Radiation Load Research Articles

The Method of Determining Clinical and Roentgenogrammetric Indicators of Hip Joint in Patients with Cerebral Palsy

Summary. There is no doubt that obtaining the true parameters of the hip joint makes it possible to determine the tactics of treatment of patients with cerebral palsy and it is a relevant object of studying.
 Objective: to improve the results of diagnostics of pathology of the hip joint in patients with cerebral palsy by developing our own method.
 Materials and Methods. The study included 20 patients (40 joints): 10 boys and 10 girls. Sixteen joints were operated on. The patients were 3-15 years of age. Femoral torsion according to Ruwe was clinically determined in all the patients; also, our own method for determining the clinical and roentgenogrammetric parameters of the hip joint (utility model patent No. 137567) was used.
 Results. Our own method is simple, available and cheap; it may be used in all medical institutions with X-ray rooms for the diagnosis of hip joint pathology, as well as for screening.
 Conclusions. Our own method is simple and reliable for determining the parameters of the hip joint in patients with cerebral palsy (femoral torsion, neck shaft angle, Wiberg's angle, Reimer's index, vertical migration index, acetabular angle, the angle of inclination of the acetabulum) in patients with cerebral palsy. Obtaining radiographic parameters of both hip joints after only one radiograph also significantly reduce the radiation load on the patient, since patients with cerebral palsy are the subject of screening throughout the entire period of their development. This method can be also applied during the examination and screening the patients with developmental disorders and other diseases of the hip joint.

Diversity and ecology of forest communities in Küre Mountains National Park of Turkey

This study aimed at analyzing the diversity and ecological characteristics of forest associations (121 releves classified under eight associations) in Kure Mountains National Park. Ordination analyses (DCA and CCA) and response curves were used to reveal ecological characteristics of vegetation using soil parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, sand, clay and dust content, soil moisture) and topographical variables (altitude, slope, potential direct incident radiation and heat load). Ecological conditions of communities were also tested using average Ellenberg indicator values (EIVs). Among forest associations, the highest species diversity was found in Phillyreo latifoliae-Pinetum brutiae and the lowest diversity in Hedero-Castanetum sativae, which had a dense Rhododendron ponticum shrub layer. However, Salicio-Platanetum orientale and Buxo sempervirens-Carpinetum betuli had the highest beta diversity since they harbored unique species composition. Conditional effects of altitude, slope, pH and electrical conductivity, soil dust and sand content, sandy-loam and loam soil types presented significant contributions in species composition. While Carpino-Quercetum petraeae was found on soil with high dust content having high pH and electrical conductivity values, Quercetum roburi-Aceretum campestri and Salicio-Platanetum orientale were related to soil with loam. Species responses to soil and topographical variables varied for most tree species. Light EIVs, which has a high positive correlation with potential direct incident radiation and heat load, related to Phillyreo latifoliae-Pinetum brutiae and Salicio-Platanetum orientale. Riverside forest communities differed from other communities in nutrient and humidity EIVs. However, EIVs did not show a good correlation with associated soil parameters such as soil moisture-humidity EIVs and soil pH-acidity EIVs.

Assessment of the Possibility to Use Potentilla fruticosa L. (Rosaceae, Magnoliopsida) for Bioindication of the Environmental Status of the Eastern Ural Radioactive Trace

The environmental status of the Eastern Ural radioactive trace (EURT) zone has been assessed by bioindication methods. A long-term (2005–2013) study of Potentilla fruticosa plants planted on three sites within the gradient of radionuclide contamination with 90Sr and 137Cs showed that, regardless of the vegetation period and year of observation, an increase in the level of radiation caused a reduction in the lamina and petiole length and an increase in the fluctuating asymmetry index of the terminal leaf lobe. The morphological indices (length, width, and area of the lamina and terminal leaf lobe; petiole length) were determined by digital image analysis using the Maplnfo software. Statistically significant differences in these indices from the control were observed only in the plants from the most contaminated area. As the radiation load increased, the interannual variability of the petiole length increased from low to high values regardless of the vegetation period. In the case of fluctuating asymmetry of the terminal leaf lobe, a significant difference was revealed between the control plants and plants exposed to radiation. Using the fluctuating asymmetry index, the environmental quality of areas located within the EURT territory was assessed as critical, while that of the control site corresponded to the norm.

