Radiation Dose Reduction In CT Research Articles

Possible Radiation Dose Reduction in Abdominal Plain CT Using Deep Learning Reconstruction

The purposes of this study were to evaluate the low-contrast detectability of CT images assuming hepatocellular carcinoma and to determine whether dose reduction in abdominal plain CT imaging is possible. A Catphan 600 was imaged at 350, 250, 150, and 50 mA using an Aquilion ONE PRISM Edition (Canon) and reconstructed using deep learning reconstruction (DLR) and model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR). A low-contrast object-specific contrast-to-noise ratio (CNRLO) was measured and compared in a 5-mm module with a CT value difference of 10 HU, assuming hepatocellular carcinoma; a visual examination was also performed. Moreover, an NPS within a uniform module was measured. CNRLO was higher for DLR at all doses (1.12 at 150 mA for DLR and 1.07 at 250 mA for MBIR). On visual evaluation, DLR could detect up to 150 mA and MBIR up to 250 mA. The NPS was lower for DLR at 0.1 cycles/mm at 150 mA. The low-contrast detection performance was better with DLR than with MBIR, indicating the possibility of dose reduction.

Radiation Dose Reduction in Contrast-Enhanced Abdominal CT: Comparison of Photon-Counting Detector CT with 2nd Generation Dual-Source Dual-Energy CT in an oncologic cohort

Comparison of radiation dose and image quality in routine abdominal and pelvic contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) between a photon-counting detector CT (PCD-CT) and a dual energy dual source CT (DSCT). 70 oncologic patients (mean age 66 ± 12 years, 29 females) were prospectively enrolled between November 2021 and February 2022. Abdominal CECT were clinically indicated and performed first on a 2nd-generation DSCT and at follow-up on a 1st-generation dual-source PCD-CT. The same contrast media (Imeron 350, Bracco imaging) and pump protocol was used for both scans. For both scanners, polychromatic images were reconstructed with 3mm slice thickness and comparable kernel (I30f[DSCT] and Br40f[PCD-CT]); for PCD-CT data from all counted events above the lowest energy threshold at 20 keV ("T3D") were used. Results were compared in terms of radiation dose metrics of CT dose index (CTDIvol), dose length product (DLP) and size-specific dose estimation (SSDE), objective and subjective measurements of image quality were scored by two emergency radiologists including lesion conspicuity. Median time interval between the scans was 4 months (IQR: 3-6). CNRvessel and SNRvessel of T3D reconstructions from PCD-CT were significantly higher than those of DSCT (all, p < 0.05). Qualitative image noise analysis from PCD-CT and DSCT yielded a mean of 4 each. Lesion conspicuity was rated significantly higher in PCD-CT (Q3 strength) compared to DSCT images. CTDI, DLP and SSDE mean values for PCD-CT and DSCT were 7.98 ± 2.56 mGy vs. 14.11 ± 2.92 mGy, 393.13 ± 153.55 mGy*cm vs. 693.61 ± 185.76 mGy*cm and 9.98 ± 2.41 vs. 14.63 ± 1.63, respectively, translating to a dose reduction of around 32% (SSDE). PCD-CT enables oncologic abdominal CT with a significantly reduced dose while keeping image quality similar to 2nd-generation DSCT.

Radiation Dose Reduction for 80-kVp Pediatric CT Using Deep Learning–Based Reconstruction: A Clinical and Phantom Study

