in Pubmed and Scopus databases and manually to identify relevant articles to answer the PICOS question, "Is there an adequate level of literacy in the scope of radiation protection among healthcare professionals exposed to ionizing radiation?". This systematic review included cross-sectional studies with the following inclusion criteria: (i) in Portuguese, Spanish, or English; (ii) about literacy in the scope of radiation protection; (iii) published between 2017 and 2024; and (iv) participants must be dentists, radiographers, doctors, and nurses. The JBI critical assessment tool was used to assess the risk of bias. Results: The search identified 566 potentially relevant references, which, after applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, resulted in 12 articles. Studies found that the overall knowledge of these healthcare workers was unsatisfactory, and a lack of knowledge in radiation protection negatively affects health services' quality. Training is essential and must emphasize how radiation exposure can be minimized, safeguarding health professionals' trust and sense of security. Results showed that more years of experience make workers more attentive to protection measures, suggesting that training strategies focused on basic radiological risks and radiation safety are needed. Conclusions: Key findings recommend implementing a standardized national training program on the basic principles and safety of ionizing radiation for all healthcare professionals.

Activity Concentration of Natural Radionuclides in Surface Sediments of Major River Watersheds in Korea and Assessment of Radiological Hazards

The assessment of potential radiation hazards in accumulated sediments in aquatic ecosystems is vital for the management and disposal of sediments. Furthermore, preemptive management of radionuclides in terrestrial ecosystems is critical for marine ecosystem conservation. We analyzed the activity concentrations of natural radionuclides (226Ra,232Th, 238U, and 40K) in the surface sediments of major river watersheds in Korea and evaluated the radiation hazards stemming from these activity concentrations. The mean activity concentrations of 226Ra and 238U were lower than the global average, whereas those of 232Th and 40K were higher. The mean values of radium equivalent activity, external hazard index, and internal hazard index calculated from these activity concentrations did not exceed the recommended maximum values. The mean values of absorbed gamma dose rate in air and annual outdoor effective dose rate (AEDRout) were higher than the global average by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) but remarkably lower than the recommended and background values by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and the Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety (KINS). The contribution of 40K and 232Th to the AEDRout mean value was predominant. In conclusion, the surface sediments of major river watersheds in Korea are associated with negligible radiation hazards. These findings provide fundamental data for the management and treatment of sediments in terrestrial and marine ecosystems.

Elastic and radiation shielding properties of zinc borotellurite glass systems: The impact of gadolinium oxide

Using the formula [(TeO2)70(B2O3)30], this study examines the impact of Gd2O3 on the elasticity and radiation shielding characteristics of zinc borotellurite glass. Glass samples containing 1–5% mol% Gd2O3 were created by employing the melt quench technique. XRD verified that they are amorphous in nature, and the existence of TeO3, TeO4, BO3, and BO4 vibrational groups was revealed by infrared spectra. The structural alterations were shown by the range of longitudinal and shear ultrasonic velocities, which were 3908–4076 m/s and 2222–2277 m/s, respectively. The glass's rigidity was improved by the large rise in elastic moduli, such as bulk (45 GPa), longitudinal (80 GPa), shear (25 GPa), and Young's moduli (60 GPa), with a higher Gd2O3 content. Higher concentrations of Gd2O3 resulted in a rise in the mass attenuation coefficient (μρ), as measured by WinXcom, which enhanced gamma-ray shielding. The half-value layer (HVL) and mean free path (MFP) at 0.662 MeV decreased with increasing Gd2O3 in a consistent manner. The maximum density and optimum gamma-ray shielding performance were found in the glass containing 5 mol% Gd2O3. These results show Gd2O3 for applications needing greater rigidity and better radiation protection by demonstrating how it affects the elastic and radiation-shielding efficiency of the glass network.