The indisputable value of ultrasound diagnostics in acute small bowel obstruction

The use of ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute small bowel obstruction is justified from a tactical point of view, since it is not delayed in time, does not weigh down the patient's condition, has sufficient information and does not carry radiation load. Due to its safety and ease of use, this technique can be used repeatedly in the process of conservative treatment to determine further treatment tactics.

Rheological Properties of SBS/CRP Composite Modified Asphalt under Different Aging Treatments.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the rheological properties of SBS/CRP composite modified asphalt under different aging conditions in alpine cold regions. In this study, the styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) block copolymer, crumb rubber powder (CRP), softeners and various additives were used to prepare the SBS/CRP composite modified asphalt. The 4.5% SBS modified asphalt and SK90 virgin asphalt were also selected for comparing. The thin film oven test (TFOT) and pressure aging vessel (PAV) aging test were conducted to simulate the different aging conditions. The frequency sensitivity, high-temperature deformation resistance and low-temperature crack resistance of SBS/CRP composite modified asphalt under different aging conditions were studied by the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and bending beam rheometer (BBR) test. The results show that the frequency sensitivity of SBS/CRP composite modified asphalt is the lowest. At low and medium temperatures, it has relatively low strength and good flexibility. The master curve of composite modulus for the unaged and aged SBS/CRP composite modified asphalt is in a cluster state. It has strong anti-aging capability, which is less affected by aging conditions. It also has a strong low-temperature relaxation ability, which can meet the requirements of performance at −24 °C in PG classification. The high-temperature deformation resistance of SBS/CRP composite modified asphalt is not much different from SBS modified asphalt’s. Therefore, it can provide the basic support for the application in alpine cold regions under the conditions of low temperature, strong radiation and heavy load.

Radiative heat load distribution on the EU-DEMO first wall due to mitigated disruptions

Abstract The EU-DEMO First Wall (FW) will be a relatively thin structure. In order not to damage this layer, heat loads distributed onto the wall should be carefully controlled. In the case of transient events, as for example plasma disruptions, the steady-state heat load limit ( ∼ 1 - 2 M W / m 2 ) can be largely exceeded for a timespan sufficiently long to cause damages. Therefore, when the control system detects an upcoming disruption, Shattered Pellet Injection (SPI) or Massive Gas Injection (MGI) mitigation techniques can be employed to inject impurities and switch off the plasma safely. In the present work, the Monte-Carlo ray-tracing code CHERAB is used to compute the radiative heat load distribution on the EU-DEMO Plasma Facing Components (PFCs) due to a mitigated plasma disruption. By applying ad-hoc techniques to improve the quality of the Monte Carlo calculation, we obtain a peak radiative load of ∼ 490 M W / m 2 on the PFCs, which is ∼ 25 % lower than previous estimates.

Combined Windows for High-Power Gas Lasers

Based on a previously developed mathematical model describing the behavior of the window of a multi-kilowatt laser with an unstable cavity, the case of a two-component output window is considered. The two-component window consists of a transparent annular polycrystalline diamond and a central opaque area, separated by a plastic vacuum gasket. To reduce the heat load, the central opaque part is equipped with a cooler. Numerical calculations of thermomechanical processes for such windows used in high-power CO2 lasers are carried out. The mathematical model used for the calculations consists of three parts: thermophysical, mechanical, and optical. The advantages of the two-component design with a cooler being used with a multi-kilowatt gas laser are demonstrated. The dependences of the maximum admissible output radiation power, temperature distribution, and mechanical stresses on the window thickness are obtained. Conditions under which such an output window should not only successfully withstand the extreme radiation loads, but also ensure the minimum possible divergence of the outgoing radiation are considered.

