Emission Of Radiation Research Articles

Interrelation between mechanical and electromagnetic radiation emission parameters with variable notch-width ratios under tensile fracture in silicon steel

Abstract The research investigates the effect of variable notch-width ratios on mechanical and electromagnetic radiation (EMR) parameters during the tensile fracture of silicon steel. The primary purpose is to comprehend the plastic deformation and crack propagation at an atomic level. The mechanical and EMR parameters chosen for analysis were correlated. The EMR energy release rate correlated well with the elastic strain energy release rate. The good fit between the EMR parameters and the plastic zone radius is a novel method to determine the crack growth behaviour of metals. A theoretical model of dislocation predicted the nature of EMR signals at fracture. A reasonable agreement between cross-slip energy with maximum stress at crack instability, the elastic strain energy release rate, and the EMR energy release rate will help assess the dislocation dynamics of metals. The EMR amplitude was sensitive to varying strain rates.

Cross-code comparison of the edge codes SOLPS-ITER, SOLEDGE2D and UEDGE in modelling a high-power neon-seeded scenario in the DTT

Abstract In this work, we cross-compare the state-of-the-art edge plasma codes SOLPS-ITER, SOLEDGE2D, and UEDGE in a reactor-relevant neon-seeded Divertor Tokamak Test (DTT) scenario at nominal power, extending the simplified test-bed of Moscheni et al. (2022). Converged solutions targeting the same separatrix density and radiated power are obtained by adjusting the pumping albedo and the neon puffing rate. This higher-power scenario is generally characterised by substantial disagreement between the three codes, up to 78-178% in peak heat fluxes. Discrepancies found in Moscheni et al. (2022) are indeed exacerbated, and new ones arise. Underlying causes include the over-penetration of neutrals implied by the unified ion-neutral temperature of UEDGE (observed in Moscheni et al. (2022)), here resulting in a 38-114% over-estimation of core plasma densities. The particular set of EIRENE atomic-molecular reactions adopted is found to stiffly restrict the achievable code solutions, which results in the predicted effective charge Z eff changing from ∽5 to ∽8 at the outer mid-plane separatrix. The strong link between Z eff, main ion density and unified ion temperature emphasises the need of proper assessments of impurity cross-field transport, with its implications on core contamination and wall erosion. The advantages of extended plasma meshes are found to come with associated modelling intricacies, yet to be fully characterised but seemingly impacting on the activity around the secondary X-point of single-null magnetic topologies. An appreciable impurity particle imbalance, generated by the neon ion density floor, is noted—speculatively contributing to SOLEDGE2D's different radiation emission distribution, and expected to be even more deleterious for high-Z impurities in all the codes. Potential drivers of further discrepancies are the different Braginskii formulations of collision times and momentum sources in presence of impurities, and the SOLPS-ITER extra terms gaining importance around the detachment front. Outstanding questions unanswered in this work prompt further investigations.

Electromagnetic intensity investigation of emitted non-ionizing radiation from base transcriptive stations in the urban region of southern Iran

ABSTRACT Their monitoring in urban regions is essential for policymakers and the population. In this study, the electromagnetic intensity (EMI) was measured around 30 stations of base transcriptive stations (BTS) at both distances lower than 20m and higher than 200m using real-time equipment SMP2-dual in summer and winter. Results have shown that EMI in summer (range: 2-6500 mW/m2) was more than in winter (1.5-5000), and the intensity of about 93% of samples exceeded WHO standards. EMI has consistently decreased with the increasing distance from BTS. There was a negative correlation between the temperature and EMI in summer and humidity and EMI for both distances. The mapping of EMI depicted the highest value of EMI across the central region from south to eastern north at a distance lower than 20 m in winter. The clustering of the EMI in this region was influenced by the geographical location of BTS.

Optimal Indications of Radioimmunotherapy in Nuclear Medicine: A Mini-Review.

