Radiation Processing Technology Research Articles

Effect of Different Pre‐Gelatinization Treatments on the Properties of Acidified Mung Bean Starch

AbstractMicrowave radiation processing technology is an emerging technology with good penetration, uniform heating, and rapidity characteristics. After microwave wet heat treatment, the viscosity of starch decreased, and the gelatinization temperature changed the granule morphology, crystalline properties, and chemical structure of starch, resulting in changes in the physical and chemical properties of starch. It can effectively improve the sensory quality of food and prolong the shelf life of starch products. It is widely used in food, pharmaceutical, agriculture, and other industries. The pre‐gelatinized starch showed irregular shape, rough surface, and apparent edges and corners. Moreover, the starch particles' crystal structure is destroyed, crystallinity decreased to 11.43%–14.91%, and no new groups are formed. The starch granules changed from an ordered structure to a disordered structure, and the order degree decreased to 0.998–1.025. The enthalpy decreased to 2.22–4.32 J/g, the gelatinization temperature increased to 88.53–94.43 °, and the viscosity decreased significantly. After pre‐gelatinization, the amylose content decreased to 13.84%–16.25%. At 90 °, the solubility and swelling degree decreased to 2.48%–7.33% and 16.80%–17.81%, respectively. The freeze‐thaw water precipitation rate increased to 41.92%–59.35%, the water‐holding capacity increased by 3 times and transparency increased to 93.60%–95.84%.

Wireless Control Industrial Robot Processing Irradiation System Based on Artificial Intelligence Technology

Radiation processing technology has been more and more widely used in light industry, chemical industry, food preservation, medical care, and other industries. Therefore, this paper designs a kind of wireless control system based on artificial intelligence technology γ radiation method, to strengthen the application of radiation processing equipment, and γ radiation monitoring can strengthen the radiation monitoring of its surrounding environment. The experimental results show that the C/Si atomic ratio of oxidized SiC fiber in air treated by this scheme is about 1.75, while the C/Si atomic ratio of SiC(Be) fiber treated by electron irradiation is close to 1 : 1.

Effectiveness Of Gamma Radiation Technology For Abating Postharvest Losses Of Banana (Musa Sapientum) By Targeting The Residential Microflora

Banana (Musa spp.), member of the family Musaceae, is the perennial herb mostly grown in the tropical areas situated at latitude 30° above and below the equator covering the warmer countries of the world. This regional belt has wide seasonal variability with respect to temperature and rainfall. In the international trade, Banana holds 22% share in world fresh fruit production and is ranked as second amongst the most important fruits after citrus. Gamma irradiation of pre climacteric bananas at optimal doses, which vary with the variety of banana, delays the ripening process. For Pakistan, radiation processing technology supports remarkable potential not only for local food securities but also for greater exports earnings in agriculture sector. Farmers could be stimulated for greater production of fragile fruits like banana when putrefaction could be prevented by appropriate preservation practices resulting in increased and balanced consumption.

Visual Indicator Based on Leuco Crystal Violet for Radiation Processing Technology

One of the important technologies for food preservation and processing is radiation processing, which is growing at ever increasing rate in India. Efforts are being done to make it more cost-effective, so there is always a need for cost-effective, indigenously developed visual indicators for providing an easy identification and segregation of irradiated products. Thus development of cost-effective visual indicator based on leuco crystal violet for doses ≥ 10 kGy was under taken. Current research works deals with fabrication and characterization of various parameters such as optimum composition, light stability, temperature effect and effect of relative humidity on the new indicator.