Thermal Environment of Urban Schoolyards: Current and Future Design with Respect to Children’s Thermal Comfort

Urban outdoor thermal conditions, and its impacts on the health and well-being for the city inhabitants have reached increased attention among biometeorological studies during the last two decades. Children are considered more sensitive and vulnerable to hot ambient conditions compared to adults, and are affected strongly by their thermal environment. One of the urban outdoor environments that children spend almost one third of their school time is the schoolyard. The aims of the present manuscript were to review studies conducted worldwide, in order to present the biophysical characteristics of the typical design of the urban schoolyard. This was done to assess, in terms of bioclimatology, the interactions between the thermal environment and the children’s body, to discuss the adverse effects of thermal environment on children, especially the case of heat stress, and to propose measures that could be applied to improve the thermal environment of schoolyards, focusing on vegetation. Human thermal comfort monitoring tools are mainly developed for adults, thus, further research is needed to adapt them to children. The schemes that are usually followed to design urban schoolyards create conditions that favour the exposure of children to excessive heat, inducing high health risks to them. The literature survey showed that typical urban schoolyard design (i.e., dense surface materials, absence of trees) triggered high surface temperatures (that may exceed 58 °C) and increased absorption of radiative heat load (that may exceed 64 °C in terms of Mean Radiant Temperature) during a clear day with intense solar radiation. Furthermore, vegetation cover has a positive impact on schoolyard’s microclimate, by improving thermal comfort and reducing heat stress perception of children. Design options for urban schoolyards and strategies that can mitigate the adverse effects of heat stress are proposed with focus on vegetation cover that affect positively their thermal environment and improve their aesthetic and functionality.

XANES Measurements for Studies of Adsorbed Protein Layers at Liquid Interfaces.

X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra for protein layers adsorbed at liquid interfaces in a Langmuir trough have been recorded for the first time. We studied the parkin protein (so-called E3 ubiquitin ligase), which plays an important role in pathogenesis of Parkinson disease. Parkin contains eight Zn binding sites, consisting of cysteine and histidine residues in a tetracoordinated geometry. Zn K-edge XANES spectra were collected in the following two series: under mild radiation condition of measurements (short exposition time) and with high X-ray radiation load. XANES fingerprint analysis was applied to obtain information on ligand environments around zinc ions. Two types of zinc coordination geometry were identified depending on X-ray radiation load. We found that, under mild conditions, local zinc environment in our parkin preparations was very similar to that identified in hemoglobin, treated with a solution of ZnCl2 salt. Under high X-ray radiation load, considerable changes in the zinc site structure were observed; local zinc environment appeared to be almost identical to that defined in Zn-containing enzyme alkaline phosphatase. The formation of a similar metal site in unrelated protein molecules, observed in our experiments, highlights the significance of metal binding templates as essential structural modules in protein macromolecules.

Sustainable Design Alternatives and Energy Efficiency for Public Rental Housing in Korea

The orientation and shape of a building can influence energy efficiency in both heating and cooling mechanisms. Given the climatic conditions of Korea, many people are concerned about housing orientation and prefer south-oriented locations. As such, many housing complexes consist of a series of long narrow units that are south-facing. The purpose of this study is to investigate design alternatives for the layout of a building complex, size of households, width to depth ratios of floorplans, and design and type of façade; to examine energy efficiency using energy simulation programs; and to suggest diverse design alternatives for public rental housing, as well as energy-efficient options. The alternative housing units, which are more square-shaped than the typical long and rectangular type, resulted in higher energy costs. Simulation results show that as the solar radiation load increases or the window area increases due to plan alteration, there is simultaneously a significant increase and decrease in the cooling and heating loads, respectively. The performance of the suggested layout alteration greatly increased the heating load and slightly decreased the cooling load with similar total energy costs.

Effects of vegetation on the spatial and temporal variation of microclimate in the urbanized Salt Lake Valley

Land cover characteristics can produce changes in spatial and temporal variability in potential temperature (θ) at scales that are relevant to city inhabitants. Using data from 60 sensors positioned in five urban parks and surrounding residential neighborhoods in the semi-arid Salt Lake Valley, we evaluated the effect of turfgrass cover versus tree shading on spatial and temporal variation in microclimate in a semi-arid urban area. Our results indicated that the replacement of vegetation by impervious surfaces plays a role in microclimatic homogenization. Tree shading was associated with higher spatial variability of θ during the day, while turfgrass cover was associated with higher spatial variability of θ at night. Contrary to our expectation of tree shading governing daytime θ, we also found turfgrass cover to have an efficient cooling effect. This suggests a prominent role of turfgrass evapotranspiration enhanced by high atmospheric evaporative demand, high soil moisture availability, and increased radiation loads that are characteristic of semi-arid urban landscapes. Given that turfgrass cover was also associated with reduced θ at night, mixed tree and grass landscapes may be effective in alleviating the urban heat island effect in semi-arid urban settings.