BACKGROUND. Deep learning-based reconstruction (DLR) may facilitate CT radiation dose reduction, but a paucity of literature has compared lower-dose DLR images with standard-dose iterative reconstruction (IR) images or explored application of DLR to low-tube-voltage scanning in children. OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to assess whether DLR can be used to reduce radiation dose while maintaining diagnostic image quality in comparison with hybrid IR (HIR) and model-based IR (MBIR) for low-tube-voltage pediatric CT. METHODS. This retrospective study included children 6 years old or younger who underwent contrast-enhanced 80-kVp CT with a standard-dose or lower-dose protocol. Standard images were reconstructed with HIR, and lower-dose images were reconstructed with HIR, MBIR, and DLR. Size-specific dose estimate (SSDE) was calculated for both protocols. Image noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were quantified. Two radiologists independently evaluated noise magnitude, noise texture, streak artifact, edge sharpness, and overall quality. Interreader agreement was assessed, and mean values were calculated. To evaluate task-based object detection performance, a phantom was imaged with 80-kVp CT at six doses (SSDE, 0.6-5.3 mGy). Detectability index (d') was calculated from the noise power spectrum and task-based transfer function. Reconstruction methods were compared. RESULTS. Sixty-five children (mean age, 25.0 ± 25.2 months) who underwent CT with standard- (n = 31) or lower-dose (n = 34) protocol were included. SSDE was 54% lower for the lower-dose than for the standard-dose group (1.9 ± 0.4 vs 4.1 ± 0.8 mGy). Lower-dose DLR and MBIR yielded lower image noise and higher SNR and CNR than standard-dose HIR (p < .05). Interobserver agreement on subjective features ranged from a kappa coefficient of 0.68 to 0.78. The readers subjectively scored noise texture, edge sharpness, and overall quality lower for lower-dose MBIR than for standard-dose HIR (p < .001), though higher for lower-dose DLR than for standard-dose HIR (p < .001). In the phantom, DLR provided higher d' than HIR and MBIR at each dose. Object detectability was greater for 2.0-mGy DLR than for 4.0-mGy HIR for low-contrast (3.67 vs 3.57) and high-contrast (1.20 vs 1.04) objects. CONCLUSION. Compared with IR algorithms, DLR results in substantial dose reduction with preserved or even improved image quality for low-tube-voltage pediatric CT. CLINICAL IMPACT. Use of DLR at 80 kVp allows greater dose reduction for pediatric CT than do current IR techniques.

Radiation Dose Reduction in Kidney Stone CT: A Randomized, Facility-Based Intervention.

Kidney stones are common, tend to recur, and afflict a young population. Despite evidence and recommendations, adoption of reduced-radiation dose CT (RDCT) for kidney stone CT (KSCT) is slow. We sought to design and test an intervention to improve adoption of RDCT protocols for KSCT using a randomized facility-based intervention. Facilities contributing at least 40 KSCTs to the American College of Radiology dose index registry (DIR) during calendar year 2015 were randomized to intervention or control groups. The Dose Optimization for Stone Evaluation intervention included customized CME modules, personalized consultation, and protocol recommendations for RDCT. Dose length product (DLP) of all KSCTs was recorded at baseline (2015) and compared with 2017, 2018, and 2019. Change in mean DLP was compared between facilities that participated (intervened-on), facilities randomized to intervention that did not participate (intervened-off), and control facilities. Difference-in-difference between intervened-on and control facilities is reported before and after intervention. Of 314 eligible facilities, 155 were randomized to intervention and 159 to control. There were 25 intervened-on facilities, 71 intervened-off facilities, and 96 control facilities. From 2015 to 2017, there was a drop of 110 mGy ∙ cm (a 16% reduction) in the mean DLP in the intervened-on group, which was significantly lower compared with the control group (P < .05). The proportion of RDCTs increased for each year in the intervened-on group relative to the other groups for all 3 years (P < .01). The Dose Optimization for Stone Evaluation intervention resulted in a significant (P < .05) and persistent reduction in mean radiation doses for engaged facilities performing KSCTs.