Reducing the hydrocarbon gas diffusion and increasing the pressure-impact strength of fuel transfer pipelines for use in the automotive industry using radiation crosslinked polyamide 12

The main aim of this study was to reduce the rate of daily hydrocarbons (HC) released into the atmosphere from polyamide-based automotive fuel transfer system pipes due to diffusion using radiation processing technology. The second aim of this study was to improve the pressure level and impact strength of these pipelines. In order to manage these aims, layer by layer extruded pipelines constructed from different types of thermoplastic materials (i.e. PA6, EVOH and radiation crosslinkable 5% 1,3,5-triallyl-1,3,5-triazin-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trion (TAIC) containing PA12 (Creamid-12)) were irradiated using γ-rays (up to 100 kGy) at room temperature to carry out a radiation-induced crosslinking process. The mechanical properties of the samples were evaluated using tensile and cold impact tests. Sol-gel analysis of the irradiated samples was performed to determine the gel content, gelation dose and chain scission/crosslinking ratio. The Charlesby–Pinner and Charlesby–Rosiak equations were used for our calculations. The change in the HC diffusion of the crosslinked pipes was measured using a sealed housing for evaporative determination (SHED) device. An improvement in the pressure resistance was observed for the samples under an increasing fluid pressure using a blasting test device. The SHED results showed that the gas permeability value is reduced ~1.9 fold in the 65 kGy irradiated fuel transfer pipelines. The blasting test results indicate that the average pressure resistivity of the 65 kGy irradiated and 76.5% cross-linked pipe samples was ~19% greater than that observed for the unirradiated samples. The results of this study show that the radiation cross-linking process is an excellent strategy to reduce the daily hydrocarbon emissions from new generation fuel transfer pipelines.

A new method for detecting free liquid moisture on façade surfaces

Liquid water present on the surface of façades is significantly responsible for microorganism growth. This issue became especially important with the increasing use of thermal insulation. The formation of condensation on these façades is often increased due to low surface temperatures [1]. Therefore, the development of a method for controlling the wetness and drying of façades is necessary, since no suitable method is yet available for this purpose. In this paper, the development of an active façade moisture detection system is presented. This system consists of a surface humidity sensor network based on reflection from infrared (IR) radiation, data acquisition and intelligent processing technology. The system is tested and calibrated in the lab for different textured surfaces. Different newly developed coating systems are tested in-situ using this method. These coatings are evaluated with respect to their surface condensation in order to identify the resistance against condensation. The method provides long-term non-destructive measurements of surface wetness. Targeted measures to prevent or reduce the growth of algae can be initiated with the obtained data. In addition, the measured data make a valuable contribution to the development of facade materials and coatings, which have improved drying properties and balance between hydrophilic and hydrophobic surface. As a result, the use of biocides to protect the facade from algae growth can be reduced.

Disinfection of Archived Material by Radiation Processing Technology Keeping the Material Integrity

The aim of the study was to preserve paper-based archived material for a long period of time using ionizing radiation/nuclear technique. To conduct this research, old note-pad samples were selected as tentative archived material. Samples were prepared and irradiated at a series of radiation doses e.g. 0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10.0 and 14.0 kGy at a dose rate of 12.8 kGy/h from panaromic Batch type 80 kCi 60Co source. After irradiation, different quality parameters such as microbiological (Total Viable Bacterial Count, Total Fungal Count), mechanical (Tensile Strength, Percent of Elongation at Break and Elastic Modulus) and color properties (L-value, a-value and b-value) of the samples were assessed to observe the immediate effect of ionizing radiation on these properties. Results showed that the total bacterial count of unirradiated (control) paper were 4.0X102 cfu/g and radiation dose of 2.0 kGy was enough to eliminate the microbial load completely. Among mechanical properties, tensile strength (TS) of unirradiated sample was 16.23 MPa and it was gradually increased as the dose increased and finally reached upto 18.99 MPa at a dose of 14 kGy causing the TS-change above significant level (p < 0.05). Though changes of percent of elongation at break (EB) due to irradiation was insignificant, elastic module (EM) increased as the radiation dose increased gradually. EM of non irradiated sample was 381.85N/m2 and it started changing significantly from 6.0 kGy and finally reaches upto 477.03 N/m2 at 14.0 kGy. Results showed that L-value of colour parameter changed very slightly though a and b-value changed significantly from 6.0 kGy. From these findings it can be inferred that a radiation dose of 4.0 kGy might be used to conserve the cultural heritage including valuable paper-based archived materials.
 Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 33, Number 1-2, June-Dec 2016, pp 1-4