Progress and opportunities for inertial fusion energy in Europe.

In this paper, I consider the motivations, recent results and perspectives for the inertial confinement fusion (ICF) studies in Europe. The European approach is based on the direct drive scheme with a preference for the central ignition boosted by a strong shock. Compared to other schemes, shock ignition offers a higher gain needed for the design of a future commercial reactor and relatively simple and technological targets, but implies a more complicated physics of laser–target interaction, energy transport and ignition. European scientists are studying physics issues of shock ignition schemes related to the target design, laser plasma interaction and implosion by the code developments and conducting experiments in collaboration with US and Japanese physicists, providing access to their installations Omega and Gekko XII. The ICF research in Europe can be further developed only if European scientists acquire their own academic laser research facility specifically dedicated to controlled fusion energy and going beyond ignition to the physical, technical, technological and operational problems related to the future fusion power plant. Recent results show significant progress in our understanding and simulation capabilities of the laser plasma interaction and implosion physics and in our understanding of material behaviour under strong mechanical, thermal and radiation loads. In addition, growing awareness of environmental issues has attracted more public attention to this problem and commissioning at ELI Beamlines the first high-energy laser facility with a high repetition rate opens the opportunity for qualitatively innovative experiments. These achievements are building elements for a new international project for inertial fusion energy in Europe.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Prospects for high gain inertial fusion energy (part 1)’.

Comprehensive stochastic optimal scheduling in residential micro energy grid considering pumped-storage unit and demand response

The improvement of energy efficiency, generation cost, emissions, and reliability are some of the most significant problems in the energy industry. Energy storage systems and demand response programs (DRPs) are regarded as essential tools to optimally solve these problems. In this paper, an improved residential micro energy grid (MEG) is proposed to decrease the operation cost and emissions by integrating combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP), photovoltaic (PV) units, wind turbine (WT) units, a pumped-storage unit, heating storage, and cooling storage. Due to the disadvantages of batteries, such as short life, high investment cost, detriment to the environment, and difficult maintenance, investors are sometimes unwilling to choose batteries for electricity storage, in which case pumped-storage units are often selected as an alternative. For better performance on the demand side, price- and incentive-based DRPs are employed to reduce the operation cost and maintain reliability during the high load period. Also, the uncertainties of wind speed, solar radiation, electricity price, and electrical load are taken into account to gain more accurate results by using a scenario-based methodology. Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) is used to generate scenarios, and a k-means algorithm is adopted to reduce the number of scenarios. Multi-objective and single-objective problems are formulated and solved by the multi-objective artificial sheep algorithm (MOASA) and artificial sheep algorithm (ASA), respectively. The max-min fuzzy method is used to select the trade-off solution among the Pareto-front. In addition, both grid-connected and off-grid modes are considered. Three cases are studied to evaluate the proposed model. The results of Case 1 and Case 2 show that the operation cost and emissions are reduced by 23.39% and 1.35%, respectively, with the implementation of the price-based DRP.

Multi-Feed Antenna and Electronics Co-Design: An E-Band Antenna-LNA Front End With On-Antenna Noise-Canceling and Gₘ-Boosting