Immunotherapy has emerged as a very considerable and potent therapeutic method in which immune inhibitors have gained a lot of attention in the curative field of various cancers. Under certain circumstances, when radiotherapy is accompanied by immunotherapy, the efficacy of the therapeutic procedure increases. Irradiated tumor cells follow a pathway called immunogenic cell death, which targets tumor associated antigens. The application of radiolabeled antibodies under the concept of "radioimmunotherapy" (RIT) makes the synergistic targeted therapeutic effect possible. Since antibodies themselves are cytotoxic, they can kill the cells that not only bind but are within the path length of their radiation emissions. RIT can be categorized as a substantial progress in nuclear medicine. The main concept of RIT includes targeting specified tumor-expressing antibodies. The mentioned purpose is achievable by formulation of radiolabeled antibodies, which could be injected intravenously or directly into the tumor, as well as compartmentally into a body cavity such as the peritoneum, pleura, or intrathecal space. RIT has demonstrated very optimistic therapeutic outcomes in radioresistant solid tumors. Wide ranges of efforts are accomplished in order to improve clinical trial accomplishments. In this review, we intend to summarize the performed studies on RIT and their importance in medicine.

Evolution of non-static fluid for irreversible gravitational radiation in Palatini [formula omitted] gravity

In this manuscript, we focus on a comprehensive investigation of non-static axially symmetric fluid distributions in the background of Palatini F(R) gravity. To do so, a general framework is established to examine the irreversible nature of gravitational radiation. To begin with, modified Einstein field equations (EFE), kinematical variables, and transport equations are derived using connection symbols which help understand the thermodynamic characteristics of considered compact systems. Afterwards, we analyze the Tolman criteria for the thermodynamic equilibrium of a non-static axially symmetric fluid distribution and deduce that non-static fluids do not arise from the emission of gravitational radiation in Palatini F(R) gravitational theory. This result highlights that irreversibility is linked to gravitational wave emission and supports Bondi’s conjecture. Subsequently, we explore the notable results that arise from this hypothesis in the Palatini F(R) formalism.

Parametric investigation of acetone liquid pool fire experiments on fire characteristics

Acetone is best known as the primary ingredient in various industrial and domestic settings, the fire characteristics of acetone pool fire are relatively unknown, thus raising safety concerns about the thermal radiation emission to humans and surroundings. This research focuses on parametric investigations of acetone liquid pool fire in a square-shaped stainless-steel pan with diameters of 10, 20, and 30cm. A series of experimental works was employed to investigate the effect of different pan sizes of acetone pool fire on the structure of the flame, flame height, flame temperature, heat release rate, mass loss rate, and thermal radiation intensities with various combinations parameters. The outcome of the experimental work has proven that acetone pool fire exhibited luminous and yellow colour with turbulent flame structure. It was discovered that the combustion of larger acetone pool fire consistently resulted in higher flame height, higher temperature, higher mass loss rate, and higher heat release rate. The thermal radiation intensity of acetone liquid pool fire indicated an inversely proportional relation where the intensity reduced with increasing heat flux gauge distance and height from the flame base but increased with increasing pan size. Overall, the outcomes of this research hold potential significance in advancing the formulation of improved fire protection strategies and fostering safer practices in handling acetone.

A Study on the Carbon Dioxide Laser

Abstract: One of the first gas lasers to be created was the carbon-dioxide laser (CO2 laser). One of the most practical kinds of lasers, it was created in 1964 by Bell Labs' Kumar Patel [22]. The most powerful continuous-wave lasers on the market right now are carbon-dioxide lasers. Additionally, they are quite efficient; the output power to pump power ratio can reach 20%. The primary wavelength bands of the infrared light beam produced by the CO2 laser are 9.6 and 10.6 micrometers (μm). [22] In order to improve its performance, a carbon dioxide laser uses carbon dioxide as its main gain medium. Nitrogen (N2), helium (He), and occasionally hydrogen (H2), water vapor, oxygen, or xenon (Xe) are added. This laser works by energizing the gas mixture to produce laser light by promoting the emission of radiation by an electrical gas discharge. In carbon dioxide lasers, the electrical gas discharge can be powered by radio frequency (RF), direct current (DC), or alternating current (AC). The wavelength of the light emitted by these lasers is 10.6 micrometers. In dermatology, they are frequently used for operations like wrinkle reduction, scar removal, and sun damage treatment. Furthermore, for accurate cutting and tissue removal, carbon dioxide lasers are employed as surgical instruments in specialties such as neurosurgery and gynecology.[24]

Modification of Premises for the Black Hole Information Paradox Caused by Topological Constraints in the Event Horizon Vicinity

We demonstrate that at the rim of the photon sphere of a black hole, the quantum statistics transition takes place in any multi-particle system of indistinguishable particles, which passes through this rim to the inside. The related local departure from Pauli exclusion principle restriction causes a decay of the internal structure of collective fermionic systems, including the collapse of Fermi spheres in compressed matter. The Fermi sphere decay is associated with the emission of electromagnetic radiation, taking away the energy and entropy of the falling matter without unitarity violation. The spectrum and timing of the related e-m radiation agree with some observed short giant gamma-ray bursts and X-ray components of the luminosity of quasars and of short transients powered by black holes. The release of energy and entropy when passing the photon sphere rim of a black hole significantly modifies the premises of the information paradox at the falling of matter into a black hole.