Abdominal CT radiation dose reduction at Siriraj Hospital (Phase III)

OBJECTIVE: To compare the image quality and the radiation dose between fixed tube current (FTC) low dose abdominal CT currently performed at our hospital and new automatic tube current modulation (ATCM) low dose abdominal CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively performed ATCM low dose abdominal CT in 88 participants who had prior FTC low dose CT for comparison. Four experienced abdominal radiologists independently and blindly assessed the quality of FTC and ATCM low dose CT images by using a 5-point-scale satisfaction score (1 = unacceptable, 2 = poor, 3 = average, 4 = good, and 5 = excellent image quality). Each reader selected the preferred image set between FTC and ATCM low dose techniques for each participant. The image noise of the liver and the aorta in both techniques was measured. The volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) of both techniques was compared. RESULTS: The mean satisfaction scores (SD) for FTC and ATCM low dose CT were 4.38 (0.66) and 4.38 (0.64), respectively with the ranges of 3 to 5 in both techniques, which were all acceptable for CT interpretation. The preferred image set between FTC and ATCM low dose techniques of each participant randomly selected by each reader were varied, depending on the readers’ opinions. The mean image noise of the aorta on FTC and ATCM low dose CT accounted for 34.75 and 36.46, respectively, while the mean image noise of the liver was 28.86 and 29.81, respectively. The mean CTDIvol (SD) of FTC and ATCM low dose CT were 8.42 (0.32) and 8.12 (0.43) mGy, respectively. CONCLUSION: FTC and ATCM low dose abdominal CT provided comparable acceptable image quality and showed no clinical significance in radiation dose optimization.

Validation of CARE kV automated tube voltage selection for PET-CT: PET quantification and CT radiation dose reduction in phantoms

BackgroundApplied tube voltage (kilovolts, kV) and tube current (milliampere seconds, mAs) affect CT radiation dose and image quality and should be optimised for the individual patient. CARE kV determines the kV and mAs providing the lowest dose to the patient, whilst maintaining user-defined reference image quality. Given that kV changes affect CT values which are used to obtain attenuation maps, the aim was to evaluate the effect of kV changes on PET quantification and CT radiation dose using phantoms.MethodFour phantoms (‘Lungman’, ‘Lungman plus fat’, ‘Esser’ and ‘NEMA image quality’ (NEMA IQ)) containing F-18 sources underwent 1 PET and 5 CT scans, with CARE kV on (automatic kV selection and mAs modulation) and in semi mode with specified tube voltages of 140, 120, 100 and 80 kV (mAs modulation only). A CARE kV image quality reference of 120 kV/50 mAs was used. Impact on PET quantification was determined by comparing measured activity concentrations for PET reconstructions from different CT scans with the reconstruction using the 120 kV reference, and dose (DLP, CTDIvol) differences calculated by comparing doses from all kV settings with the 120 kV reference.ResultsCARE kV-determined optimal tube voltage and CARE kV ‘on’ dose (DLP) savings compared with the 120 kV reference were: Lungman, 100 kV, 2.0%; Lungman plus fat, 120 kV, 0%; Esser, 100 kV, 9.3%; NEMA IQ, 100 kV, 3.4%. Using tube voltages in CARE kV ‘semi’ mode which were not advised by CARE kV ‘on’ resulted in dose increases ≤ 65% compared with the 120 kV reference (greatest difference Lungman plus fat, 80 kV). Clinically insignificant differences in PET activity quantification of up to 0.7% (Lungman, 100 kV, mean measured activity concentration) were observed when using the optimal tube voltage advised by CARE kV. Differences in PET quantification of up to 4.0% (Lungman, 140 kV, maximum measured activity concentration) were found over the full selection of tube voltages in semi mode, with the greatest differences seen at the most suboptimal kV for each phantom. However, most differences were within 1%.ConclusionsCARE kV on can provide CT radiation dose savings without concern over changes in PET quantification.

Simulated Radiation Dose Reduction in Whole-Body CT on a 3rd Generation Dual-Source Scanner: An Intraindividual Comparison.