This article presents an E-band low-noise amplifier (LNA) co-designed and co-integrated with an on-chip multifeed antenna for antenna-level LNA noise-canceling and gm -boosting. Different from conventional approaches that view antennas as a simple 50-Ω radiation load, we exploit antennas as multi-feed passive radiating networks with direct onantenna signal conditioning and processing capabilities. Such an antenna-electronics co-design concept can potentially advance wireless front-end performance beyond electronics-only designs and opens the door to a plethora of front-end innovations. We also propose equivalent circuits to model multi-feed antenna systems and elucidate on-antenna signal processing operations. As a proof of concept, we propose an antenna-LNA co-designed architecture and explore the interactions among a common-gate (CG) LNA path, a common-source (CS) LNA path, and a pair of near-field coupled folded slot antennas for on-antenna noise-cancellation and g <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</sub> -boosting. In the measurements, a true V-factor radiation method is introduced as a new approach to measure the noise figure (NF) of the on-chip multi-feed antenna and LNA/RX integration. Then, we perform the conventional sensitivity-based NF measurement. Both measurements show accurate and consistent NF characterization at high millimeter-wave (mm-Wave). The E-band antenna-LNA front end is implemented in the Globalfoundries 45-nm CMOS SOI process and demonstrates 4.8-dB NF with 2.2-dBm IIP <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> , achieving the best reported FoM at similar frequencies. Furthermore, over-the-air modulation tests are demonstrated, supporting >10-Gb/s high-fidelity high-order QAM signals over an E-band wireless link.

The effect of the reflective property of a reflection film on the performance of backlight units with quantum-dot films for LCD applications

The luminance and color properties of backlight units with quantum-dot (QD) films were investigated through experimentation and optical simulation. Red and green QD films were arranged in four different configurations above and below the light guide plate (LGP). The on-axis luminance of the backlight units with QD films was much larger when diffuse reflectors were used instead of specular reflectors, irrespective of the QD configuration. This result is attributed to the higher color conversion efficiency and the outcoupling efficiency caused by the spreading of the light reflected from the diffuse reflectors. The ‘red QD film-LGP-green QD film’ combination exhibited the highest luminance performance among the four configurations, which can be explained in terms of the reduced radiation load on the two QD films, besides the nearly zero absorption of the red light emitted from the red QD film by the green QD film. The simulation results reproduced all these main results, which indicates that optical simulation can be a useful tool for the optimization of the optical structure of backlight units with QD films in advance of experiment and fabrication.

Square-pulse shearography inspections of metallic parts repaired with a glass fiber reinforced polymer using pressure, radiation, vibration, and induction loading methods

The use of composites in industrial contexts is already established in recent years. In chemical and oil industries, one application of composite materials is to patch up metallic pipelines and pressure vessels with damages, increasing their lifespans. The damage extension after the repair procedure can be monitored using shearography combined with a loading method such as pressure (PLM), vibration (VLM), induction (ILM), and radiation (RLM). Since the choice of loading method depends on the application, this work proposes a theoretical and practical comparison of PLM, VLM, ILM, and RLM to unveil abnormalities in composite path-up repairs in damaged metallic parts using square-pulse shearography. The results indicate that PLM is the best method, with the lowest number of artifacts. VLM also provided good results and it is more feasible to employ than PLM. These results are important since they indicated more interesting loading procedures to be used with shearography in non-destructive testing techniques.

Calculating the load on the room cooling ceiling panel at solar heat gains

It is known from the theory of heat exchange that for the assimilation of the room heat gains that are not constant in time, a cold flow of the same nature that assimilates them must be equal to them in magnitude. This is obvious with respect to convective heat gains that introduce directly into the air. The case is more difficult with the radiant heat gains, since the incoming radiant flow can be directed to one surface, and the assimilating one comes from another. The article aims to check to what extent this provision plays a role in the realities of maintaining a given room microclimate. However, in engineering practice, there are no purely radiant heat assimilating systems. Therefore, as a room cooling system, a ceiling cooling panel has been used, the heat flow from which is of a radiant-convective nature. The radiant load of the room occurred from the solar radiation, penetrating through the windows of various orientations on the cardinal directions. Determination of the load on the cooling system was performed by calculation. Based on the results of the calculation, it was found that the load on the ceiling panel significantly depends on the internal heat stability of the room.