Thermodynamic Analysis of the Concentration Process of Solar Radiation

Extremely rarefied but high-temperature solar radiation energy is nowadays commonly concentrated to produce a high-temperature heat source. The article is a contribution to theoretical considerations on the process of concentration of solar radiation. The process of concentration of extraterrestrial solar radiation was subjected to thermodynamic analysis and the energetic, entropic and exergetic points of view were taken into account. An imaginary model of concentration was defined, which allowed the development of thermodynamic analyses of the concentration process. In the model, concentrated solar radiation irradiates the absorbing surface, the temperature of which is controlled by the intensity of cooling. The newly revealed values of temperature (7134 K) of the Sun's surface and its energetic and exergetic emissivity (0.431 and 0426, respectively) were used in the analyses. With the use of model equations, the relationship between the ratio of radiation concentration, temperature and emissivity of the absorption surface, cooling intensity, absorbed heat, ambient temperature, and energy and exergetic efficiency of the concentration process was determined. Entropy analysis confirmed that the concentration limit temperature is equal to the temperature of the Sun's surface. Examples of energy and exergetic balances of the concentration process, illustrated by band diagrams, showed the percentage share of energy and exergy fluxes. In contrast to the energy balance showing no energy loss, the exergy balance showed a significantly large loss of exergy due to the irreversibility of the process. The components of this irreversibility have been identified, which are the absorption of solar radiation and the much lower irreversibility of the emission of the heated surface.

Twin echo-enabled harmonic generation for enhanced coherent bunching at short wavelengths

Harmonic up-conversion schemes represent the most successful approach in externally seeded free-electron lasers (FELs) for obtaining radiation with laserlike properties at short wavelengths. They are, however, limited in the shortest achievable wavelengths, as the harmonic conversion efficiency decreases with increasing harmonic number, even for echo-enabled harmonic generation (EEHG). In the following, we introduce a novel externally seeded cascaded FEL scheme based on two EEHG stages, capable of obtaining unprecedented bunching fraction that is independent on the final FEL wavelength. The second stage can be operated both in conventional harmonic up-conversion but also in down-conversion, i.e., going toward (slightly) longer wavelengths. Higher bunching enables emission of laserlike radiation in the soft x-rays with large output power in a compact scheme. Its performance at 4 nm and shorter is investigated, demonstrating the ability to achieve multi-GW level, fully coherent pulses with laserlike properties and paving the way for externally seeded radiation at 1 nm and beyond. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Simulation of the impact of an additional corrugated structure impedance on the bursting dynamics in an electron storage ring

In the case of a single-digit picosecond bunch length, synchrotron light sources produce intense coherent radiation up to the THz range. The reduction of the bunch length by lowering the momentum compaction factor (low-α) gives rise to the microbunching instability, which is on the one hand a crucial roadblock in the x-ray range during to the resulting effective bunch lengthening, but on the other hand also an opportunity for the generation of intense THz radiation if it can be controlled appropriately. In the KIT storage ring KARA (Karlsruhe Research Accelerator), two parallel plates with periodic rectangular corrugations are planned to be installed as a proof of principle in an electron storage ring. These plates create an additional longitudinal impedance based on their geometry, which can affect the beam dynamics. The resulting impedance manipulation will be used to study and control the longitudinal electron beam dynamics and the emitted coherent synchrotron radiation. This paper presents the results of systematic studies in simulation of the impact of additional corrugated plate impedances on the longitudinal beam dynamics using the example of the KARA storage ring. If the periodicity of the wake function of the corrugated plates matches the size of the substructures in the longitudinal bunch profile, the instability threshold can be effectively manipulated. This extends intense THz radiation to different beam current regimes. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Tleco: A Toolkit for Modeling Radiative Signatures from Relativistic Outflows