To evaluate the effect of radiation dose reduction on image quality and diagnostic confidence in contrast-enhanced whole-body computed tomography (WBCT) staging. We randomly selected March 2016 for retrospective inclusion of 18 consecutive patients (14 female, 60 ± 15 years) with clinically indicated WBCT staging on the same 3rd generation dual-source CT. Using low-dose simulations, we created data sets with 100, 80, 60, 40, and 20% of the original radiation dose. Each set was reconstructed using filtered back projection (FBP) and Advanced Modeled Iterative Reconstruction (ADMIRE®, Siemens Healthineers, Forchheim, Germany) strength 1–5, resulting in 540 datasets total. ADMIRE 2 was the reference standard for intraindividual comparison. The effective radiation dose was calculated using commercially available software. For comparison of objective image quality, noise assessments of subcutaneous adipose tissue regions were performed automatically using the software. Three radiologists blinded to the study evaluated image quality and diagnostic confidence independently on an equidistant 5-point Likert scale (1 = poor to 5 = excellent). At 100%, the effective radiation dose in our population was 13.3 ± 9.1 mSv. At 20% radiation dose, it was possible to obtain comparably low noise levels when using ADMIRE 5 (p = 1.000, r = 0.29). We identified ADMIRE 3 at 40% radiation dose (5.3 ± 3.6 mSv) as the lowest achievable radiation dose with image quality and diagnostic confidence equal to our reference standard (p = 1.000, r > 0.4). The inter-rater agreement for this result was almost perfect (ICC ≥ 0.958, 95% CI 0.909–0.983). On a 3rd generation scanner, it is feasible to maintain good subjective image quality, diagnostic confidence, and image noise in single-energy WBCT staging at dose levels as low as 40% of the original dose (5.3 ± 3.6 mSv), when using ADMIRE 3.

Cycle-Consistent Generative Adversarial Network: Effect on Radiation Dose Reduction and Image Quality Improvement in Ultralow-Dose CT for Evaluation of Pulmonary Tuberculosis.

ObjectiveTo investigate the image quality of ultralow-dose CT (ULDCT) of the chest reconstructed using a cycle-consistent generative adversarial network (CycleGAN)-based deep learning method in the evaluation of pulmonary tuberculosis.Materials and MethodsBetween June 2019 and November 2019, 103 patients (mean age, 40.8 ± 13.6 years; 61 men and 42 women) with pulmonary tuberculosis were prospectively enrolled to undergo standard-dose CT (120 kVp with automated exposure control), followed immediately by ULDCT (80 kVp and 10 mAs). The images of the two successive scans were used to train the CycleGAN framework for image-to-image translation. The denoising efficacy of the CycleGAN algorithm was compared with that of hybrid and model-based iterative reconstruction. Repeated-measures analysis of variance and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were performed to compare the objective measurements and the subjective image quality scores, respectively.ResultsWith the optimized CycleGAN denoising model, using the ULDCT images as input, the peak signal-to-noise ratio and structural similarity index improved by 2.0 dB and 0.21, respectively. The CycleGAN-generated denoised ULDCT images typically provided satisfactory image quality for optimal visibility of anatomic structures and pathological findings, with a lower level of image noise (mean ± standard deviation [SD], 19.5 ± 3.0 Hounsfield unit [HU]) than that of the hybrid (66.3 ± 10.5 HU, p < 0.001) and a similar noise level to model-based iterative reconstruction (19.6 ± 2.6 HU, p > 0.908). The CycleGAN-generated images showed the highest contrast-to-noise ratios for the pulmonary lesions, followed by the model-based and hybrid iterative reconstruction. The mean effective radiation dose of ULDCT was 0.12 mSv with a mean 93.9% reduction compared to standard-dose CT.ConclusionThe optimized CycleGAN technique may allow the synthesis of diagnostically acceptable images from ULDCT of the chest for the evaluation of pulmonary tuberculosis.

Abdominal CT radiation dose reduction at Siriraj Hospital (Phase II)