Preliminary design and thermal analyses of the steerable mirror cooling channel of the DTT ECRH

Abstract Divertor Tokamak Test (DTT) facility, the Italian fusion machine, foresees the Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ECRH) system to provide additional heating power to plasma ohmic-heating. Such system will be composed of an initial set of 8 mm-wave 1-MW sources at 170 GHz, which will be raised to 16 in a second stage of installation. The power of each source will be launched into the plasma by a pair of mirrors in the port plug, while a series of mirrors is used for the transmission of microwave beams. They are subjected to microwave heating load and the mirrors closest to the plasma also to radiative and neutronic loads. In order to avoid a performance loss of the beam transmission, due to the deformations, caused by the increment of temperature on the mirrors, it is necessary to design a cooling circuit inside them. This paper aims to make a preliminary design, using FEA tools, of the cooling circuit in the steerable mirror (M2) of the ECRH Launcher. A thermal analysis was performed to study how geometrical and thermal choices can influence the dissipation of the heat and the maximum temperatures of the structure. First of all the best geometric configuration was individuated: a cooling circuit dug in the mirror with a shape of an elongated spiral with constant pitch on y-axis and the inlet not centred in the origin. Starting from this geometry, parametric analyses were carried out to establish the correct ranges of applicability and study the influence of the inlet temperature and the volume flow rate of the refrigerant fluid on the temperature of the mirror. The simulations confirmed the theoretical expected thermal trends, but also that the preliminary tested values of the input parameters could be used to realize an efficient cooling for the structure. The analyses are set up within ANSYS environment, on the basis of the provided data and constraints.

Radionuclides Content in Tissues and Organs of Pumpkinseed &lt;i&gt;Lepomis gibbosus&lt;/i&gt; (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Zaporizhzhia (Dnipro) Reservoir

The article presents the results of studies on the content of artificial (137Cs, 90Sr) and natural radionuclides (226Ra, 232Th, 40K) in tissues and organs of various individuals of pumpkinseed Lepomisgibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Zaporizhzhia (Dnipro) reservoir. It has been revealed that in the bones of sexually mature pumpkinseed females, the content of radionuclides 137Cs and90Sr is 24.7% and 28.6% less, respectively, than in the bones of males. Summing up the materials of radioecological studies of 2017–2018, the following sequence of tissues and organs of the pumpkinseed by the ability to accumulate radionuclides was obtained: bone&gt; muscle&gt; scales&gt; gills. Research results can be useful for further study on the fish radiation load in the basins of the Dnipro River and during monitoring radioecological research. It was determined that the content of radionuclides in the pumpkinseed muscles did not exceed the permissible levels of radionuclide content for fish as a food product (permissible levels of radionuclide content for 137Cs – 150 Bq/kg, 90Sr – 35 Bq/kg).

Radiation Exposure Biomarkers in the Practice of Medical Radiology: Cooperative Research and the Role of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Biodosimetry/Radiobiology Laboratory.

The strategy toward personalized medicine in radiation oncology, nuclear medicine, and diagnostic and interventional radiology demands a specific set of assays for individualized estimation of radiation load for safety concerns and prognosis of normal tissue reactions caused by ionizing radiation. Apparently, it seems reasonable to use validated radiation dosimetric biomarkers for these purposes. However, a number of gaps in knowledge and methodological limitations still have to be resolved until dosimetric biomarkers will start to play a valuable role in clinical practice beyond radiation protection and radiation medicine. An extensive international multicenter research is necessary to improve the methodology of clinical applications of biodosimetry. That became a rationale for launching the IAEA Coordinated Research Project E35010 MEDBIODOSE: "Applications of Biological Dosimetry Methods in Radiation Oncology, Nuclear Medicine, and Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology." At the 2 Coordination Meeting on MEDBIODOSE (18-22 February 2019, Recife, Brazil), participants reported progress in the usage of biological dosimetry for genotoxicity assessment and/or individualization of radiotherapy treatment plans. Another avenue of research was the prognosis of normal tissue toxicity and cancer risk prediction using biomarkers' yield measured in vivo or after ex vivo irradiation of patients' cells. Other important areas are mechanisms of cytogenetic radiation response, validation of new radiation biomarkers, development of innovative techniques, automated and high-throughput assays for biodosimetry, and the overall improvement of biodosimetry service. An important aspect of clinical application of biodosimetry is standardization of techniques and unification of approaches to data interpretation. The new IAEA Biodosimetry/Radiobiology Laboratory, which is being established, will provide support for this activity. The declared lab's mission includes, among other tasks, a harmonization of the biodosimetry applications with relevant international standards, guidelines on good laboratory practice, and the IAEA EPR-Biodosimetry manual.