Green synthesized Cr2O3/Bi2O3 nanocomposites for gamma ray shielding

The quest for advanced materials in gamma radiation shielding has spurred the exploration of environmentally friendly, nanotechnology-based approaches. This study introduces a novel synthesis of Cr2O3/Bi2O3 nanocomposites (NCs) using the solution combustion method, with Aloe vera extract serving as a natural reducing agent. Comprehensive analytical characterization of the synthesized NCs was conducted using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy. The gamma radiation shielding properties of the Cr2O3/Bi2O3 NCs are evaluated using a NaI(Tl) detector connected to a multichannel analyzer. Key shielding parameters, including mass attenuation coefficients, mean free path, half-value layer, tenth-value layer, energy buildup factor, and radiation protection efficiency, indicate that Cr2O3/Bi2O3 NCs are highly effective in gamma radiation shielding. The results demonstrated the feasible shielding performance of these nanocomposites across various energies within error limits of 5 %. This study highlights the potential of Cr2O3/Bi2O3 NCs as a promising, sustainable alternative to conventional shielding materials, offering enhanced gamma radiation protection with reduced environmental impact.

Резильєнтність в атомній енергетиці: визначення та концептуалізація поняття

The paper presents an analysis of the concept of resilience within the framework of critical infrastructure, specifically focusing on nuclear energy. It offers a definition of resilience tailored to the nuclear sector, emphasizing the critical role in ensuring nuclear and radia-tion safety at nuclear power plants. The study draws a parallel between the resilience con-cept and the defense-in-depth strategy widely adopted in nuclear power plants, highlight-ing the importance of resilience in addressing high-impact, low-probability events. The research identifies key directions for advancing the understanding and application of resilience in nuclear energy, including the development of assessment methodologies that align with nuclear safety standards. The article underscores the potential benefits of integrating resi¬lience into existing safety paradigms, proposing that such integration could enhance the ability of nuclear power plants to anticipate, withstand, and recover from ex-treme disruptions (initia¬ting events), thereby contributing to the overall sustainability of nuclear energy systems.

Assessment of Radiation Protection Knowledge and Practical Skills Among Health Services Vocational School Students Using Dosimeters

Radyasyon tabanlı cihazlar çeşitli hastalıkların teşhisinde kritik öneme sahiptir. Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksekokullarındaki öğrenciler klinik stajları sırasında gözetim altında farklı radyasyon tabanlı cihazları kullanmaktadırlar. Bu anket çalışması, sağlık teknisyeni öğrencilerinin radyasyondan korunma ve uygulama konusundaki bilgilerini değerlendirmek ve iyonlaştırıcı radyasyon güvenliği konusunda farkındalıklarını artırmak için tasarlanmıştır. Çalışmanın katılımcıları Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksekokulu ikinci sınıf öğrencileridir. Radyolojik muayeneler hakkındaki temel bilgilerini ölçmeyi amaçlayan 20 çoktan seçmeli soru ve 8 demografik sorudan oluşan bir anketi tamamlamaları istenmiştir . Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksekokulundan toplam 123 öğrenci (40'ı radyoterapi programında ve 83'ü tıbbi görüntüleme programında ) ankete katılmıştır. Anket sonuçlarına göre, öğrencilerin hiçbiri radyasyon güvenliği ile ilgili soruların tamamını doğru cevaplayamamıştır. Ancak öğrencilerin %76,6'sı " Radyaktif kaynak enjeksiyonundaki radyasyon dozu kesinlikle güvenlidir ve sağlık üzerinde hiçbir etkisi yoktur." ifadesine doğru cevap vermiştir. Ayrıca, öğrencilerin %73,5'i görüntüleme prosedürleri sırasında kurşun önlük ve tiroid kalkanı kullanmanın gerekliliğinin farkında olduklarını belirtti. Çalışmamız, Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksekokulu'ndaki öğrencilerin genel olarak mesleki sağlık ve güvenliğin yanı sıra radyasyon koruması konusunda da tatmin edici bir anlayışa sahip olduğunu buldu. Bu bulgular ışığında, üniversitelerin radyasyon koruma eğitimine daha fazla vurgu yapması ve bu alanda devam eden eğitim fırsatlarını artırması önerilmektedir .