Objective: To compare radiation dose, radiologists’ satisfaction, and image noise between the standard dose abdominal CT currently performed at our hospital and the new automatic tube current modulation (ATCM) low dose abdominal CT, using various parameters (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) of the Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstruction (ASiR). Materials and Methods: We prospectively performed the ATCM low dose abdominal CT in 111 participants who had prior standard dose CT for comparison. The ATCM low dose CT images were post processed with 4 parameters (0%, 10%, 20% and 30%) of ASiR on a CT workstation. The volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) of the ATCM low dose and the standard dose CT were compared. Four experienced abdominal radiologists independently assessed the quality of the ATCM low dose CT with the aforementioned ASiR parameters using a 5-point-scale satisfaction score (1 = unacceptable, 2 = poor, 3 = average, 4 = good, and 5 = excellent image quality) by using the prior standard dose CT as a reference of an excellent image quality (5). Each reader selected the preferred ASiR parameter for each participant. The image noise of the liver and the aorta in all 5 techniques (1 prior standard dose and 4 current ATCM low dose techniques) was measured. The correlation between the image quality vs the participants’ body mass index (BMI) and waist circumferences were analyzed. Results: The mean CTDIvol of the ATCM low dose CT was significantly lower than of the standard dose CT (7.29 ± 0.20 vs 11.28 ± 0.23 mGy, p&lt;0.001). The mean satisfaction score for the ATCM low dose CT with 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% ASiR were 4.14, 4.16, 4.17, and 4.26, respectively with the ranges of 3 to 5 in all techniques. The preferred ASiR parameters of each participant randomly selected by each reader were varied, depending on the readers’ opinions. The mean image noise of the aorta on the standard dose CT and the ATCM low dose CT with 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% ASiR was 30.69, 36.60, 34.05, 31.43, and 29.09, respectively, while the mean image noise of the liver was 24.96, 29.90, 27.86, 25.66, and 23.68, respectively. There was a correlation between the image quality (satisfaction score and image noise) vs the participants’ BMI and waist circumferences. Conclusion: The ATCM low dose CT received acceptable radiologists’ satisfaction with significant radiation dose reduction. The increment of ASiR was helpful in reducing the image noise and had a tendency to increase the radiologists’ satisfaction score.

CT Radiation Dose Reduction In Pediatric Cardiovascular Anomalies Scan - Clinical Audit In A Single Center

Introduction: This clinical audit was conducted at our department, the goal of which was to reduce the radiation dose of CT with minimal or no compromise in image quality. Different cardiac CT techniques were modified and planned protocols were made for pediatric patients. Implementing these techniques is a practical challenge for radiologists and technologists trying to achieve optimal diagnostic image quality. We summarized the general technological strategies that we used for radiation dose reduction in cardiac anomaly CT. The objective of our study was to reduce radiation dose from Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) using techniques with low tube voltage and modified image parameters without significant degradation of image quality.

A Comprehensive CT Radiation Dose Reduction and Protocol Standardization Program in a Complex, Tertiary Hospital System

PurposeTo present our experience in reducing CT radiation doses in a complex tertiary health system through CT protocol standardization and optimization. MethodsA CT radiation task force was created to reduce CT protocol heterogeneity and radiation doses. Redundant protocols were eliminated. By an iterative process, protocols with least radiation dose were identified. Radiation dose tracking software was used to store and analyze radiation doses. CT protocols were published in an intranet site after training of technologists. SOPs were established for maintaining and changing protocols. The radiation doses for each CT protocol before and after optimization were compared using geometric means. ResultsA total of 222 CT protocols were reviewed, with elimination of 86 protocols. One-year follow-up showed homogeneous protocols with lower radiation doses. The improvement in radiation doses ranged from 23% to 58% (P< 0.001). ConclusionCT radiation dose reduction of up to 58% can be achieved by homogenizing and optimizing CT protocols through a comprehensive CT operations program.

Cone-beam breast computed tomography using ultra-fast image reconstruction with constrained, total-variation minimization for suppression of artifacts