Effect of gamma radiation processing on turmeric: Antioxidant activity and curcumin content

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of gamma radiation from 60Co at doses 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 kGy on turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn.). The quantification of phenolic compounds was performed by Folin-Ciocalteu method and assessing the potential of antioxidant activity by the free radical [2,2 difenil-1-pricril-hidrazil (DPPH•)] scavenging and by Rancimat® method. The curcumin quantification was performed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Compared to control, there were significant losses (p < 0,05) of total phenolic compounds in the samples irradiated with 15 kGy (p = 0001) and 20 kGy (p = 0001). Regardless the irradiation, there was no decrease in the ability to scavenge free radicals. The Antioxidant Activity Index (Rancimat® method) was significantly lower (p < 0,05) in 5 kGy (p < 0001) and 15 kGy (p = 0003) irradiated extracts and the curcumin quantification was significantly lower (p < 0,05) in 15 kGy irradiated extract (p < 0001). It is concluded that gamma radiation processing technology on turmeric can be viable. To maintain safety of antioxidant activity it should be applied doses up 10 kGy.

Performance improvement of pentacosa-diynoic acid label dosimeter for radiation processing technology

A radiation sensitive material, 10,12-pentacosa-diynoic acid (PCDA), was incorporated into polyvinyl butyral (PVB) films to develop indicators/dosimeters for blood and food irradiation. The present study aims to improve the dosimetric performance of these previously prepared dosimeters and to extend their shelf life by the combination of a radical scavenger, propyl gallate (PG), and a UV absorber, tinuvin-p (TP). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the dosimeters were analysed and their dosimetric characteristics were investigated by specular reflectance in the visible spectrum range of 400–700nm. Upon irradiation, the films turn blue exhibiting two main bands around 670 and 620nm. Their dose-response functions were fitted by a double exponential growth, 5 parameters, equation. Irradiation temperature influences the dosimeter response at 670nm without causing thermochromic transition up to 50°C in poly-PCDA. The useful dose range is 5–4000Gy depending on the wavelengths of analysis and PCDA content in the films. The overall uncertainty of dose measurement is less than 6% at 2σ.

Effect of kappa-carrageenan on the properties of poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel prepared by application of gamma radiation

Synthesis of hydrogels from aqueous solution of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and kappa-carrageenan (KC) has been performed with radiation processing technology using Co-60 gamma source. As investigation on the influence of radiation dose and concentration of KC on gel content, swelling properties, and thermal behaviors of hydrogel has been performed. Gel content obtains a maximum value at 25 kGy radiation dose. Equilibrium water content of hydrogel decreases with increased radiation dose but it increases with increased concentration of KC. The water absorption of hydrogel is fast up to 5 hours and it becomes a maximum value at 24 hours. It increases with increased concentration of KC in the feed solution. The water absorption of hydrogel increases from 210 to 410% for the increment of KC content from 0 to 2.0% at the radiation dose 25 kGy. Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) showed that thermal degradation reduces with increased concentration of KC in PVA hydrogel. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the surface morphology of PVA/KC blend hydrogel. The hydrogel was applied to absorb dye (methyl violet) from aqueous solution. Langmuir and Freundlich models were applied to study the dye adsorption pattern.

IAEA Initiatives in Advancement of Radiation Technologies for Environmental Remediation

AbstractA variety of emerging chemicals of concern are discharged into the environment leading to contamination of water resources. These chemicals even at trace levels have the potential to adversely affect the aquatic, animals and human life. Effective and efficient technologies for treatment of such pollutants are therefore needed. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP), involving the in situ generation of oxidants such as the hydroxyl radical (•OH), have emerged as an important class of technologies for accelerating destruction of such organic contaminants. These include the use of photons and energetic sub-atomic particles like electrons (high energy radiation) to generate reactive intermediates •OH radicals IAEA has been at the forefront of recognizing the need to develop appropriate technologies to meet the challenges of evolving environmental issues. This paper gives an insight into the current status of the radiation technology with emphasis on IAEA activities, including examples of successes achieved as well as challenges for broader dissemination of radiation processing technology for environmental remediation.