Ionizing radiation and skin cancer—a review of current evidence

Cancer of the skin represents a challenge for radiological protection, as it is very common and involves the largest organ of the human body, which is exposed to environmental stress, including ionizing radiation. The most common subtypes, basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) have very low mortality. Current consideration of skin cancer in radiological protection is mainly based on data from the 1990s, which indicate that BCC may be induced by ionizing radiation, SCC is only weakly associated with ionizing radiation, and malignant melanoma (MM) is not considered as ionizing radiation-induced. In a semi-systematic review of the evidence between 1990 and 2023, we snowballed 19 index articles. We identified 29 articles with information on a potential dose-response relationship between skin cancer and ionizing radiation exposure and assessed the evidence for a causal association. Exposure situations included a-bomb survivors, therapeutic and occupational exposure (airlines, nuclear and medical facilities) and residents exposed to radon. There is currently no epidemiological evidence that MM or SCC are caused by ionizing radiation. The only skin cancer type with evidence for a causal relationship is BCC, and evidence is limited to exposures above 0.5 Gy with a wide range of risk levels per dose. Thus, ionizing radiation-inducible skin cancer refers to BCC only and only at levels of exposure beyond those experienced by the vast majority of people exposed today.

Investigating radiation shielding parameters for X-ray attenuation at various energies in locally produced ceramic materials used in Saudi Arabia

To assess shielding effectiveness against X-rays, a number of locally collected ceramic samples were obtained from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Based on elemental analysis, all of the ceramic samples have a density in the range of 1.68–1.85 g/cm3, with the highest proportions of O, Si, C, and Al atoms and the lowest amounts of Na, Mg, K, Ca, Ti, and Fe. The 320 kV X-ray source (Gulmay Limited, Byfleet, UK) was used to assess the attenuation properties of the ceramic samples. An Exradin A4 ionization chamber (Standard Imaging, Middleton, USA) connected to a UNIDOS electrometer (PTW, Freiburg, Germany) in the control room was used to detect the attenuation properties. Several X-ray attenuation coefficients are evaluated at different X-ray energies in the range of 40–150 kV in this study. These include the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), half-value layer (HVL), tenth-value layer (TVL), and mean free path (MFP). The ability of any ceramic sample under investigation to shield radiation at low X-ray energy is indicated by the theoretical and experimental values of LAC. The potential applications of these easily accessible, reasonably priced ceramic materials for radiation protection in X-ray labs and low-energy X-ray shielding in a variety of fields have been shown by this investigation.

Clinical imaging guidelines: current status and challenges

Background: Advances in medical technology and health insurance coverage policies have significantly promoted radiological examinations in Korea. In 2019, the number of computed tomography examinations performed in Korea was approximately 1.5-times higher than the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development average. This surge in radiological examinations has raised concerns regarding inappropriate imaging practices that may lead to unnecessary radiation exposure and increased healthcare cost.Current Concepts: Two fundamental principles guide the radiation safety practices in medicine: Optimization and justification. Optimization, represented by the “As Low As Reasonably Achievable” principle, minimizes the radiation dose while maintaining the diagnostic quality. Justification ensures that the benefits of radiological procedures outweigh their potential risks. Evidence-based clinical imaging guidelines, such as the UK iRefer guidelines and USA American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria, have been internationally proposed to implement these principles. In Korea, collaborative efforts between the National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency and Korean Society of Radiology have led to the development of Korean evidence-based clinical imaging guidelines.Discussion and Conclusion: Implementation of evidence-based imaging guidelines is crucial to reduce unnecessary radiation exposure and optimize resource utilization. However, various challenges, including the adaptation of the guidelines to individual patient needs and successful integration of rapidly advancing medical technologies, remain. Continuous updates, professional education, and system-wide support are essential to ensure the effective implementation of these guidelines. Future studies should focus on enhancing the precision and applicability of these guidelines in clinical practice to improve the patient safety and healthcare efficiency.

Radiation shielding transmission data for modern digital radiography.