Compressed sensing based iterative reconstruction algorithms for computed tomography such as adaptive steepest descent-projection on convex sets (ASD-POCS) are attractive due to their applicability in incomplete datasets such as sparse-view data and can reduce radiation dose to the patients while preserving image quality. Although IR algorithms reduce image noise compared to analytical Feldkamp-Davis-Kress (FDK) algorithm, they may generate artifacts, particularly along the periphery of the object. One popular solution is to use finer image-grid followed by down-sampling. This approach is computationally intensive but may be compensated by reducing the field of view. Our proposed solution is to replace the algebraic reconstruction technique within the original ASD-POCS by ordered subsets-simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (OS-SART) and with initialization using FDK image. We refer to this method as Fast, Iterative, TV-Regularized, Statistical reconstruction Technique (FIRST). In this study, we investigate FIRST for cone-beam dedicated breast CT with large image matrix. The signal-difference to noise ratio (SDNR), the difference of the mean value and the variance of adipose and fibroglandular tissues for both FDK and FIRST reconstructions were determined. With FDK serving as the reference, the root-mean-square error (RMSE), bias, and the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of microcalcifications in two orthogonal directions were also computed. Our results suggest that FIRST is competitive to the finer image-grid method with shorter reconstruction time. Images reconstructed using the FIRST do not exhibit artifacts and outperformed FDK in terms of image noise. This suggests the potential of this approach for radiation dose reduction in cone-beam breast CT.

Image quality and radiation dose reduction in chest CT in pulmonary infection

To evaluate the effect of dose reduction with iterative reconstruction (IR) on image quality of chest CT scan comparing two protocols. Fifty-nine patients were enrolled. The two CT protocols were applied using Iterative Reconstruction (ASIR™) 40% but different noise indexes, recording dose-length product (DLP) and volume computed tomography dose index (CTDIvol). The subjective IQ was rated based on the distinction of anatomic details using a 4-point Likert scale based on the European Guidelines on Quality Criteria for CT. For each patient, two single CTs, at enrollment (group 1) and at follow-up after lowering the dose (group 2), were evaluated by two radiologists evaluating, for each examination, five different lung regions (central zone-CZ; peripheral zone-PZ; sub-pleural region-SPR; centrilobular region-CLR; and apical zone-AZ). An inter-observer agreement was expressed by weighted Cohen's kappa statistics (k) and intra-individual differences of subjective image analysis through visual grading characteristic (VGC) analysis. An average 50.4% reduction in CTDIvol and 51.5% reduction in DLP delivered were observed using the dose-reduced protocol. An agreement between observers evaluating group 1 CTs was perfect (100%) and moderate to good in group 2 examinations (k-Cohen ranging from 0.56 for PZ and AZ to 0.70 for SPR). In the VGC analysis, image quality ratings were significantly better for group 1 than group 2 scans for all regions (AUCVGC ranging from 0.56 for CZ to 0.62). However, disagreement was limited to a score 4 (excellent)-to-score 3 (good) IQ transition; apart from a single case in PZ, both the observers scored the IQ at follow-up as 2 (sufficient) starting from a score 4 (excellent). Dose reduction achieved in the follow-up CT scans, although a lower IQ still allows a good diagnostic confidence.

Coronary CT radiation dose reduction strategies at an Australian Tertiary Care Center - improvements in radiation exposure through an evidence-based approach.

IntroductionCoronary CT Angiography (CCTA) is a rapidly increasing technique for coronary imaging; however, it exposes patients to ionising radiation. We examined the impact of dose reduction techniques using ECG‐triggering, kVp/mAs reduction and high‐pitch modes on radiation exposure in a large Australian tertiary CCTA service.MethodsData on acquisition modes and dose exposure were prospectively collected on all CCTA scans from November 2009 to March 2014 at an Australian tertiary care centre. A dose reduction algorithm was developed using published techniques and implemented with education of medical staff, radiographers and referrers. Associations of CCTA acquisition to radiation over time were analysed with multivariate regression. Specificity in positive CCTA was assessed by correlation with invasive coronary angiography.Results3333 CCTAs were analysed. Mean radiation dose decreased from 8.4 mSv to 5.3, 4.4, 3.7, 2.9 and 2.8 mSv (P < 0.001) per year. Patient characteristics were unchanged. Dose reduction strategies using ECG‐triggering, kVp/mAs reduction accounted for 91% of the decrease. High‐pitch scanning reduced dose by an additional 9%. Lower dose was independently related to lower kVp, heart rate, tube current modulation, BMI, prospective triggering and high‐pitch mode (P < 0.01). CCTA specificity remained unchanged despite dose reduction.ConclusionImplementation of evidence‐based CCTA dose reduction algorithm and staff education programme resulted in a 67% reduction in radiation exposure, while maintaining diagnostic specificity. This approach is widely applicable to clinical practice for the performance of CCTA.