N. S. Mahendrakar, N. M. Sachindra (eds): Technology of Muscle Foods

The meat industry continues to play an important role in the growth and maintain in food chains of human diets and nutrients to our society. To fully understand the implication of improvements and problems in animal products impacts to the meat quality and safety during the processing, this book aimed to bring comprehensive recent advances for better understanding of meat quality and safety as well as nutrient factors and recovery of values from by- products. The chapters 1 and 2 summarized the live stock hygiene control and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HAACP) system in the meat production and practices. The sources of microbial contamination in meats from livestock and processing plant are highlighted and improvement of meat safety by HAACP program is described well. In Chapter 2, various chemical and physical methods of decontamination of meat are summarized. The effect of probiotics and prebiotics in cooked meat products is highlighted, and its mechanism and beneficial effects were described in chapter 3. Tenderness, juiciness, taste and flavour of meats are the most important factors for meat consumers. The chapter 4 did deal with important factors affecting meat tenderization and chemical and physical methods of meat tenderization, which improve meat quality. Nano-technology in food processing is getting important and promising technology to improve texture, flavour and add more values. This technology is also useful for applying to food safety, bio safety, packaging and so on. The current trend of nano-technology in meat processing is highlighted in Chapter 5 and this covers many aspects of food nano-technology, bio sensing of meat, meat packaging, and pathogen identification in muscle foods. Irradiation in foods is always arguments on its efficacy and safety issues. Radiation processing technology of meats and quality changes by this processing are summarized in Chapter 6 including safety and nutrient changes of irradiation in meat products. The comminuted meat products are unique type of processed meat products made by mechanical process of reducing raw materials to small particles. Types of comminuted meat products, processing steps, meat and non-mat ingredients and quality of comminutd products are very well dealt with in chapter 7. Chapter 8 describes the current meat products and processing technologies of various commercial meat products, such as sausages, enrobed meat products, intermediate moisture meat foods, restructured meat products, meat analogues and designer meat products. Technological and microbiological aspects of fermented sausages, new information obtained by using modern approaches to study the microbial ecology based on molecular biology methods are focused in chapter 9. Thermal processing of meat inactivates pathogens and spoilage organisms to produce shelf stable products. Principles of thermal processing including canning, retort pouch processing, microwave cooking, extrusion cooking and ohmic heating are briefly discussed in chapter 10. These chapters help reader to understand various meat products and technologies behind these products including nutrient issues and functionality changes. Lastly, the waste management of meat by-products and recovery of biomaterials from animal wasters are discussed in Chapter 11. Over 50% of live animal weight is considered as by- products and recovery of valuable components is critical in future meat industry and minimizing the environments pollution by their disposal. This chapter addresses this challenge and future perspective for readers. This book is well organized and contains much comprehensive information in current practices of meat industry and muscle foods. It is recommended for use as a textbook for animal, food and nutrition graduate program. It is also useful for livestock and meat industry people as well as nutraceutical personnel as a handbook.

Electron beam accelerators—trends in radiation processing technology for industrial and environmental applications in Latin America and the Caribbean