Radiography is one of the most widely used x-ray imaging modalities. In National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) Report No. 147, transmission data for radiographic systems were evaluated on those installed before 2000. For x-ray systems (except intraoral dental) manufactured on or after June 10, 2006, the U.S. required minimum half-value layer (HVL) was increased; for example, 2.9 (2.3) mm Al at 80kV, where the value in parenthesis denotes the earlier requirement before the above date. To calculate the transmission of the broad x-ray beam of modern digital radiography (DR) through shielding materials. X-ray beam HVLs on two DR systems (Agfa DR 600, GE Revolution XR/d) were measured in 10kV increments between 60 and 120kV, with a calibrated ionization chamber (Radcal model 10×5-60) and varying thickness of aluminum 1100 plates. Monte Carlo (Geant4) simulation was performed to calculate the transmission of broad x-ray beams through lead, concrete, gypsum, and steel, with x-ray HVLs matching those of the DR 600 at two beam filtrations (default, 1mm Al plus 0.1mm Cu added filtration). The transmission data were fitted to the Archer equation. HVLs on two DR systems with default beam filtration were consistent (median difference, 2.1%; maximum difference, 5.5%). An additional beam filtration option (1mm Al plus 0.1mm Cu) on the DR 600 substantially increased HVLs by 45.2%-61.2%. Transmission fitting parameters were provided for seven tube voltages (60-120kV) at two beam filtrations. This work presents transmission data for modern DR systems, indicating increased x-ray beam filtration compared to the primary x-ray beam in NCRP Report No. 147. The updated transmission data can enhance structural shielding evaluations at individual tube voltages or with a workload distribution.

Hydrogen Traps in Tungsten: A Review

Tungsten is currently the most promising material for plasma-facing in FRs. The accumulation of radioactive tritium in tungsten is caused by presence of hydrogen traps in this metal. This paper analyzes literature data on the parameters of hydrogen traps in tungsten. The review results can predict the accumulation of tritium in tungsten cladding of fusion reactors, ensuring their radiation safety.

Synthesis of a Novel Zwitterionic Hypercrosslinked Polymer for Highly Efficient Iodine Capture from Water.

Cationic porous organic polymers have a unique advantage in removing radioactive iodine from the aqueous phase because iodine molecules exist mainly in the form of iodine-containing anions. However, halogen anions will inevitably be released into water during the ion-exchange process. Herein, we reported a novel and easy-to-construct zwitterionic hypercrosslinked polymer (7AIn-PiP)-containing cationic pyridinium-type group, uncharged pyridine-type group, pyrrole-type group, and even an electron-rich phenyl group, which in synergy effectively removed 94.2% (456 nm) of I2 from saturated I2 aqueous solution within 30 min, surpassing many reported iodine adsorbents. Moreover, an I2 adsorption efficiency of ~95% can still be achieved after three cyclic evaluations, indicating a good recycling performance. More importantly, a unique dual 1,3-dipole was obtained and characterized by 1H/13C NMR, HRMS, and FTIR, correlating with the structure of 7AIn-PiP. In addition, the analysis of adsorption kinetics and the characterization of I2@7AIn-PiP indicate that the multiple binding sites simultaneously contribute to the high affinity towards iodine species by both physisorption and chemisorption. Furthermore, an interesting phenomenon of inducing the formation of HIO2 in unsaturated I2 aqueous solution was discovered and explained. Overall, this work is of great significance for both material and radiation protection science.

An investigation of γ radiation detection with a CMOS imaging sensor.

In this study, a feasibility of γ radiation detection using complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors with a neural network algorithm to extract the γ rays interacted pixels has been investigated. The responses characteristics of the CMOS imaging sensor to γ-ray is studied by placed in a γ fields produced by standard60Co or137Cs isotope sources. The supported preview frame rate of the CMOS image sensor is 25 fps, establishing the functional relationship between the gray level histograms and the dose rate through the neural network, the high energy γ-ray from60Co and137Cs source radiation dose rate in µSv/h level can be detected using the CMOS imaging sensor. The results show that the proposed method can effectively identify the number of photon particles which detected by the radiation monitoring system based on CMOS image sensor, and infer that the CMOS imaging sensor with a radiation signal extraction algorithm can be used as a dose warner for radiation protection purpose.