Virtual Monoenergetic Images from Spectral Detector CT Enable Radiation Dose Reduction in Unenhanced Cranial CT.

Our aim was to evaluate whether improved gray-white matter differentiation in cranial CT by means of 65- keV virtual monoenergetic images enables a radiation dose reduction compared to conventional images. One hundred forty consecutive patients undergoing 171 spectral detector CTs of the head between February and November 2017 (56 ± 19 years of age; male/female ratio, 56%/44%) were retrospectively included. The tube current-time product was reduced during the study period, resulting in 61, 55, and 55 patients being examined with 320, 290, and 260 mAs, respectively. All other scanning parameters were kept identical. The volume CT dose index was recorded. ROIs were placed in gray and white matter on conventional images and copied to identical positions in 65- keV virtual monoenergetic images. The contrast-to-noise ratio was calculated. Two radiologists blinded to the reconstruction technique evaluated image quality on a 5-point Likert-scale. Statistical assessment was performed using ANOVA and Wilcoxon test adjusted for multiple comparisons. The mean volume CT dose index was 55, 49.8, and 44.7 mGy using 320, 290, and 260 mAs, respectively. Irrespective of the volume CT dose index, noise was significantly lower in 65- keV virtual monoenergetic images compared with conventional images (65- keV virtual monoenergetic images/conventional images: extraocular muscle with 49.8 mGy, 3.7 ± 1.3/5.6 ± 1.6 HU, P < .001). Noise slightly increased with a reduced radiation dose (eg, extraocular muscle in conventional images: 5.3 ± 1.4/5.6 ± 1.6/6.1 ± 2.1 HU). Overall, the contrast-to-noise ratio in 65- keV virtual monoenergetic images was superior to that in conventional images irrespective of the volume CT dose index (P < .001). Particularly, 65-keV virtual monoenergetic images with 44.7 mGy showed significantly lower noise and a higher contrast-to-noise ratio than conventional images with 55 mGy (P < .001). Subjective analysis confirmed better image quality in 65- keV virtual monoenergetic images, even using 44.7 mGy. The 65-keV virtual monoenergetic images from spectral detector CT allow radiation dose reduction in cranial CT. While this proof of concept included a radiation dose reduction of 19%, our data suggest that even greater reduction appears achievable.

An Institutional CT Radiation Dose Reduction Quality Improvement Project

An Institutional CT Radiation Dose Reduction Quality Improvement Project

CT radiation dose reduction in patients with total hip arthroplasties using model-based iterative reconstruction and orthopaedic metal artefact reduction

ObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of radiation dose reduction on image quality in patients with metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasties (THAs) using model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) combined with orthopaedic metal artefact reduction (O-MAR).Materials and methodsPatients with metal-on-metal THAs received a pelvic CT with a full (FD) and a reduced radiation dose (RD) with −20%, −40%, −57%, or −80% CT radiation dose respectively, when assigned to group 1, 2, 3, or 4 respectively. FD acquisitions were reconstructed with iterative reconstruction, iDose4. RD acquisitions were additionally reconstructed with iterative model-based reconstruction (IMR) levels 1–3 with different levels of noise suppression. CT numbers, noise and contrast-to-noise ratios were measured in muscle, fat and bladder. Subjective image quality was evaluated on seven aspects including artefacts, osseous structures, prosthetic components and soft tissues.ResultsSeventy-six patients were randomly assigned to one of the four groups. While reducing radiation dose by 20%, 40%, 57%, or 80% in combination with IMR, CT numbers remained constant. Compared with iDose4, the noise decreased (p < 0.001) and contrast-to-noise ratios increased (p < 0.001) with IMR. O-MAR improved CT number accuracy in the bladder and reduced noise in the bladder, muscle and fat (p < 0.01). Subjective image quality was rated lower on RD IMR images than FD iDose4 images on all seven aspects (p < 0.05) and was not related to the applied radiation dose reduction.ConclusionIn RD IMR with O-MAR images, CT numbers remained constant, noise decreased and contrast-to-noise ratios between muscle and fat increased compared with FD iDose4 with O-MAR images in patients with metal-on-metal THAs. Subjective image quality reduced, regardless of the degree of radiation dose reduction.