The radiation processing technology for industrial and environmental applications has been developed and used worldwide. In Latin America and the Caribbean and particularly in Brazil there are 24 and 16 industrial electron beam accelerators (EBA) respectively with energy from 200keV to 10MeV, operating in private companies and governmental institutions to enhance the physical and chemical properties of materials. However, there are more than 1500 high-current electron beam accelerators in commercial use throughout the world. The major needs and end-use markets for these electron beam (EB) units are R and D, wire and electric cables, heat shrinkable tubes and films, PE foams, tires, components, semiconductors and multilayer packaging films. Nowadays, the emerging opportunities in Latin America and the Caribbean are paints, adhesives and coatings cure in order to eliminate VOCs and for less energy use than thermal process; disinfestations of seeds; and films and multilayer packaging irradiation. For low-energy EBA (from 150keV to 300keV). For mid-energy EBA (from 300keV to 5MeV), they are flue gas treatment (SO2 and NOX removal); composite and nanocomposite materials; biodegradable composites based on biorenewable resources; human tissue sterilization; carbon and silicon carbide fibers irradiation; irradiated grafting ion-exchange membranes for fuel cells application; electrocatalysts nanoparticles production; and natural polymers irradiation and biodegradable blends production. For high-energy EBA (from 5MeV to 10MeV), they are sterilization of medical, pharmaceutical and biological products; gemstone enhancement; treatment of industrial and domestic effluents and sludge; preservation and disinfestations of foods and agricultural products; soil disinfestations; lignocellulosic material irradiation as a pretreatment to produce ethanol biofuel; decontamination of pesticide packing; solid residues remediation; organic compounds removal from wastewater; and treatment of effluent from petroleum production units and liquid irradiation process to treat vessel water ballast. On the other hand, there is a growing need of mobile EB facilities for different applications in South America.

Radiation processing techniques in remediation of pollutants, and the role of the IAEA in supporting capacity building in developing countries

Radiation treatment, or a combination of radiation with conventional biological–chemical–physical processes, can help in the remediation of contaminated surfaces and in combating industrial chemical effluents and air pollution. The use of ionizing radiation as a powerful tool for inactivation of microbes is a valuable option to address likely threats from biohazard contamination that could be introduced either deliberately or inadvertently into areas where the public are exposed to, as well as for treatment of volatile organic compounds and similar hazardous chemical agents is an emerging development in tackling harmful pollutants. The role of the IAEA has been crucial both in supporting the development of local capabilities as well as in fostering international cooperation due to the multidisciplinary expertise required for achieving sustainable benefits. The IAEA is implementing Coordinated Research Projects, (CRP) thematic topical reviews of issues and challenges involved, and Technical Cooperation (TC) assistance in establishing and maintaining infrastructure in the MS. This paper will give an insight into the above mentioned IAEA activities, with examples of successes achieved through CRPs, as well as challenges on the road for broader dissemination of radiation processing technology for environmental remediation.

Study on the properties of copolymer hydrogel obtained from acrylamide/2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate by the application of gamma radiation

Synthesis of copolymer hydrogels from aqueous solution of acrylamide/2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) has been performed with radiation processing technology using Co-60 gamma source. The influence of radiation dose and concentration of HEMA on gel content, swelling properties and thermal stability of copolymer hydrogel has been investigated. Gel content of prepared hydrogel obtained maximum at the radiation dose of 30 kGy. Swelling ratio and equilibrium water content decrease with increased radiation dose and concentration of HEMA in feed solution. The water absorption of hydrogel increases with increased standing time in swelling medium. It is fast up to 24 h and then it becomes slow. The water absorption also decreases with increased concentration of HEMA in the feed solution. The water absorption of copolymer hydrogel obtained at 30 kGy radiation dose decreases from 1800 to 1400% for the increment of HEMA content from 1 to 3%. This type of diffusion of prepared hydrogel is found to be a non Fickian diffusion. The thermal stability of copolymer hydrogel prepared at the radiation dose of 30 kGy increases with increased amount of HEMA in the feed solution. Key words: Radiation, copolymer, swelling behaviors, acrylamide/2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate.