A wide range of astrophysical sources exhibit extreme and rapidly varying electromagnetic emission indicative of efficient nonthermal particle acceleration. Understanding these sources often involves comparing data with a broad range of theoretical scenarios. To this end, it is beneficial to have tools that enable not only fast and efficient parametric investigation of the predictions of a specific scenario but also the flexibility to explore different theoretical ideas. In this paper, we introduce Tleco, a versatile and lightweight toolkit for developing numerical models of relativistic outflows, including their particle acceleration mechanisms and resultant electromagnetic signature. Built on the Rust programming language and wrapped into a Python library, Tleco offers efficient algorithms for evolving relativistic particle distributions and for solving the resulting emissions in a customizable fashion. Tleco uses a fully implicit discretization algorithm to solve the Fokker–Planck equation with user-defined diffusion, advection, cooling, injection, and escape and offers prescriptions for radiative emission and cooling. These include, but are not limited to, synchrotron, inverse-Compton, and self-synchrotron absorption. Tleco is designed to be user friendly and adaptable to model particle acceleration and the resulting electromagnetic spectrum and temporal variability in a wide variety of astrophysical scenarios, including, but not limited to, gamma-ray bursts, pulsar wind nebulae, and jets from active galactic nuclei. In this work, we outline the core algorithms and proceed to evaluate and demonstrate their effectiveness. The code is open source and available in the GitHub repository: https://github.com/zkdavis/Tleco.

Evaluation of the radiation emission of radon gas from various building materials

Soil and rocks contain radium, which decays to produce radon gas. Given its potential health risks, particularly its association with lung cancer, this study aimed to determine radon levels in different building materials sourced from the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia using a CR-39 solid-state detector. The results indicated that the average radon concentration for all building materials was 291 Bq/m3. Granite showed the highest radon level, with an average concentration of 506 Bq/m3. These results highlight the wide variation in radon content between different building materials, confirming the tendency of granite to retain and release radon gas. Granite recorded the highest radiation dose value, averaging 10.71 μSv/yr. Furthermore, we measured the uranium levels and found them to be within the safe limit. These results recommend granite use primarily in outdoor areas where ventilation can mitigate potential health risks associated with radon exposure. Conversely, its use indoors should be limited to reduce the potential for radon buildup within buildings. Comparison with different studies of radium concentrations in building materials reveals significant differences, particularly high levels in granite, and underscores the need for local assessments to inform safety guidelines and promote public health. Overall, this study underscores the importance of evaluating building materials for their radon emission potential to ensure safer living environments and inform construction practices in areas with similar geological characteristics.

Advancements in maize cultivation: synergistic effects of dry atmospheric plasma combined with plasma-activated water

Abstract In this study, we investigate the effects of pre-germinative and post-germinative plasma treatments, applied separately or in combination, to improve maize germination and early seedling development. Pre-germinative treatment consists of priming the seeds with a dry atmospheric plasma (DAP) generated by a dielectric barrier device, characterized by minimal radiative emission, low electrical power (4 W) and high emissions of O, OH and NO radicals. Post-germinative treatment, known as plasma-activated water (PAW), uses a single pin electrode device (SPED) to generate a DC discharge that features a power of 126 W and produces large amounts of OH radicals. The resulting PAW, after 5 min of SPED treatment, induces a slight acidification and increased concentrations of nitrate ions (from 24 to 250 mg l−1), nitrite ions (from less than 0.1 to 56.1 mg l−1) and hydrogen peroxide (from 0.3 to 18.5 mg l−1). Results indicate that DAP applied on maize seeds for 20 min boosts their germination rate by up to 90% (versus only 65% for untreated seeds) while reducing the median germination time by 37.5%. Then, seedling growth monitoring is achieved on control, DAP, PAW and DAP + PAW groups to assess stem length, hypocotyl length, leaf count, collar diameter and fresh/dry mass. The DAP + PAW group shows the most robust growth, demonstrating a synergistic effect of the combined treatments, particularly with significantly longer stem lengths. Additionally, physiological analyses of seedling leaves indicate a decrease in chlorophyll content despite enhanced growth, while fluorescence microscopy reveals a reduction in stomatal density in leaves treated with DAP and PAW, especially in the combined treatment group, potentially impacting photosynthetic efficiency and water regulation.