Diagnostic reference levels and achievable doses for common computed tomography examinations: Results from the Japanese nationwide dose survey.

To propose a new set of Japanese diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) and achievable doses (ADs) for 2017 and to verify the usefulness of Japanese DRLs (DRLs 2015) for CT, by investigating changes in the volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) from 2014 to 2017. Detailed information on the CT scan parameters used throughout Japan were obtained by questionnaire survey. The CTDIvol and dose-length product for the 11 commonest adult and 6 commonest paediatric CT examinations were surveyed and compared with 2014 data and DRLs 2015. Evaluations of adult head (helical), and abdomen and pelvis without contrast agent, paediatric chest without contrast agent, and abdomen and pelvis without contrast agent showed a slightly lower mean CTDIvol in 2017 than in 2014 (t-test, p < 0.05). The interquartile range of CTDIvol for all 2017 examinations was lower than in 2014. This study verified the lower mean, 75th percentile, and interquartile range by investigating changes in the CTDIvol from 2014 to 2017. The DRLs 2015 contributed to CT radiation dose reduction. The widespread implementation of iterative reconstruction algorithms and low-tube voltage in CT scanners is likely to facilitate further reduction in the CT radiation dose used in Japan. Although radiological technologists may require further education on appropriate CTDIvol and DLP usage, the DRLs 2015 greatly contributed to the reduction of the CT radiation dose used in Japan.

Automated tube voltage selection in pediatric non-contrast chest CT.

BackgroundModern CT scanners provide automatic dose adjustment systems, which are promising options for reducing radiation dose in pediatric CT scans. Their impact on patient dose, however, has not been investigated sufficiently thus far.ObjectiveTo evaluate automated tube voltage selection (ATVS) in combination with automated tube current modulation (ATCM) in non-contrast pediatric chest CT, with regard to the diagnostic image quality.Materials and methodsThere were 160 non-contrast pediatric chest CT scans (8.7±5.4 years) analyzed retrospectively without and with ATVS. Correlations of volume CT Dose Index (CTDIvol) and effective diameter, with and without ATVS, were compared using Fisher’s z-transformation. Image quality was assessed by mean signal-difference-to-noise ratios (SDNR) in the aorta and in the left main bronchus using the independent samples t-test. Two pediatric radiologists and a general radiologist rated overall subjective Image quality. Readers’ agreement was assessed using weighted kappa coefficients. A p value <0.05 was considered significant.ResultsCTDIvol correlation with the effective diameter was r = 0.62 without and r = 0.80 with ATVS (CI: -0.04 to -0.60; p = 0.025). Mean SDNR was 10.88 without and 10.03 with ATVS (p = 0.0089). Readers’ agreement improved with ATVS (weighted kappa between pediatric radiologists from 0.1 (0.03–0.16) to 0.27 (0.09–0.45) with ATVS; between general and each pediatric radiologist from 0.1 (0.06–0.14) to 0.12 (0.05–0.20), and from 0.22 (0.11–0.34) to 0.36 (0.24–0.49)).ConclusionATVS, combined with ATCM, results in a radiation dose reduction for pediatric non-contrast chest CT without a loss of diagnostic image quality and prevents errors in manual tube voltage setting, and thus protecting larger children against an unnecessarily high radiation exposure.

Invited Commentary on “Radiation Dose Reduction in Pediatric CT,” with Response from Dr Nagayama et al

Invited Commentary on “Radiation Dose Reduction in Pediatric CT,” with Response from Dr Nagayama et al