Radiation grafting of acrylic acid onto partially deacetylated chitin for metal ion adsorbent

Radiation processing technology is proved to be a useful tool for modification of polymer material including grafting of monomer onto polymer. In this study, partially deacetylated chitin (PD-chitin) was prepared by soaking chitin in NaOH solution with various concentrations from 10% to 50% (w/w) at room temperature for four days. The degree of deacetylation (DD%) of chitin samples was measured by IR spectroscopy method. Radiation grafting of acrylic acid (AAc) onto PD-chitin was carried out by immerging PD-chitin in AAc solution (5–20%v/v) for swelling two days. The swelled PD-chitin sample was filtered and irradiated with Co-60 radiation at dose of 4.8kGy for grafting. The resulting product, so called PD-chitin-g-PAA was changed to sodium form, PD-chitin-g-PANa by treating with NaOH 1N and used as metal ion adsorbent. The adsorption capacities of studied chitin samples for metal ion typically for Cu2+ was determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results showed that the adsorption capacities for Cu2+ were as the following order: chitin<PD-chitin<PD-chitin-g-PANa<chitosan (DD76%). In addition, equilibrium isotherms were well fitted by Langmuir equation with the constants KL=15.5 and 19.4 (mg/g); b=0.02 and 0.04 (L/mg) for PD-chitin and PD-chitin-g-PANa, respectively. The obtained product, PD-chitin-g-PANa can be produced on large scale with competitive cost and used as metal ion adsorbent for water purification as well as for other purposes such as for sorption of dyes and for immobilization of bioactive substances.

Swelling and Hydration Properties of Acrylamide Hydrogel in Distilled Water

Synthesis of acrylamide (AA) hydrogel from an aqueous solution has been performed with radiation processing technology using a Co‐60 gamma source. The influence of time, concentration, dose, and dose rate on swelling and water absorption properties of the hydrogel treated in different conditions such as oven‐dry (OD), room‐dry (RD), and nondry (ND) has been investigated. Swelling and hydration increase rapidly with time for first 48 hr, then become nearly constant in the range 48–336 hr. The samples prepared at lower concentrations and doses exhibit higher values of hydration and swelling but they represent a fall of these values at lower dose rate. These occur mainly as a result of the increase of crosslinking density in the hydrogel by gamma ray irradiation. Furthermore, OD samples have higher swelling and hydration values as compared with RD and ND samples. All these effects of physical parameters and the drying conditions on hydration and swelling of hydrogel are discussed.

Primary optimization practice of the function of an irradiation facility in industrial size (Introduction to Chanshu application factory of radiation processing technology)

According to the operational experiences and economics effects having been obtained from those irradiation facilities with cobalt- 60 sources which have been built in China, the direction of designing for an facility, to be built in coming days, in industrial scale is obviously set on the basis of practical situation of China. The paper for it gives the design principles and takes the irradiation facility, built in Municipality Chanshu, Province Jiangsu in the east of China, for the example to describe how to practise the design principles. The design practice has been proved successful since the facility started to run in April, 1989, and been given prize and medal by the national authorities concerned of China.

Radiation processing technology for preparation of fine shaped biomedical materials

Radiation processing technology for the preparation of fine shaped biomedical materials was studied from the aspect of a development of the technology and its application. Electron beam irradiation technology was applied to the preparation of fine shaped biomedical materials such as thin polymer films in diagnosis, in which enzyme and antibody were used as a bioactive substance. Electron beam cast-polymerization and electron beam repeat surface-polymerization, that are surface irradiation techniques of homogeneous hydrophilic monomer solution containing enzymes made it possible to form the immobilized antibody films. In this technique, the films with various thicknesses (50–500μm) were obtained by regulating the electron beam energy. The thin polymer films immobilizing anti-α-fetoprotein were evaluated from the aspect of immunoagents for diagnosis of liver cancer

The brookhaven accelerator test facility

The first set of pulse radiolysis apparatus in China with microsecond time resolution was built up at Beijing Radiation Center(Institute of Low Energy Nuclear Physics, Beijing Normal University). The radiation source is a 5-Mev s-band scanning Linac which is mainly used as a radiator for doing radiation processing technology studies in this laboratory. In order to use this Linac as a radiation source in pulse radiolysis, some special designs of electronic, mechanical, optical and sample-holding system were taken. Several experiments on pulse radiolysis of aqueous solution have been done successfully proving out that this apparatus is very useful in our attempt to combine the industrial applications of radiation with the basic research of radiation chemistry in this laboratory.