Automated interferometric stand for determination of amplitude-frequency characteristics of acoustic emitters

An automated interferometric stand (AIS) was created to determine the amplitude-frequency characteristics of acoustic emitters in the range from 0.5 to 200 kHz. The created AIS contains a unit for generating acoustic sinusoidal excitation pulse packets and a recording unit. The unit for generating acoustic pulse packets includes a generator of sinusoidal signals, a microprocessor unit for pulse packets generation and the AIS synchronization, a power amplifier of a sinusoidal signal to create a sufficient power of the acoustic emitter excitation signal. The recording unit includes a Michelson interferometer with a sound-conducting rod in one of the arms. One of the ends of the rod has a mirror surface. The other end is connected to the acoustic emitter through an acoustic contact. The length of the sound-conducting rod is 50 cm, which is enough to ensure measurements at the lower limit of the frequency range of the acoustic emitter radiation. The propagation time of the acoustic wave in the rod is of the order of 75 microseconds. As the end of the rod vibrates due to acoustic excitation, the initial path difference of the optical beams in the interferometer will change, causing a change in the intensity of the illumination produced by the interfering beams. These changes are recorded by photodiode in the other arm of the interferometer. After the photodiode signal is amplified in the amplifier, it is fed to the analog-to-digital converter, the output of which is transferred to the buffer memory, where the discretized values of the response signal amplitude during the time of the measuring pulse are accumulated. The control algorithm of the AIS is carried out with the help of developed software. The results of measuring the amplitude-frequency characteristics of mass-produced broadband acoustic emitters using AIS proved the satisfactory convergence of the obtained frequency responses with the passport data of these serial devices frequency responses. The amplitude-frequency characteristic of experimental sample of a piezoelectric acoustic emitter, made for research on the detection and identification of internal defects in laminated composite structures and "composite-concrete" adhesive joints, was obtained.

Terahertz Resonant Emission by Optically Excited Infrared-Active Shear Phonons in KY(MoO4)2.

The generation of monochromatic electromagnetic radiation in the terahertz (THz) frequency range has remained a challenging task for many decades. Here, the emission of monochromatic sub-THz radiation by optical phonons in the dielectric material KY(MoO4)2 is demonstrated. The layered crystal structure of KY(MoO4)2 causes infrared-active shear lattice vibrations to have energies below 3.7meV, corresponding to frequencies lower than 900GHz where solid-state-based monochromatic radiation sources are rare. Directly excited by a 5ps long broadband THz pulse, infrared-active optical vibrations in KY(MoO4)2 re-emit narrowband sub-THz radiation as a time-varying dipole for tens of picoseconds, which is exceptionally long for oscillators with frequencies below 1THz. Such a long coherent emission allows for the detection of more than 50 periods of radiation with frequencies of 568 and 860GHz. The remarkably long decay time together with the chemical stability of the employed material suggests a variety of possible applications in THztechnology.

Fluorescence from a single-molecule probe directly attached to a plasmonic STM tip

The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) provides access to atomic-scale properties of a conductive sample. While single-molecule tip functionalization has become a standard procedure, fluorescent molecular probes remained absent from the available tool set. Here, the plasmonic tip of an STM is functionalized with a single fluorescent molecule and is scanned on a plasmonic substrate. The tunneling current flowing through the tip-molecule-substrate junction generates a narrow-line emission of light corresponding to the fluorescence of the negatively charged molecule suspended at the apex of the tip, i.e., the emission of the excited molecular anion. The fluorescence of this molecular probe is recorded for tip-substrate nanocavities featuring different plasmonic resonances, for different tip-substrate distances and applied bias voltages, and on different substrates. We demonstrate that the width of the emission peak can be used as a probe of the exciton-plasmon coupling strength and that the energy of the emitted photons is governed by the molecule interactions with its environment. Additionally, we theoretically elucidate why the direct contact of the suspended molecule with the metallic tip does not totally quench the radiative emission of the molecule.

Transmission and Reflection Properties of Iron Pyrite-Epoxy Resin Composite for Electromagnetic Applications.

This study examines the electromagnetic properties of a composite material composed of iron pyrite (FeS2) and epoxy resin, mixed in a 3:2 weight ratio to create a 10 cm3 cube. The research analyzes transmission and reflection coefficients and band gap parameters to determine its viability as an antenna substrate for electromagnetic wave applications. The composite displays a tunable band gap of 1.3 eV, enabling selective absorption and emission of electromagnetic radiation. The transmission coefficient achieved 90% throughout a frequency range of 1 GHz to 15 GHz, whilst the reflection coefficient was measured at 10%, significantly reducing reflecting losses. The epoxy resin binder was essential for preserving structural integrity and augmenting the dielectric characteristics of the composite, thereby raising transmission efficiency. UV-Vis spectroscopy showed an absorption value of 0.875% at the band gap, indicating efficient interaction with UV energy. The S21 transmission coefficient ranged from -10 dB to -80 dB, with a maximum of -40 dB at 6 GHz, indicating strong energy transfer capability for antenna applications. The S21 values exhibited negligible signal attenuation between 2 GHz and 7 GHz, indicating the material's exceptional suitability for antenna substrates necessitating dependable transmission. The S11 reflection coefficient varied from -5 dB to -55 dB, with substantial decreases between 4 GHz and 14 GHz, when reflection decreased to -45 dB, signifying little signal reflection at essential frequencies. The results underscore the composite's appropriateness for applications requiring high transmission efficiency, little reflection, and effective engagement with electromagnetic waves, especially as an antenna substrate. Measurements were performed using a vector network analyzer (VNA) to obtain the S11 and S21 characteristics, underscoring the material's potential in sophisticated electromagnetic applications.

Sensitive imaging of actinide materials in shielded radioactive waste

This paper reports on the development of a method for enhanced non-destructive assay (NDA) of radioactive waste using the novel technique neutron-gamma emission tomography (NGET). The technique relies on the detection of correlated fast neutrons and gamma rays emitted in spontaneous or induced fission. It is based on fast organic scintillators and enables sensitive detection and three-dimensional (3D) localization of the fission events. The technique is passive and does not require moving components. In this work, we apply the NGET technique to the category of radioactive waste which is often referred to as historic or legacy waste. This can include mixed wastes encased in shielded containers many decades ago, before the advent of detailed waste description criteria. These low or intermediate level wastes are often associated with lacking, limited or conflicting documentation. This poses a challenge when assigning the waste to the proper disposal route as well as in deciding whether the waste needs to undergo sorting and conditioning to fulfil waste acceptance criteria both with regards to safe interim storage and to its ultimate disposal. Actinides, such as isotopes of uranium and plutonium, with their typically long half-lives and decay chains are of special interest in this regard since they may challenge the long-term safety assessment in repositories predicated on mainly shorter half-life radionuclides if undetected. Accurate identification and localisation of actinides is also important from a safeguards perspective, especially since they are generally difficult to detect and localise by established passive means due to their relatively weak radiation emissions, in particular in shielded containments and in the presence of strong radiation fields from other radioactive materials. In this paper we present findings of measurements on shielded containments of long-lived radioactive waste performed at the Studsvik site in Sweden, as well as measurements on a laboratory assembly simulating a grouted waste drum. Similarities and differences between the novel NGET technique and a commercially available gamma imaging system are also briefly discussed.

Multidimensional Radiation Hydrodynamics Simulations of SN 1987A Shock Breakout

Shock breakout is the first electromagnetic signal from supernovae (SNe), which contains important information on the explosion energy and the size and chemical composition of the progenitor star. This paper presents the first two-dimensional (2D) multiwavelength radiation hydrodynamics simulations of SN 1987A shock breakout by using the CASTRO code with the OPAL opacity table considering eight photon groups from infrared to X-ray. To investigate the impact of the pre-SN environment of SN 1987A, we consider three possible circumstellar medium environments: a steady wind, an eruptive mass loss, and the existence of a companion star. In sum, the resulting breakout light curve has an hour-long duration and a peak luminosity of ∼4 × 1046 erg s−1, with a decay rate of ∼3.5 mag hr−1 in X-ray. The dominant band transits to UV around 3 hr after the initial breakout, and its luminosity has a decay rate of ∼1.5 mag hr−1 that agrees well with the observed shock breakout tail. The detailed features of breakout emission are sensitive to the pre-explosion environment. Furthermore, our 2D simulations demonstrate the importance of multidimensional mixing and its impacts on shock dynamics and radiation emission. The mixing emerging from the shock breakout may lead to a global asymmetry of SN ejecta and affect its later SN remnant formation.